血管性痴呆大鼠海马区核因子-κB、环氧合酶-2的表达变化

目的通过检测血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VD)大鼠海马CA1区核因子-κBp65(nuclear factor-κB p65,NF-κBp65)与环氧合酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)的表达,探讨NF-κB、COX-2对VD大鼠的损伤作用。方法28只大鼠随机分为两组,假手术(SOG)组(n=13)和模型(VD)组(n=15),采用HE染色,光镜下观察海马CA1区锥体细胞的改变,免疫组化方法检测海马CA1区NF-κBp65、COX-2蛋白的表达。结果与假手术组相比,模型组组海马CA1区锥体细胞损伤、丧失明显,NF-κBp65、COX-2蛋白表达高于假手术组,与假手术组相比有统计学意义(P(0.01)。结论血管性痴呆大鼠海马CA1区NF-κBp65、COX-2蛋白的表达增加,NF-κBp65、COX-2蛋白的高表达可能是学习记忆障碍的原因之一。     

EAE大鼠SFO中NF-kB、HO-1蛋白表达的相关性

目的探讨实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)时,大鼠核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)、血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)在穹隆下器(SFO)中的变化,为证明SFO是感受外周信息物质的早期位点之一提供依据。方法分别用HE染色和免疫组化双色标记技术,观察了完全福氏佐剂+豚鼠脊髓匀浆(CFA-GPSCH)诱导大鼠EAE1d、7d、14d、21d时SFO部位HO-1、NF-κB蛋白表达的动态变化,并分析了与症状之间的相关性。结果对照组大鼠脑仅有少量HO-1、NF-κB蛋白表达;实验组大鼠诱导EAE后,伴随着大鼠EAE症状及脑组织病理损伤的出现和进行性加重,其HO-1、NF-κB蛋白表达量逐渐增高;在诱导后1d,SFO部位即出现HO-1/NF-κB阳性细胞表达,而其他脑区变化不明显;7d时进一步增多;14d时,HO-1+/NF-κB+细胞至高峰,主要位于脉络丛、穹隆下器、血管"套袖样"病灶的周围,与EAE病变部位一致,此时大鼠EAE病情最重、体重减轻最显著、脑组织病理改变最明显;21d时脑组织HO-1+/NF-κB+细胞逐渐下降,大鼠EAE症状也逐渐恢复。应用NF-κB特异性抑制剂PDTC后,HO-1+/NF-κB表达明显减少,大鼠EAE症状和脑组织病变明显减轻,说明NF-κB水平的高低可以调节HO-1的活性及其生物学作用。结论SFO可能是外周信息物质向中枢神经系统传递的重要而早期的位点之一。     

活血益智片对血管性痴呆大鼠海马区环氧化酶-2、核因子-κB表达的影响

目的观察活血益智片对血管性痴呆(VD)大鼠行为学改变及海马区环氧化酶-2(COX-2)、核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)表达的变化,探讨其对VD大鼠脑保护作用的可能机制。方法反复缺血再灌注建立血管性痴呆大鼠动物模型,60只雄性SD大鼠随机分为:假手术组、模型组和活血益智片低剂量(1.55g/kg)组、中剂量(3.1g/kg)组、高剂量(6.2g/kg)组、甲磺酸二氢麦角毒碱片(5.4mg/kg)组。Y迷宫及Morris水迷宫实验检测认知行为学改变,Western blot法检测大鼠海马区COX-2、NF-κB的表达。结果活血益智片可以显著提高血管性痴呆大鼠的学习记忆力和反应能力;与假手术组相比,模型组COX-2、NF-κB表达明显增高,活血益智片组可降低其表达。结论活血益智片可以明显改善血管性痴呆大鼠的行为学症状,可能是通过抑制大鼠脑组织COX-2、NF-κB的表达发挥其脑保护作用。     

外源性H_2S对血管性痴呆大鼠海马核因子-κB、环氧合酶-2表达的影响

目的观察外源性硫化氢(Hydrogen Sulfide,H2S)对血管性痴呆大鼠(vascular dementia,Va D)海马NF-κB及环氧合酶-2表达的影响。方法采用改良的四血管法(4-VO)复制大鼠Va D模型,将模型大鼠按给药干预时间分为1 d、7 d、30 d 3个时段,每时段又分为假手术组、模型组、低剂量组、高剂量组。低剂量组每日腹腔注射H2S供体Na HS 30μmol/kg,高剂量组每日腹腔注射H2S供体Na HS 100μmol/kg,假手术组与模型组每日腹腔注射等量生理盐水,然后进行Morris水迷宫检测大鼠学习记忆能力,Western blot法检测大鼠海马区NF-κB、COX-2的表达。结果与假手术组比,3个时段的模型组大鼠学习记忆力均明显下降,NF-κB、COX-2的表达显著提高;与模型组相比,硫氢化钠干预组可改善大鼠的学习记忆,且低剂量组COX-2、NF-κB的表达明显降低(P<0.05)。结论硫氢化钠可改善血管性痴呆大鼠的认知水平,可能是通过抑制大鼠脑组织NF-κB、COX-2的表达发挥其脑保护作用。     

核转录因子-κB信号通路在偏头痛发病机制中的相关研究进展

偏头痛是一种临床常见的致残性慢性神经血管紊乱性疾病,严重影响患者生活质量,增加患者的经济负担,目前治疗效果不佳。核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路广泛存在于真核细胞内调节免疫及炎症基因表达。研究发现,硝酸甘油诱导的三叉神经脊束核NF-κB激活,p65含量显著增加,被认为参与偏头痛的发病机理,且起着关键的作用。因此,本文对NF-κB信号通路在偏头痛发病机制中的相关研究进展作一综述,旨在为偏头痛的基础研究和临床诊治提供一些参考。     

米诺环素对脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马CA1区IκB-α、NF-κB p65表达的影响

目的观察米诺环素对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑组织IκB-α、NF-κB表达的影响,探索米诺环素脑保护作用机制。方法 72只S-D大鼠,随机分为假手术组(NS组)、脑缺血再灌注模型组(IR组)、米诺环素治疗组(MT组),线栓法建立大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型,采用免疫组织化学法检测大鼠脑组织IκB-α、NF-κB p65的表达。结果相应时间点MT组较IR组IκB-α阳性细胞区灰度值明显增高,NF-κB p65胞核内阳性数明显降低,差别均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论米诺环素可以增加大鼠脑缺血再灌注后脑组织IκB-α表达,减少NF-κB的阳性表达,达到脑保护作用。     

血管性痴呆大鼠海马区核因子-κB、环氧合酶-2的表达变化

目的 通过检测血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VD)大鼠海马CA1区核因子-κBp65(nuclear factor-κB p65, NF-κBp65)与环氧合酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX、2)的表达,探讨NF -κB和COX-2的损伤作用.方法 28只大鼠随机分为假手术组(SOG)13只和模型组(VD)15只,取海马CA1区为观察部位,HE染色观察锥体细胞的改变,免疫组化检测NF-κBp65、COX-2的表达.结果 与SOG相比,VD大鼠海马CA1区锥体细胞损伤、丧失明显,NF-κBp65、COX-2蛋白增加,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01).结论 VD大鼠海马CA1区NF-κBp65、COX-2蛋白的高表达可能是学习记忆障碍的原因之一.     

低频重复经颅磁刺激对颞叶癫痫大鼠海马NF-κB及COX-2表达的影响

目的 研究低频重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)对颞叶癫痫模型大鼠海马核转录因子κB(NF-κB)和环争化酶2(COX-2)表达的影响,进而从炎症反应角度探讨rTMS治疗癫痫的可能机制.方法 30只雄性SD大鼠随机分为颞叶癫痫刺激组(TIE+rTMS)、颢叶癫痫假刺激组(TLE+s-rTMS)和生理盐水对照组(NS),每组10只.利用立体定位仪向大鼠海马CA,区微量注射海人酸(KA)制备颞叶癫痫模型,对照组于同部位注射等量生理盐水.刺激组连续接受rTMS治疗10d.采用免疫组织化学染色、蛋白质印迹法(western blotting)研究大鼠海马NF-κBp65和COX-2表达情况.结果 与生理盐水对照组大鼠比较,造模后大鼠海马组织中NF-κBp65和COX-2表达明显增强NF-κBp65核移位增多,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),TLE+rTMS组大鼠海马组织中NF-κBp65和COX-2表达较TLE+s-rTMS组明显降低,NF-κBp65核移位减少,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 rTMS可能通过降低癫痫大鼠海马NF-κB和COX-2的表达,阻止NF-κB核移位,从而抑制炎症反应发挥抗癫痫作用.     

核因子-κB抑制剂对偏头痛患者血清培养正常人单核细胞株表达的血清促炎细胞因子的影响

目的观察偏头痛患者血清培养细胞后,细胞上清液中所产生的肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白介素-17(IL-17)的水平,以及应用NF-κB抑制剂BAY11-7082后二者含量的变化,探讨TNF-α、IL-17、NF-κB在偏头痛的发生发展中的关系。方法选取偏头痛发作期患者及正常对照者各40例,采取单侧颈静脉血血清。采用人单核细胞株THP-1进行培养,将THP-1随机分成偏头痛血清组、偏头痛血清+NF-κB抑制剂组及正常血清对照组。各组血清培养THP-124h后,分别收集细胞上清液,采用双抗体酶联免疫吸附法检测上清液中TNF-α、IL-17的水平。结果偏头痛组血清培养上清液中TNF-α、IL-17水平高于正常血清对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);偏头痛血清+NF-κB抑制剂组上清液中TNF-α含量低于偏头痛血清组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),和正常血清组相比差异无统计学意义;该组上清液中IL-17含量低于偏头痛血清组,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但仍高于正常血清组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。相关分析显示3组TNF-α与IL-17水平均呈正相关。结论偏头痛患者发作期可能存在NF-κB导致的促炎性细胞因子TNF-α、IL-17的分泌增加。     

乳胞素对SD大鼠脑出血模型神经新生的影响及机制

目的 探讨UPS抑制剂乳胞素(lactacystin)对SD大鼠脑出血模型神经新生的影响及机制.方法 采用Ⅶ型胶原酶诱导SD大鼠脑出血模型,分为对照组(A组),乳胞素处理组(B组),每组各20只;造模成功后第1～7天B组腹腔注射1 mg/(kg·d)的乳胞素,A组腹腔注射等剂量生理盐水.第3周断头处死SD大鼠,以组织化...     

Effects of eletriptan on the peptidergic innervation of the cerebral dura mater and trigeminal ganglion, and on the expression of c-fos and c-jun in the trigeminal complex of the rat in an experimental migraine model

Nociceptive axons and terminals in the supratentorial cerebral dura mater display an intense calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity. In an experimental migraine model, it has been shown that electrical stimulation of the rat trigeminal ganglion induced an increase in the lengths of CGRP-immunoreactive axons, increased size and number of pleomorphic axonal varicosities in the dura mater, and an increased number of c-jun and c-fos protein-expressing nerve cells in the trigeminal complex. We demonstrate the effect of the highly specific and moderately lipophilic serotonin agonist eletriptan (Pfizer) which prevents the effects of electrical stimulation in the dura mater. Eletriptan also affected the caudal trigeminal complex; it markedly reduced the numbers of the oncoprotein-expressing cells, mainly after stimulation and to some extent also in nonstimulated animals. Eletriptan also affected expression of CGRP in perikarya of trigeminal ganglion cells, insofar as the number of small nerve cells exhibiting a compact CGRP immunoreaction was decreased to one quarter of the original value. In all these respects, eletriptan acted in a similar way to sumatriptan, with the notable exception that eletriptan also blocked the stimulation-induced effects in the nucleus caudalis trigemini and the upper cervical spinal cord (trigeminal complex), whereas sumatriptan did not. It is concluded that eletriptan, acting on perikarya and both the peripheral and the central axon terminals of primary sensory neurons, exerts its antimigraine effect by an agonist action on 5-HT1B/1D receptors throughout the entire trigeminal system, probably by passing the blood-brain-barrier because of its lipophilic character.     

大鼠脑缺血预处理对额叶神经细胞凋亡和P53蛋白表达的影响

目的探讨大鼠短暂性全脑缺血预处理对再次脑缺血额叶神经细胞凋亡和P53蛋白表达的影响.方法采用改良的Pulsinelli 4血管阻断(4VO)方法,建立SD大鼠急性全脑缺血及预处理模型.雄性SD大鼠随机分为三组预处理对照组,给予3min全脑缺血;预处理缺血组,先给予3min全脑缺血,48h后在给予全脑缺血15min;缺血组,仅给予全脑缺血15min.采用TUNEL方法观察额叶神经细胞凋亡,SP免疫组化方法检测P53蛋白的表达.结果预处理对照组未见TUNEL阳性细胞,仅见个别P53蛋白阳性细胞.预处理缺血组与缺血组相比,再灌注后48h、72h及7d额叶TUNEL阳性细胞数显著减少(P《0.01).预处理缺血组与缺血组相比,再灌注后48h、72h及7d额叶P53阳性细胞数显著减少(P《0.01).结论全脑缺血15 min后额叶神经细胞凋亡和P53蛋白表达增多.全脑缺血预处理能减少额叶缺血再灌注后神经细胞凋亡和P53蛋白的表达.     

Effects of WIN55,212-2 on voltage-gated sodium channels in trigeminal ganglion neurons of rats

OBJECTIVES: This study was carried out to investigate the effects of WIN55,212-2, a potential cannabinoid receptor agonist, on voltage-gated sodium currents I(Na) in cultured trigeminal ganglion neurons of rats, and to investigate whether the anti-nociceptive effects of cannabinoid receptor subtype 1 (CB1) were produced through its modulation on I(Na). METHODS: Whole cell patch clamp techniques were used to record I(Na) before and after WIN55,212-2 was perfused in cultured trigeminal ganglion neurons of rats. RESULTS: WIN55,212-2 (0.01 micromol/l) could enhance I(Na) slightly by 11.5 +/- 4.7% (n=7, p<0.05), and this effect could not be blocked by AM251, the CB1 receptor antagonist. However, WIN55,212-2 could inhibit I(Na) in concentration dependent manner at concentrations from 0.1 to 100 micromol/l. The inhibitory rates were 17.4 +/- 6.0, 22.5 +/- 7.8, 43.9 +/- 9.4 and 73.9 +/- 6.7% respectively by 0.1, 1, 10, 100 micromol/l WIN55,212-2, and the EC(50) was 17.8 micromol/l (n=7, p<0.05 or p<0.01). This inhibitory effect could be blocked partly by 1 micromol/l AM251 (n=7, p<0.05). WIN55,212-2 (0.01 micromol/l) shifted the active curve of I(Na) leftward slightly (n=7, p<0.05), but had no effect on its stable inactive curve (n=7, p>0.05). WIN55,212-2 (10 micromol/l) did not affect the active and stable inactive curves of I(Na) (n=7, p>0.05). CONCLUSION: WIN55,212-2 had bidirectional (two phases) effects on I(Na) in trigeminal ganglion neurons. It might act on different receptors, and the CB1 receptor participated in its modulation on I(Na).     

TRPM8 protein localization in trigeminal ganglion and taste papillae

TRPM8 is a TRP family cation channel which can be activated by cold stimuli or l-menthol. However, TRPM8 protein localization of nerve terminals in sensory organs remains unknown. Here we generated an antibody against TRPM8 and analyzed TRPM8 protein localization in trigeminal ganglia (TG) and in sensory nerve fibers in the tongue. TRPM8 immunoreactivity was detected in a subset of neurons with a small diameter in TG and in nerve fibers in the tongue. TRPM8-immunoreactive nerve fibers were rich in fungiform papillae, but sparse in foliate and circumvallate papillae. The TRPM8-immunoreactive nerve fibers reached the outer epithelial layer in each papilla, while no TRPM8-immunoreactive nerve fibers penetrated into taste buds. Double labeling analysis revealed that TRPM8 immunoreactivity was co-expressed with a part of TRPV1 or CGRP-immunoreactive neurons in TG. However, TRPM8 immunoreactivity was not observed in TRPV1- or CGRP-positive nerve fibers in fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate papillae. These results suggest that TRPM8 protein is present in sensory lingual nerve fibers mainly projected from TG and might work as cold and l-menthol receptors on tongue.     

Osteopontin-immunoreactivity in the rat trigeminal ganglion and trigeminal sensory nuclei

Osteopontin-immunoreactivity (OPN-ir) was examined in the oro-facial tissues and trigeminal sensory nuclei (principal sensory nucleus and spinal trigeminal nucleus) to ascertain the peripheral ending and central projection of OPN-containing primary sensory neurons in the trigeminal ganglion (TG). No staining was observed using mouse monoclonal anti-OPN antibody preabsorbed with recombinant mature OPN. OPN-immunoreactive (ir) peripheral endings were classified into two types: encapsulated and unencapsulated types. Unencapsulated endings were subdivided into two types: simple and complex types. Simple endings were characterized by the thin neurite that was usually devoid of ramification. These endings were seen in the hard plate and gingiva. The complex type was characterized by the thick ramified neurite, and observed in the vibrissa, hard palate, and molar periodontal ligament. Encapsulated endings were found only in the hard palate. The trigeminal sensory nuclei contained OPN-ir cell bodies and neuropil. The neuropil was devoid of ir in laminae I and II of the medullary dorsal horn (MDH), and had various staining intensities in other regions of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Transection of the infraorbital and inferior alveolar nerves caused an increase of OPN-ir intensity in ipsilateral TG neurons. The staining intensity of the neuropil also increased in the trigeminal sensory nuclei ipsilateral to the neurotomy excepting laminae I and II of the MDH. The present study indicates that OPN-ir primary sensory neurons in the TG innervate encapsulated and unencapsulated corpuscular endings. Such neurons probably project their central terminals to the trigeminal sensory nuclei except for the superficial laminae of the MDH.     

青藤碱对偏头痛模型大鼠脑干c-fos、c-jun表达的影响

目的 观察青藤碱对偏头痛模型大鼠脑于c-fos、c-jun表达的影响,了解青藤碱有无治疗偏头痛的作用.方法 60只健康Wistar大鼠随机分为空白对照组、模型组、舒马普坦对照组和青藤碱低、中、高剂量治疗组.皮下注射硝酸甘油(NTG)复制实验性偏头痛动物模型,药物干预4h后断头取脑.免疫组化法检测脑干c-fos、c-jun表达水平,显微镜下计数阳性细胞数.结果 与空白对照组相比较,模型组脑干c-fos、c-jun表达明显增多,差异有显著统计学意义(P＜0.01);与模型组相比较,青藤碱高、中、低剂量组和舒马普坦组脑干c-fos、c-jun表达明显减少,差异有显著统计学意义(P＜0.01);与舒马普坦组相比较,青藤碱高剂量组脑干c-fos、c-jun表达无差异,无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 青藤碱可能通过某些作用机制治疗偏头痛,阻断疼痛刺激信号传入脑干,抑制脑干c-fos、c-jun表达,减轻颅内疼痛长时程反应.     

Identification of the metabotropic glutamate receptor-1 protein in the rat trigeminal ganglion

Anti-metabotropic glutamate receptor-1 monoclonal antibody was raised and applied for immunohistochemistry in the rat trigeminal ganglion. The antibody detected 145-kDa single band of protein in the immunoblot analysis. In immunohistochemistry, neurons in the trigeminal ganglion showed immunostaining with various intensity, almost irrespective of their cell size. The results indicate that metabotropic glutamate receptors play an important role in somatic sensation together with ionotropic ones.     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血预处理后XBP-1表达的变化

目的 观察缺血预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后X盒结合蛋白1(XBP-1)mRNA及其蛋白表达的影响.方法 SD大鼠60只,随机分为假手术组(SO)、脑缺血再灌注组(MCAO)、脑缺血预处理组(BIP)3组,每组按照再缺血后12h、1d、2d、3d4个时间点分为4个亚组.采用二次线栓法制备大鼠局灶性脑缺血预处理模型,用实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot法观察再缺血后各个时间点XBP-1 mRNA及其蛋白的表达变化.结果 MCAO组XBP-1 mRNA及其蛋白表达均于缺血再灌注后12h开始明显上升,24h达高峰(P＜0.01),随再灌注时间延长其表达逐渐下降,但仍保持较高表达水平(P ＜0.01);BIP组较MCAO组XBP-1 mRNA及其蛋白表达明显升高(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 脑缺血预处理可能通过诱导XBP-1表达发挥其神经保护作用.     

Effects of aging on behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer's disease

Aim:  The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between aging and the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Methods:  Eligible subjects were consecutively referred AD patients with BPSD. According to patient age at the time of the test, the AD patient group ( n  = 79, whole AD group (WADG)) was divided into two groups: a relative older group (OG) in the whole AD group (WAD) (age at the time of test was 81 years or more, n  = 40) and a relative younger group (YG) in the WAD (age at the time of test was below 81 years, n  = 39). A comparison was made of the demographic data (sex difference, educational level and severity of dementia), cognitive functions and BPSD between the groups. BPSD was evaluated using the Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale (BEHAVE-AD). The factor analysis of BPSD was conducted in the WADG as well as in the OG and YG.
Results:  Sex difference, educational level, severity of dementia and cognitive functions were not different; however, the total score of the BEHAVE-AD symptom domain in diurnal rhythm was significantly higher in the OG than in the YG (Student's t -test: P  < 0.05). Factor analysis showed that psychosis was the first factor in the OG, but was the third factor in the YG and that the psychotic symptoms were caused by anxieties and phobias in the OG.
Conclusion:  From these results, we found that the effects of aging on the BPSD in AD were characterized by diurnal rhythm disturbance and psychosis.