药源性强迫症状

对药源性强迫症状的临床表现、发生率、发病机制、预后及引起药源性强迫症状的常用药物作一综述。     

儿童精神分裂症的强迫症状临床分析

对符合ＣＣＭＤ－２诊断标准的２１１例住院儿童精神分裂症患者进行分析，发现具有临床意义的强迫症状者２８例，占１３．２％，表明强迫症状在儿童精神分裂症中并不少见，其临床症状以强迫怀疑、强迫穷思竭虑、强迫洗涤、强迫仪式动作为最多见，多数同时具有强迫观念和强迫动作；儿童精神分裂症的强迫症状常见于各种妄想出现之前，其特点是荒谬仪式的早期形成，以及其异常迅速的自动化；强迫症状与性别、年龄及疗效无关；需抗精神病     

精神分裂症的强迫症状及临床特征的分析

目的 为探讨精神分裂症的强迫症状及其临床特征。方法 采用MMOCI、Y－BOCS、PANSS评定了符合CCMD－2－R中精神分裂症诊断标准的住院精神分裂症病人812例。并将其中合并有强迫症状者75例随机分为两组进行8周的对照治疗,同时进行Pearson相关分析。结果 精神分裂症的强迫症状发生率为9．24％,其中只有强迫思维者占64．0％,强迫思维与强迫行为均有者占36．0％。前者的PANSS、MMOCI、Y－BOCS评分、强迫症状所占的时间、对社会功能的影响,以及所带来的痛苦分都较低,而抵抗分较高,两组比较有显著差异。利培桐安慰剂组和利培酮合并氯丙咪嗪组的疗效都很明显,尤以后者较好。治疗前后强迫症状的评分都与PANSS、阳性症状及一般病理分呈显著的正相关,而与阴性症状分无关。结论 作者认为,强迫症状是精神分裂症的常见症状,可能是精神分裂症固有症状的成份之一。     

抗精神病药物与强迫症状

目的探讨抗精神病药与强迫症状的关系。方法采用自编调查表对659例门诊精神分裂症病人做问卷调查并对病史资料进行统计分析。结果(1)精神分裂症伴强迫症状者122例,占18.5%(122/659),其中63例强迫症状在服用抗精神病药后出现,占9.6%(63/659);(2)非典型抗精神病药诱发强迫症状的比率依次为氯氮平14.2%,利培酮5.1%,奥氮平1.9%,经典抗精神病药诱发强迫症状的比率共计2.8%;(3)氯氮平高剂量者强迫症状的发生率高于低剂量者,约1/3的病人强迫症状出现在服用氯氮平1年以内,半数以上出现在服氯氮平3年以内。结论抗精神病药诱发的强迫症状并不少见,氯氮平是其中的常见药物,强迫症状的发生与用药剂量和时间有关。     

以精神障碍为首发症状的脑出血

以精神障碍为首发症状的脑出血孙凤翠黄盛金李现收近年来我们收治了１３例以精神障碍为首发症状的脑出血病人，在ＣＴ检查前均被误诊。为吸取教训、提高早期诊断率，特报道于下。１．一般情况：１３例中男９例，女４例，男女之比为２．３：１。年龄４７～７８岁，６０岁以...     

精神分裂症的强迫症状

目的：探讨精神分裂症的强迫症状的发生率与特征，方法：对43例伴有强迫症状的精神分裂症患者进行观察分析。结果：强迫症状发生率为5．32％，其中药物所致强迫症状为1．34％。结论：精神分裂症的强迫症状为精神分裂症症状的组成部分。强迫症状繁杂、变化多，有的荒谬怪异，疗效不佳。其发生机制可能与5-羟色胺及多巴胺功能失调有关。     

奎硫平所致强迫症状2例

1病例 例1:患者女,20岁,待业,于2004年因坚信别人议论自己,闭门不出2年,不能从事家务,指责亲人,冲动,病前性格趋中,但做事仔细,求全求美.诊断精神分裂症,经利培酮4mg/d治疗,5个月效果不佳停药.2008年2月始换用奎硫平0.7 g/d,2个月后症状改善,但闭门不出.     

利培酮致频繁眨眼和强迫症状1例

<正>1病例患者男,17岁,高一学生。因"凭空闻语、疑人害己1个月"于2011年7月15日拟诊断为精神分裂症入住我院治疗。体格检查无明显阳性体征发现。精神检查:意识清晰,接触被动,问话切题,可引出明确言语性幻听,存在被害妄想和关系妄想,情感反应欠协调,意志活动减退,自知力欠完整,社会功能受损。入院后给予利培酮1 mg/d,2周后利培酮调整至4 mg/d,患者开始出现明显的强迫症状,总是不停     

以精神障碍为首发症状的狂犬病2例

1 病例 病例1:患者男,46岁,农民.因胸臂疼痛、紧张、不眠1d入院.1 d前被工具击中胸臂部,入住胸外科.既往体健.查体未见异常.血常规白细胞11.1×109/L;中性粒细胞9.48×109.L,头、胸部CT、心电图均正常.诊断为软组织挫伤.表现紧张、惊恐,精神科会诊考虑焦虑状态而转精神科治疗.3 d后出现恐水,不敢饮水,听到水声就避让很远.怕风,医生揭被检查时,瑟瑟发抖,称风太大,不让开门窗.唾液多,反复呕吐,发热,体温39℃.兴奋躁动,打人.追问病史,1年前自养的狗出现日夜吠叫,到处乱跑,患者曾被狗抓伤,未注射狂犬疫苗.更正诊断为狂犬病.第4天出现呼吸困难,咽喉肌痉挛,谵妄,不停喊叫,四肢痉挛,流涎不止;第5天出现抽泣样呼吸,并一度心跳呼吸骤停,经抢救复苏成功,此后一直昏迷至第9天死于呼吸循环衰竭.     

以精神障碍为首发症状的脑血管病1例

1病例患者男,68岁,于2周前突然表现话多,说以前的事,烦躁,易怒。患者听见公安员要抓他,不让孙子出门,称有坏人,以命令性的口气与家人说话,以自我为中心,有时不认识人,有冲动、伤人、毁物行为,否认有病。患高血压3年,服药治疗。病前性格外向、固执。否认阳性家族史。门诊诊断躁狂发作服碳酸锂无效。入院体检:血压22/12kPa。意识模糊,眼球活动欠灵活,伸舌偏左,余无明显阳性体征。精神检查:意识呈波动性障碍,定向欠准确,有时不认识家人,有幻觉妄想,计算理解力差,情感不稳定,烦躁,易怒,无自知力。经颅多普勒超声示:脑动脉硬化;脑动脉供血不足。…     

Mental health and functional outcomes of maternal and adolescent reports of adolescent depressive symptoms

OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of maternal and self-ratings of adolescent depression by investigating the extent to which these reports predicted a range of mental health and functional outcomes 4 years later. The potential influence of mother's own depressed mood on her ratings of adolescent depression and suicidal ideation on adolescent outcome was also tested. METHOD: A longitudinal population-based study of 842 adolescents ages 11 to 16 at the baseline assessment and 15 to 20 at follow-up (62% retention). RESULTS: Both mother- and adolescent-rated depressive symptoms predicted future depression, antisocial behavior, impairment, health service use, and regular tobacco use in the adolescent. The odds ratios obtained for maternal and adolescent ratings of depressive symptoms as predictors of future psychopathology were not significantly different. Mothers' own depressive symptoms were not significantly associated with adolescent depression, health service use, or substance use at follow-up. Depression that was accompanied by adolescent-rated suicidal thoughts was significantly more strongly associated with impairment at follow-up than depression alone. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to obtain clinically useful information on adolescent depression from the child's mother. However, information on suicidal ideation was rarely endorsed by mothers, suggesting that maternal report of adolescent suicidal thoughts shows less sensitivity than adolescent report.     

A secular increase in child and adolescent onset affective disorder.

Both longitudinal and cross-sectional studies utilizing population and family study samples have found evidence for a secular increase in major affective disorders in adults. Applying techniques used in cross-sectional studies in adults to family study data of children and adolescents, the authors demonstrate evidence of a parallel secular increase for child and adolescent onset affective disorders. Normal and depressed prepubertal probands were identified. All full siblings were directly interviewed for lifetime episodes of affective disorder. Analysis of the siblings (probands not further analyzed in this article) by the Cox proportional hazards model demonstrates that the risk for affective disorder is higher in siblings born more recently.     

Age of onset and progression of hoarding symptoms in older adults with hoarding disorder

Objectives: We investigated (1) age of onset of hoarding disorder (HD) symptoms and diagnosis, (2) late-onset HD, (3) progression of HD symptoms, and (4) association between demographics and hoarding progression.

Method: Eighty-two older adults with HD provided retrospective ratings of their hoarding symptoms for each decade of life. Age of onset of symptoms (saving, difficulty discarding, and clutter) was operationalized as the first decade in which the participant reported at least minor symptom severity, and age of onset for possible HD diagnosis was operationalized as the first decade in which the participant reported all three symptoms. We used mixed effects modeling to examine the progression of HD symptoms.

Results: The median age of onset for symptoms was between 10 and 20 years, and the median age of onset for possible HD diagnosis was between 20 and 30 years. Twenty-three percent of participants reported onset of possible HD diagnosis after the age of 40. All HD symptoms increased in severity over time. Men reported higher initial clutter and a slower increase in hoarding severity for all symptoms. Increased education was associated with slower increase in saving. Having at least one parent with hoarding tendencies was associated with higher initial hoarding symptoms.

Conclusion: Generally, symptoms of HD begin relatively early and worsen across the lifespan. However, approximately one fourth of older adults with HD reported a possible onset after the age of 40.     

Longitudinal invariance of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adolescent earthquake survivors

The present study examined the invariance of four models of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (PTSD) across time through an analysis of symptom ratings from the PTSD Checklist-Civilian version. Participants included 403 junior middle school students recruited from Sichuan, China at 5 and 11 months after the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. Confirmatory factor analysis using measurement and structural invariance testing found that four tested models were non-invariant (i.e., different) over time on PTSD's variable intercepts (indicating symptom severity) and residual error variances, but were invariant on PTSD's factor loadings and structural parameters. The two 4-factor intercorrelated models and the newly proposed 5-factor model were superior to the model defined in DSM-IV; however, the best fitting model was the newest proposed 5-factor model. These findings extend our understanding of PTSD's factor structure that the factor structure may be quite stable over time.     

氟西汀合并抗精神病药物治疗具有强迫症状的精神分裂症的疗效分析

目的 探讨抗精神病药物合并氟丁汀治疗具有强迫症状的精神分裂症的临床疗效。方法 对原用抗精神病药物治疗的以强迫症状为主的36例精神分裂症患者随机分成两组,一组加用氟西汀(研究组),另一组仍用原抗精神病药物(对照组)治疗8周,用PANSS、Y-BOCS、TESS评定两组精神症状变化和副反应,用t检验对照分析。结果 研究组的PANSS、Y-BOCS总分比对照组明显下降,且有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论 强迫症状明显的精神分裂症患者,采用抗精神病药物合并氟西汀治疗,可提高疗效。     

Specific adolescent prodromal symptoms associated with onset of psychosis in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986

Background

Several psychological symptoms in adolescence associate with later development of psychosis. However, it is unclear which symptoms specifically predict psychotic disorders rather than psychiatric disorders in general. We conducted a prospective study comparing how specific adolescent psychotic-like symptoms, predicted psychotic and non-psychotic hospital-treated psychiatric disorders in the population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC1986).

Methods

At age 15–16 years, 6632 members of the NFBC1986 completed the PROD-screen questionnaire. New hospital-treated mental disorders of the NFBC1986 participants were detected between age 17 and 30 years from the Finnish Care Register for Health Care. Multiple covariates were used in the analysis.

Results

During the follow-up, 1.1% of the participants developed a psychotic and 3.2% a non-psychotic psychiatric disorder. Three symptoms were specifically associated with onset of psychosis compared to non-psychotic psychiatric disorders: ‘Difficulty in controlling one's speech, behaviour or facial expression while communicating’ (adjusted OR 4.00; 95% CI 1.66–9.92), ‘Difficulties in understanding written text or heard speech’ (OR 2.25; 1.12–4.51), and ‘Difficulty or uncertainty in making contact with other people’ (OR 2.20; 1.03–4.67). Of these, the first one remained statistically significant after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first general-population-based prospective study exploring psychiatric symptoms predicting the onset of hospital-treated first-episode psychosis in comparison to non-psychotic disorders. We found three symptoms related with difficulties in social interaction which predicted onset of psychosis. This is a novel finding and should be replicated.     

Implications of early versus late onset of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms

OBJECTIVE: The current diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) require that symptoms emerge prior to age 7 in order for a formal diagnosis to be considered. However, this age-of-onset criterion (AOC) has recently been questioned on both theoretical and empirical grounds. METHOD: Data from 4 annual waves of interviews with 9- to 16-year-olds from the Great Smoky Mountains Study were analyzed. RESULTS: Confirming previous studies, a majority of youths who had enough symptoms to meet criteria for ADHD were reported to have first exhibited these symptoms prior to age 7. Early onset of ADHD symptoms was associated with worse clinical outcomes in youths with the combined subtype of ADHD but not youths with the inattentive subtype. CONCLUSIONS: Findings support the continued inclusion of the AOC for the assessment of the combined but not necessarily the inattentive subtype of ADHD. Too few youths had a late onset of solely hyperactive-impulsive symptoms to evaluate the AOC for that group. However, regardless of the age of onset, youths who had elevated levels of ADHD symptoms were at increased risk for negative outcomes that may necessitate intervention.