轻度认知功能障碍的神经心理学和脑血流灌注研究

目的　用神经心理学和脑血流灌注检查探讨轻度认知功能障碍 (MCI)特点 ,分析其与阿尔茨海默病 (AD)和健康衰老的差异。方法　对 2 1例MCI ,18例AD和 19例健康老人进行简易智力状态检查 (MMSE) ,日常生活能力量表(ADL)和总体衰退量表 (GDS)评定 ,韦克斯勒记忆测验 (WMS)及SPECT检查。SPECT结果作半定量分析 (以放射性计数比值 -RAR表示 )。结果　认知功能评定结果 :与健康老人相比 ,MCI除ADL成绩外 ,其余均显著降低 ;与AD相比 ,MMSE、ADL、GDS以及WMS中的短时记忆和语言记忆成绩均显著优于AD(P <0 0 5 )。脑血流灌注比较结果 :MCI组与健康老人各部位的RAR无差异 ;与AD组相比 ,扣带回、左基底节、左枕叶、右颞上回、双侧额叶、双侧颞下回和双侧顶叶RAR均显著增高 (P <0 0 5 )。以顶叶RAR为变量作聚类分析产生两类MCI(MCI 4和MCI 16) ,MCI 16在左丘脑的血流灌注低于健康老人(P <0 0 1) ,在双侧颞下回和右颞上回高于AD(P <0 0 1)。结论　MCI为一组异质性疾病 ,认知功能缺损和脑血流灌注的改变均存在多种类型。顶叶能对MCI进行有效分类。     

Alzheimer病和轻度认知功能障碍患者认知功能与局部脑血流灌注的相关性研究

目的研究Alzheimer病(AD)和轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者的认知功能与脑血流灌注的相关性。方法33例AD、17例MCI患者分别接受临床评估、神经心理学检查[包括简易精神状态检查法(MMSE)及临床记忆量表(CMS)]后进行单光子发射计算机断层(SPECT)检查。应用SPSS 10.0软件对神经心理学指标与脑血流灌注指标进行相关性分析。结果MMSE评分与双侧颞顶叶放射性计数值(RAR)呈正相关,MQ值与左颞叶、左丘脑RAR呈正相关。结论认知功能与脑血流灌注之间有良好相关性,二者结合可更客观地评价脑功能改变,提高判定疾病的准确性。     

轻度认知功能障碍患者认知功能与内颞叶各结构体积的关系

目的研究轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者认知功能与内颞叶各结构体积的关系。方法17例MCI患者和21名正常老年人分别接受临床评估、神经心理检查和头颅MR扫描,在重建的图像上测量内颞叶各结构的体积,并行标准化处理;对神经心理学指标与内颞叶结构MR指标进行相关性分析。结果MCI组和正常老年组的神经心理量表除物体记忆测验(FOM)外,其余各项得分差异均无统计学意义;两组MR内颞叶结构体积比较差异亦均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。在MCI组中,短时记忆、逻辑记忆(LM)得分与内嗅皮质体积呈正相关(r=0.484、0.529,均P<0.05),无意义图形再认(MGR)、FOM得分与海马体积呈正相关(r=0.502、0.659,均P<0.05),短时记忆、MGR得分与左侧杏仁核体积呈正相关(r=0.557、0.644,均P<0.05);正常老年组短时记忆、LM和数字广度(DS)测验得分与双侧内嗅皮质体积呈负相关(r=-0.448、-0.718,均P<0.05),注意力、计算力与右侧杏仁核、双侧海马体积均呈负相关(r=-0.451、-0.553,均P<0.05)。结论MCI患者的认知功能与内颞叶各结构体积有关;不同的认知功...     

轻度认知损害和阿尔茨海默病的大脑灰质体积及其与记忆功能的关系

目的考察轻度认知损害(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)和阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)的大脑灰质体积是否存在异常及其与记忆功能的关系。方法本研究共纳入56例轻度AD、14例MCI和16例正常对照,所有被试均进行了记忆功能测查和磁共振影像检查。影像数据分析采用患者基于体素的脑形态学分析(voxel-based morphometry,VBM)。结果 AD组和MCI组记忆测验评分下降,呈AD组相似文献   

轻度认知功能障碍与脑白质弥散张量成像的相关性研究

目的通过磁共振弥散张量成像研究不同区域脑白质损害与轻度认知功能(MCI)的关系。方法纳入2015年7月至2016年2月我院的住院患者56例为研究对象,其中MCI组34例,认知功能正常组22例。所有研究对象进行一般情况检查,完成神经心理学量表检测。通过头颅磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)检查对不同脑区白质纤维进行部分各向异性(FA)值测量。结果 MCI组患者与认知功能正常组相比,右侧额叶FA值(0.335±0.068)、左侧颞叶白质FA值(0.391±0.032)及胼胝体膝部FA值(0.658±0.053)降低,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。将上述FA值和MMSE、Mo CA量表中各认知域进行典型相关分析,结果显示右侧额叶白质FA值与注意与计算力呈正相关,左侧颞叶白质和胼胝体膝部FA值与记忆力呈正相关(P0.05)。结论 MCI患者注意与计算力的障碍可能与右侧额叶白质损害有关,而左侧颞叶白质及胼胝体膝部白质的损害可能导致早期的记忆障碍。DTI可能成为超早期识别与诊断MCI的新方法。     

轻中型颅脑损伤继发轻度认知功能障碍危险因素分析

目的探讨轻中型颅脑损伤患者继发轻度认知功能障碍(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)的危险因素。方法收集2014年7月1日至2015年7月1日我院收治的106例轻中型颅脑损伤患者影像资料,采用简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Mo CA)、Addenbrooke改良认知评估量表(ACE-R)评估患者颅脑损伤后3个月的认知功能,以患者是否继发MCI为因变量、脑组织病变部位和类型为自变量,采用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析研究不同病变部位对于患者继发轻度认知功能障碍的影响性。结果共30例患者继发MCI、69例患者认知功能正常,7例患者失访。单因素logistic回归分析显示:患者的年龄及GCS评分均未见显著差异(P0.05);多发病灶、损伤半球、累及脑叶、脑白质病变、累及内囊之间存在统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示:累及左半球(P=0.029,OR=1.637,95%CI:1.348~2.169)、累及颞叶(P0.001,OR=1.521,95%CI:1.240~2.203)、累及内囊(P=0.024,OR=1.526,95%CI:1.107~2.329)、多发病灶(P0.001,OR=1.936,95%CI:1.287~3.228)是危险因素。结论位于左半球、双侧额叶及颞叶区、内囊前肢的损伤病变及多发损伤病灶是轻、中型颅脑损伤患者继发MCI的危险因素。     

隐匿性脑梗死轻度认知功能障碍的影响因素分析

目的 分析影响隐匿性脑梗死(SCI)患者认知功能障碍的因素.方法 82例SCI患者应用简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)及中文版蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)的检测,并比较两种量表对轻度认知障碍(MCI)的检出率.依据测查结果分为轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)组及认知功能正常(NCI)组,所有患者均进行一般情况评定和实验室检查、抑郁量表评估、影像学检测病灶的部位和侧别、颈动脉彩色多普勒测定颈动脉粥样硬化程度.结果 MoCA量表测查MCI的敏感性较MMSE明显增高(MoCA 41.46%,MMSE12.20%,P＜0.01).MCI组合并抑郁者较NCI组多(P＜0.01),MCI组病灶多位于额颞叶皮质及皮质下以及丘脑与NCI组相比有不同,NCI组病灶多位于基底节区、脑干及小脑.颈动脉管腔内径、内膜中层厚度(IMT)及不稳定斑块两组比较有差异(P＜0.01),颈动脉稳定斑块两组比较无差异.结论 在SCI合并MCI的检测中,MoCA量表的敏感性高于MMSE,MoCA对筛选SCI患者是否合并MCI有临床指导意义.SCI中MCI的发生与病灶部位及侧别、颈动脉管腔内径、IMT、斑块的稳定性及是否合并抑郁等多种因素有关.     

轻度认知功能障碍患者情绪记忆损害特征

目的探讨轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者情绪记忆的改变。方法采用情绪记忆神经认知心理学检查评价22例MCI患者(MCI组)及22名健康成年人(正常对照组)的情绪记忆,并采用事件诱发电位(ERPs)检测P300的潜伏期和波幅。结果与正常对照组比较,MCI组MMSE、词汇流畅性试验、数字广度试验评分均显著降低(均P 0. 01)。MCI组与正常对照组正性、中性和负性情绪图片效价度差异无统计学意义(均P 0. 05)。与正常对照组比较,MCI组正性和负性图片再认正确率均显著降低(P 0. 05～0. 01),中性图片再认正确率差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。MCI组及正常对照组正性、负性与中性图片再认正确率差异有统计学意义(F=6. 27,F=39. 13;均P 0. 05)。与正常对照组比较,MCI组正性和负性图片再认反应时间差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05～0. 01),中性图片差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。MCI组及正常对照组正性、负性与中性图片再认反应时间差异有统计学意义(F=3. 74,F=16. 48;均P 0. 05)。MCI组与正常对照组学习阶段ERPs-P300的潜伏期、波幅差异无统计学意义(均P 0. 05)。与正常对照组比较,MCI组再认阶段正性和负性图片ERPs-P300潜伏期显著增加,波幅显著降低(P 0. 05～0. 01);中性图片潜伏期及波幅差异无统计学意义(均P 0. 05)。MCI组学习阶段(F=55. 20,P 0. 05; F=43. 12,P 0. 05)及再认阶段(F=29. 36,P 0. 05; F=19. 39,P 0. 05)正性、负性与中性情绪图片ERPs-P300潜伏期及波幅差异均有统计学意义;正性与负性ERPs-P300潜伏期及波幅比较差异无统计学意义(均P 0. 05)。正常对照组的学习阶段(F=55. 66,P 0. 05; F=39. 33,P 0. 05)及再认阶段(F=114. 48,P 0. 05; F=51. 77,P 0. 05)正性、负性与中性情绪图片ERPs-P300潜伏期及波幅差异均有统计学意义。结论 MCI患者存在情绪记忆的受损及反应时间延长,且情绪效价"正向"选择性偏向受损。     

轻度认知功能障碍和轻度阿尔茨海默病患者的选择注意功能的研究

目的 了解轻度认知功能障碍(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)患者和轻度阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)患者的选择注意功能。方法 采用斯特鲁普(Stroop)测验对15例符合国际精神疾病分类第10版(ICD-10)及美国神经病学、语言障碍和卒中/老年性痴呆和相关疾病学会(NINCDs/ADRDA)标准的轻度AD患者、15例MCI患者和15例正常老年人进行对照研究。结果 冲突条件下轻度AD患者表现出更大的干扰效应,犯错误更多,反应时间也趋向于更长,MCI组和正常对照组干扰量无明显差别,但MCI组总错误率明显高于正常对照组。结论 轻度AD患者存在选择注意功能障碍,MCI患者选择注意功能下降,介于健康老人和轻度AD患者之间。     

蒙特利尔认知评估量表在轻度认知功能障碍筛查中的应用

目的 探讨蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)在轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者筛查中的应用.方法 应用简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)、MoCA对32例MCI患者和50例健康对照者进行神经心理评估,比较二者筛查MCI的效果.结果 以26分为分界值,MoCA筛查MCI的敏感性为96.87%、特异性为76%,MMSE筛查MCI的敏感性为56.25%、特异性为96%;MoCA中除抽象思维、地点定向两项外,其余各亚项的评分在MCI组和对照组间差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05):MMSE中仅计算与注意力、延迟回忆两项在MCI组和对照组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其余各项差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 MoCA为高敏感性的MCI筛查工具,能全面评估MCI患者的认知功能.且可用于筛查MMSE得分正常的MCI患者.     

Frontotemporal mild cognitive impairment

Mild Cognitive Impairment appears to be a heterogeneous clinical entity comprising patients in the initial phases of distinct neurological disorders. Since frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a relatively common neurodegenerative disease with an insidious onset, it might be possible to detect the patients in the initial phases of the disorder, before being demented. In the present work we proposed a set of criteria to identify patients with mild cognitive impairment of the frontotemporal type (FT-MCI), applied these criteria retrospectively to a large patient database, and evaluated the progression of the patients. Seven subjects fulfilling the proposed criteria for frontotemporal MCI were identified. They had symptoms of apathy, disinhibition, irritability and aggressiveness, untidiness, difficulties in decision making, obsessions and lack of concern for the others, for 1.5 +/- 0.8 years before the diagnosis of FT-MCI. Brain CT or MRI scan displayed fronto-temporal atrophy in five. Neuropsychological examination revealed deficits in tests dependent upon the frontal lobe, namely attention, verbal, motor and graphomotor initiatives and conceptual thinking. The patients kept their professional and daily activities, and were not demented. It was possible to have the follow-up of all patients. All but one patient diagnosed FT-MCI developed dementia of the frontotemporal type within 1.8 +/- 1.0 years. Application of the proposed criteria for FT-MCI, at least in this clinical neurological setting, can identify a group of patients with a high probability of further cognitive decline to dementia of the frontotemporal type.     

Pharmacoeconomics of mild cognitive impairment

There is little written about the pharmacoeconomics of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), particularly with regard to intervention. The aim of the paper is to highlight methodological issues and to present some results that are of importance when drug interventions of MCI are discussed. There is a relationship between severity of dementia and costs, but to what extent such results can be extrapolated to MCI is not known. Even if it is logical to consider a postponement of the shift from MCI to dementia as cost effective, this statement must be proven, particularly in light of the insufficient knowledge about the effects of antidementia drugs on survival. From the Kungsholmen project in Sweden, there are indications that the postponement between MCI and manifest dementia may result in short-term benefits (a few years) of about SEK50 000 (US$5300).     

Pharmacotherapy of mild cognitive impairment

Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) can be considered as a state with a high risk of developing Alzheimer's disease within 5 years, or as a prodromal stage of this condition. Randomized clinical trials comparing the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil with placebo have shown some symptomatic benefit on (i) cognition in one short-term (6-month) study; and (ii)conversion to dementia in one long-term (3-year) study, but not for the full duration of the study, except in subjects with the apolipoprotein E4 (APOE-4) mutation, in whoom the benefit was sustained throughout the 3 years. Results from studies on galantamine are still being analyzed; and a rivastigmine study will close in the fall of 2004. It is premature to recommend that acetylcholinesterase inhibitors be used systematically in amnestic MCI. However, important lessons have been learned from studies in this prodromal stage of AD, allowing the testing of hypotheses for disease modification.     

Neuropathology of mild cognitive impairment

We aim to investigate the pathological background of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The most recent 545 cases from the Brain Bank for Aging Research (BBAR) were studied, with a mean age of 80.7 years and male : female ratio of 324 : 221. Cases with clinical dementia rating scale (CDR) 0.5 were retrieved as the best substitute of MCI. CDR was retrospectively determined from clinical charts. Pathological examinations followed the BBAR protocol (JNEN 2004). Post mortem assessment of CDR was possible for 486 cases, and was 0 in 201 cases, 0.5 in 57 cases and 1–3 in 228 cases. CDR 0.5 group was clinicopathologically classified into 33 cases with degenerative changes, nine cases with vascular changes, four cases with combined degenerative and vascular changes, two with hippocampal sclerosis, two with trauma, one with metabolic disease and six with unremarkable changes. The degenerative group was further subclassified into groups with pure and combined pathology. The former consisted of six cases each with Alzheimer change (AC), argyrophilic grain change (AGC) and neurofibrillary tangle predominant change (NFTC), three each with Lewy body disease change without parkinsonism (DLBC) or Parkinson's disease (PDMCI) and one case with progressive supranuclear palsy. The latter consisted of three cases with AC plus AGC, two with AGC plus NFTC and one each with AC plus DLBC, DLBC plus amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and AGC plus DLBC. The pathological backgrounds of patients of class CDR 0.5 were varied and not restricted to AC.     

Update on mild cognitive impairment

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) refers to persons whose memory or other cognitive abilities are not normal, but who do not have clinically diagnosed dementia. MCI has received considerable attention in the medical literature over the past few years. There were 63 original reports in the English language literature with the term "mild cognitive impairment" in the title in 2001 and 2002, in contrast to only 26 articles in the prior decade. Although criteria for MCI are not a matter of secure agreement, a consensus is emerging that MCI is common, is associated with significant mortality and morbidity, particularly the development of AD, and is due, in large part, to the same pathologic processes responsible for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Current research efforts are geared towards understanding factors that contribute to the development of dementia among persons with MCI and towards intervention studies aimed at preventing the development of dementia among persons with MCI.     

Multiple cognitive deficits in amnestic mild cognitive impairment

OBJECTIVE: To determine if more widespread cognitive deficits are present in a narrowly defined group of patients with the amnestic form of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS: From a larger sample of patients clinically diagnosed as meeting the criteria of Petersen et al. for amnestic MCI, we selected 22 subjects who had Clinical Dementia Rating scores of zero on all domains besides memory and orientation. These MCI subjects with presumably isolated memory impairments were compared to 35 age-matched normal controls and 33 very mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients on a battery of neuropsychological tests. RESULT: In addition to the expected deficits in episodic memory, the amnestic MCI group performed less well than the controls but better than the AD group on design fluency, category fluency, a set shifting task and the Stroop interference condition. Over half the amnestic MCI group (vs. none of the normal controls) scored at least 1 standard deviation below control means on 4 or more of the nonmemory cognitive tasks. CONCLUSIONS: Isolated memory impairment may be fairly uncommon in clinically diagnosed amnestic MCI patients, even when the criteria for amnestic MCI are fairly narrow. Additional cognitive impairments are likely to include fluency and executive functioning. These more diffuse deficits argue for comprehensive cognitive assessments, even when the patient and family are reporting only memory decline, and are consistent with the increase in attention paid to the heterogeneity of MCI.     

轻度认知功能障碍研究进展

定义和分类 轻度认知功能障碍(maild cognitive impaiment,MCI)是一种界于正常和痴呆之间的认知状态.MCI病人比普通人更容易发展成为痴呆.MCI大体上可以分为三类[1]:1)遗忘型MCI,以记忆区域的认知缺损为主,更容易发展成为阿尔兹海默病(AD);2)多领域型MCI,表现为多个方面的认知轻度缺损,可以进展为AD,也可以进展为血管性痴呆(VD),也可以是正常的认知成熟过程;3)非遗忘单领域型MCI,表现为除记忆以外的单领域认知缺损,可以发展成非AD型痴呆(如混合型痴呆,VD,Lewy小体痴呆,局部萎缩等).以后人们扩充了分类[2],也有分为:1)年龄相关的记忆缺损(AAMI);2)年龄相关的认知减退(AACD);3)遗忘型MCI( MCIa);4)非痴呆型认知缺损(CIND).     

Computerized diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment

BackgroundWe previously described software that we have developed for use in the evaluation of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Our previous study included an aged nondemented population with memory complaints (n = 41) that was relatively homogenous in terms of education, clinical history, neurological examination, and Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) scores. Performance patterns in the computerized tests separated the subjects into two groups, and we hypothesized that one group might have had incipient dementia.Methods/ResultsIn the present study we report a follow-up of 35 of the subjects 2 years later. Eight subjects who were thought to have incipient dementia at baseline could be evaluated in the follow-up, and six of them have deteriorated according to both MMSE and neurologists’ evaluations and have now fulfilled clinical diagnostic criteria of dementia. The other two deteriorated only according to their computer performance. Of the 27 remaining subjects, only one now fulfilled clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia, although the present computerized examinations identified 10 subjects whose performance has deteriorated compared with the previous session.ConclusionThe follow-up examination thus supported our hypothesis that human-computer interaction features can contribute to the detection of incipient dementia.