鼻咽癌翼腭窝侵犯的MR影像分析

目的:探讨鼻咽癌翼腭窝侵犯的MRI特征,分析肿瘤组织侵犯翼腭窝及经翼腭窝向周围组织侵犯的途径.方法:回顾性分析61例经病理证实的鼻咽癌伴翼腭窝侵犯患者MRI片,研究其鼻咽部病变、翼腭窝受累情况及其侵犯途径.结果:61例鼻咽癌翼腭窝侵犯中共有65侧病变.最常见翼腭窝受累的MRI表现是翼腭窝破坏、正常形态消失,翼腭窝内异常强化软组织肿块影(39侧),其次为翼腭窝正常或扩大(形态尚在)、翼腭窝正常脂肪信号影消失,被异常软组织影取代(19侧)以及翼腭窝扩大伴上颌神经的异常强化增粗(7侧).61例翼腭窝受累病例中,有33例(54%)合并海绵窦侵犯,17例(28%)侵犯蝶窦,12例(20%)侵犯破裂孔,5例(8%)侵犯眶下裂、2例(3%)卵圆孔受累.7例(11%)出现上颌神经侵犯.结论:翼腭窝受累最易合并海绵窦、蝶窦和破裂孔侵犯.沿上颌神经侵犯是鼻咽癌侵犯翼腭窝的一条重要途径.MRI能有效、准确评价鼻咽癌侵犯翼腭窝及其向周围组织侵犯的情况,对临床治疗方案的选择及预后评估具有重要的价值.     

Tolosa-Hunt综合征的MRI表现及诊断价值

目的 探讨Tdosa—Hunt综合征的MR扫描方法、表现及其诊断价值。方法 17例Tolosa—Hunt综合征经临床随访确诊，分别行头颅扫描及海绵窦薄层扫描与增强扫描，并比较2种扫描方法对病变显示的情况。结果 17例海绵窦薄层扫描与增强扫描显示患侧海绵窦增宽，外缘光滑，T1WI和T2WI均呈等或稍低信号，增强后信号明显均匀强化；3例同时累及眶上裂，1例同时累及眶尖，3例同时累及眶尖及眶上裂；6例病变包绕颈内动脉海绵窦段，其中4例还表现颈内动脉局部变细。而采用头颅扫描方法，17例中仅11例显示海绵窦增宽及异常信号，其余6例未见异常；2例眶上裂及2例眶尖受累；2例颈内动脉海绵窦段变细。海绵窦薄层扫描对Tolosa—Hunt综合征的显示明显优于头颅扫描（X^2=417，P〈0.05）。结论 与头颅MR扫描相比，海绵窦MR薄层扫描与增强扫描可更好地显示病变的部位、信号表现和范围，有助于Tdosa—Hunt综合征的诊断、鉴别诊断及随访观察。     

MRI对海绵窦病变的诊断价值

目的分析海绵窦(cavernous sinus,CS)病变的MRI表现及其临床价值。方法回顾性分析经临床或/和病理证实的海绵窦病变患者59例(男30例,女29例,年龄范围6~69岁,平均45.3岁)MRI资料。59例海绵窦病变患者均行MRI平扫及增强检查,分析病变形态、信号及累及范围。结果海绵窦原发肿瘤(脑膜瘤8例,三叉神经鞘瘤5例,多发性神经纤维瘤病1例,胶质瘤1例);海绵窦继发肿瘤(鼻咽癌18例,侵袭性垂体瘤8例,脊索瘤6例);非肿瘤性病变(颈内动脉瘤6例,颈内动脉海绵窦瘘3例,海绵状血管瘤2例,鼻咽部动静脉瘘累及海绵窦1例)。主要MRI征象:1)47例肿瘤性病变,一侧海绵窦受累29例,双侧海绵窦受累18例,其中13例包绕双侧颈内动脉,22例包绕一侧颈内动脉;2)非肿瘤性疾病12例,海绵窦内见异常血管流空信号,其中3例颈内动脉海绵窦瘘同侧眼上静脉扩张扭曲,6例动脉瘤表现为颈内动脉扩张呈类圆形流空信号,2例海绵状血管瘤呈稍长T1、长T2信号,增强扫描明显不均匀强化,延时扫描强化范围增大。结论 MRI能清楚显示海绵窦区病变及其累及范围,了解颈内动脉海绵窦段是否被包绕,对海绵窦病变的诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要意义,为临床治疗方案的选择提供理论依据。     

先天性复杂性斜视的MRI初步研究

目的 运用MR成像方法观察眼运动神经和眼外肌及周围结构的影像表现,评价复杂性斜视的形态学改变,探讨复杂性斜视的力学机理,为病因学研究提供有价值的线索.方法 26例复杂性斜视患者,男15例,女11例;年龄3～52岁,中位年龄16岁;均行MR检查,分析各眼运动神经及眼外肌MRI表现.结果 (1)眼球后退综合征:15例共19只患眼,患侧外展神经腩池段及海绵窦段不显示,眶内动眼神经下干可见异常分支至外直肌,而眼外肌形态及信号正常,其他眼运动神经未见异常.(2)纤维化综合征:9例共16只患眼,均表现为动眼神经、外展神经的眶内段和腩池段不同程度异常改变,动眼神经下干有神经分支至外直肌.所有眼外肌均表现不同程度变细、变薄,以上直肌和提上睑肌最为严重.(3)先天性眼-面麻痹综合征:1例2只患眼,表现为多条颅神经异常,双侧眶内段动眼神经下干可见异常神经分支至外直肌,双侧外直肌纤细.(4)上斜肌腱鞘综合征:1例2只患眼,双侧上斜肌肌腱形态异常.结论 MRI能够清晰显示复杂性斜视眼运动神经和眼外肌的异常改变,提示斜视的产生机制可能为神经异常支配或发育不良.     

外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘的综合影像评价

目的 评价各种影像学检查手段在诊断外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘中的作用。资料与方法 回顾性分析15例颈动脉海绵窦瘘患者的各种影像学表现，其中CT、超声检查15例，脑血管造影12例，MRI检查3例。结果 颈内动脉海绵窦瘘CT表现为：眼球突出，眼上静脉扩张和海绵窦增大(15／15)，眶内软组织肿胀(9／15)和眼外肌肥厚(10／15)。MRI表现与CT大致相同，MRA可立体显示扩张的眼上静脉和瘘口(2／3)。脑血管造影于动脉期可见患侧海绵窦扩大显影并眼上静脉逆向充盈显影(12／12)，并可见瘘口显示(11／12)，压迫患侧颈总动脉，健侧颈内动脉造影可见患侧颈内动脉和海绵窦显影(9／12)。经颅多普勒超声检查可显示眼上静脉和海绵窦区的异常血流信号(15／15)，并能准确评价颈内动脉各段血流动力学改变。结论 各种影像学检查手段都有其优势和局限性，各种手段综合应用才能满足临床需要。     

1100例鼻咽癌的CT表现

目的:分析鼻咽癌原发肿瘤的CT表现,探讨鼻咽癌原发肿瘤的侵犯规律。方法:分析1991年～2006年有完整临床及CT资料且经病理证实的鼻咽癌1100例,男807例,女293例,年龄11～85岁,平均年龄48岁。由二位有经验的影像诊断科医生对CT资料进行分析,分析鼻咽癌原发肿瘤侵犯部位、范围,尤其是肿瘤与颅底及颈部诸间隙的关系。将所有资料输入SPSS11.5统计软件系统,对相关资料进行统计学处理。结果:1100例中,Ⅰ型(鼻咽腔内生长)336例(30.54%),Ⅱ型(邻近超腔生长)317例(28.82%),Ⅲ型(远腔生长)447例(40.64%)。445例侵犯颅底结构,占全部病例的40.45%。其中蝶窦侵犯比例最高,为330例(30%),其次分别为破裂孔293例(26.64%)、翼突276例(25.09%)、翼管268例(24.36%)、斜坡226例(20.55%)、翼腭窝205例(18.64%)、卵圆孔201例(18.27%)、棘孔195例(17.73%)、海绵窦154例(14%)、眶下裂147例(13.36%)、岩枕缝137例(12.45%)等。205例共228侧翼腭窝受侵,肿瘤经蝶腭孔侵入143例161侧(70.61%)。鼻咽癌侵犯翼腭窝后肿瘤侵及眶下裂144侧(63.16%)、经眶下裂侵及眶尖44侧(19.30%)、眶上裂28侧(12.28%)、海绵窦27侧(11.84%)、侵及圆孔91侧(39.91%)。结论:鼻咽与颅底贴邻,容易破坏颅底结构并经颅底孔道侵入颅内。蝶窦侵犯比例最高,其次分别为破裂孔、翼突、翼管、斜坡、翼腭窝、卵圆孔、棘孔、海绵窦、眶下裂等。鼻咽癌容易侵犯翼腭窝,受侵后需注意观察肿瘤是否通过与其相连的管道结构向周围蔓延,尤其需注意翼腭窝受侵后通过眶下裂侵犯眶尖、眶上裂、海绵窦。     

IgG4相关眼病的影像诊断

目的 探讨IgG4相关眼病的影像诊断.方法 回顾性分析经病理形态学及免疫组化诊断的19例IgG4相关眼病患者的CT及MRI表现.结果 19例患者CT/MRI表现为眼眶组织受累,19例均累及泪腺,多为双侧泪腺对称性弥漫性肿大.5例眶上、下神经增粗,6例眼外肌增粗,少数病例涎腺、眶下裂、翼腭窝受累,1例合并眼眶淋巴瘤.MRI信号为T1WI等T1或稍长T1信号,T2WI等T2或稍长T2信号,增强扫描明显均匀强化.CT病变呈等密度,增强扫描明显均匀强化.结论 IgG4相关眼病CT及MR检查能准确地显示眼部病变部位、数目、形态.     

眼外肌病变的MRI表现

目的探讨眼外肌病变的MRI表现,提高对其诊断和鉴别诊断的能力。资料与方法回顾性分析151例眶部疾病累及眼外肌患者的MRI表现。结果129例病变仅累及眼外肌肌腹（其中Graves眼病123例）,22例病变同时累及肌腱和肌腹（其中非特异性眶部肌炎7例,无Graves眼病病例）。77.8%的非特异性眶部肌炎仅累及单块肌肉,88.6%的Graves眼病是多块肌肉受累,眶部淋巴瘤、炎性假瘤和蜂窝织炎均是多肌肉受累。大多数Graves眼病及非特异性眶部肌炎均表现为中等程度大小、长形、边缘清楚的眼外肌病变,而肿瘤侵犯、眶部炎性假瘤和蜂窝织炎所致眼外肌病变则表现为不规则形、边缘不清。39例慢性期Graves眼病所致的眼外肌病变发生脂肪变性。61例急性期Graves眼病在T2WI上增粗的眼外肌表现为高信号,其T2值延长,均值为123ms（100-174ms）。结论眼外肌病变的位置、形态及其信号特征在MRI诊断和鉴别诊断中起重要作用。     

IgG4相关眼眶疾病的MRI特征分析

目的 分析IgG4相关眼眶疾病的MRI表现,探讨MRI对该病的诊断价值。方法 选取经临床综合诊断证实的IgG4相关眼眶疾病22例患者MRI资料,均行MR平扫及增强扫描,分析其MRI影像特点。结果 22例患者中,Mikulicz病13例,MRI表现为泪腺弥漫性肿大,T₁WI呈等信号,T₂WI呈略低信号,增强后明显强化。炎性假瘤9例;泪腺型2例,表现为泪腺弥漫性肿大,边缘模糊;弥漫型3例,病变可同时累及眶隔前组织、眼肌、视神经、眼环、泪腺、眶内脂肪或眶周组织;混合型3例,3例均可见泪腺增大、眶隔前组织受累,2例同时累及眼外肌,1例额神经增粗;肿块型1例,表现为边界清楚的肿块;受累组织MRI T₁WI呈等信号,T₂WI呈等-略低信号,增强呈中度-明显强化。22例患者的时间-信号强度曲线(TIC)中13例为Ⅰ型或Ⅱ型,7例为Ⅲ型,2例为Ⅳ型。增强前信号强度(SIpre)为596.8±146.5、最大信号强度(SImax)为1326.3±276.8、最后一个时相信号强度(SIlast)为1245.8±272....     

海绵窦区B细胞性淋巴瘤误诊1例

本文报道右侧海绵窦区B细胞性淋巴瘤1例。患者女,53岁,因右眼肿胀伴眼睑下垂1个月余入院。CT表现为右侧海绵窦一类圆形稍高密度软组织影,病灶邻近的蝶窦上侧窦壁骨质破坏;MRI表现为右侧海绵窦区包绕颈内动脉的不规则软组织信号影,T 1WI及T 2WI呈等信号,增强扫描病变呈明显均匀强化。最终病理诊...     

鼻咽癌侵犯前中颅窝的MRI表现

目的探讨鼻咽癌向前、中颅窝侵犯的ＭＲＩ征象。方法回顾分析３９例有颅神经损伤并经病理确诊的鼻咽癌病例,用１．０Ｔ磁共振机,行头颅、鼻咽部轴位和冠状面Ｔ１ＷＩ、Ｔ２ＷＩ和矢状面Ｔ２ＷＩ扫描,应用钆喷替酸葡甲胺（ＧｄＤＴＰＡ）增强后,分别行轴位、冠状面、矢状面Ｔ１ＷＩ扫描。结果（１）前颅窝受侵１３例,筛窦受侵３例,眶尖、球后受侵４例,两者同时受侵６例。（２）中颅窝受侵３８例,蝶骨体破坏３２例,蝶窦肿块２５例,破裂孔异常２０例,卵圆孔异常２８例,蝶鞍破坏６例,海绵窦受侵３５例。结论鼻咽癌经破坏颅底骨质、进出颅腔的自然骨性通道和两者并存的３种途径向前、中颅窝侵犯,ＭＲＩ能准确显示侵犯途径和程度     

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the orbit with associated enhancement of the meninges and multiple cranial nerves

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT), Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS), and idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis (IHP) seem to be part of a spectrum of disorders that have diverse locations but similar histologic and imaging findings. We report a case of a 50-year-old man presenting with multiple progressive cranial nerves palsies with leptomeningeal cranial nerve enhancement on MRI (II, V1-V3, and X), orbital and infraorbital masses, prominence within the left cavernous sinus, and diffuse dural enhancement. Biopsies of the orbital lesion and infraorbital nerve revealed IMT. The patient's lesions, symptoms, and dural enhancement quickly improved with steroid administration and nearly resolved over multiple subsequent scans over the next few months. This case illustrates a rare case of pseudotumor mimicking a more aggressive appearance that would usually portend a case of malignancy. There is a potential association of IMT, THS, and IHP, which may have existed in a concomitant fashion in this patient. The case also describes the unique finding of enhancement of the cisternal segments of multiple cranial nerves (simulating leptomeningeal malignant involvement), which may be related to inflammatory perineural edema or ischemic neuropathy.     

Perineural tumor extension to the cavernous sinus from superficial facial carcinoma: CT manifestations

The mechanism of cavernous sinus involvement by metastatic carcinoma from a facial primary tumor is poorly understood. The lack of lymphatic and obvious direct extension implicate either a vascular or perineural method of spread. The authors describe four patients who exhibited cavernous sinus metastases from facial carcinoma, all of whom experienced cranial nerve symptoms before the diagnosis of cavernous sinus involvement was made. Furthermore, the pathologic specimens from these patients exhibited extensive perineural involvement. The authors propose that the mechanism of metastasis in these patients is perineural extension.     

鼻咽癌放疗后复发73例CT分析

目的 探讨鼻咽癌（ＮＰＣ）放疗后复发ＣＴ表现。材料与方法 对７３例ＮＰＣ复发患者,进行回顾性分析。结果 咽旁及颈动脉鞘区复发２８例,颅底破坏、海绵窦复发２２例,原发灶复发咽旁受侵１７例,单纯咽壁复发６例。结论 ＮＰＣ放疗后复发,以向咽壁深层侵犯为主,其次是向上侵犯,放疗后ＣＴ随访对比分析。对于ＮＰＣ复发的早期诊断有重要意义。     

Imaging of perineural tumor spread from palatal carcinoma.

Carcinomas of the hard or soft palate are known to spread perineurally along palatine branches of the maxillary nerve. Imaging of perineural tumor spread from the palate has been underemphasized in the imaging literature. We report the findings from eight patients in whom spread from primary cancers of the palate was seen along the palatine nerves. Indications of perineural spread include enlargement or excessive enhancement of a nerve, or abnormal density/signal intensity, enhancement, or widening of the pterygopalatine fossa, cavernous sinus, or Meckel''s cave.     

Hypoglossal nerve palsy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

The carotid space and the last four cranial nerves are at risk when nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) recurs or spreads posterolaterally. The objective of this study is to document the features of hypoglossal nerve infiltration and the appearance of the paralysed tongue. We reviewed hypoglossal nerve palsy in 16 patients with NPC. The following features were analysed: tumour morphology (submucosal spread), hypoglossal canal erosion, perineural infiltration or intracranial spread, other lower cranial nerve palsies, and appearance of the tongue. These findings were correlated with clinical records. All 16 patients had tumour recurrence following radiation therapy. In 7 patients (44 %), recurrence was submucosal. Hypoglossal canal involvement was seen in 12 patients (75 %). Isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy was noted in 5 patients (31 %) and 7 patients (44 %) had posterior cranial fossa tumour spread. Posterior displacement of the tongue was consistently well seen. In conclusion, tumour recurrence should be suspected in the presence of hypoglossal nerve palsy even when endoscopic findings are negative. Posterior displacement of the tongue, which has not been emphasised in the literature, is an easily recognisable sign and may indicate early hypoglossal nerve palsy. Received: 2 December 1997; Revision received 11 February 1998; Accepted 16 February 1998     

Perineural spread of malignant melanoma of the head and neck: clinical and imaging features

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Extension of malignant melanoma along cranial nerves is a little-known complication of malignant melanoma of the head and neck. We describe the clinical and MR imaging findings of perineural spread of malignant melanoma to cranial nerves, emphasizing that this entity occurs more commonly with desmoplastic histology and may have a long latent period following primary diagnosis. METHODS: At two institutions, we identified and retrospectively reviewed eight cases of malignant melanoma of the head and neck that had MR imaging evidence of perineural spread of disease. All patients underwent confirmatory tissue sampling. RESULTS: Seven patients had melanomas of the facial skin or lip, and one patient had a primary sinonasal lesion. By histopathology, these melanomas included five desmoplastic, two mucosal, and one poorly differentiated melanotic spindle-cell tumor. All patients developed symptomatic cranial neuropathy an average of 4.9 years from the time of initial diagnosis. MR imaging demonstrated postgadolinium enhancement of at least one branch of the trigeminal nerve in all cases and of at least one other cranial nerve in five cases. Other findings included abnormal contrast enhancement and soft tissue thickening in the cavernous sinus, Meckel's cave, and/or the cisternal segment of the trigeminal nerve. CONCLUSION: Although perineural spread of disease occurs most commonly with squamous cell carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma, malignant melanoma must also be included in this differential diagnosis, particularly if the patient's pathology is known to be desmoplastic. Similarly, any patient with malignant melanoma of the head and neck who undergoes MR imaging should receive an imaging assessment focused on the likely routes of perineural spread.     

Cranial nerve assessment in cavernous sinus tumors with contrast-enhanced 3D fast-imaging employing steady-state acquisition MR imaging

Introduction  The purpose of this study is to apply contrast-enhanced 3D fast-imaging employing steady-state acquisition (3D-FIESTA) imaging to the evaluation of cranial nerves (CN) in patients with cavernous sinus tumors. Methods  Contrast-enhanced 3D-FIESTA images were acquired from ten patients with cavernous sinus tumors with a 3-T unit. Results  In all cases, the trigeminal nerve with tumor involvement was easily identified in the cavernous portions. Although oculomotor and abducens nerves were clearly visualized against the tumor area with intense contrast enhancement, they were hardly identifiable within the area lacking contrast enhancement. The trochlear nerve was visualized in part, but not delineated as a linear structure outside of the lesion. Conclusions  Contrast-enhanced 3D-FIESTA can be useful in the assessment of cranial nerves in and around the cavernous sinus with tumor involvement.     

慢性侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎的CT和MRI诊断

目的探讨慢性侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎的CT和MRI表现及诊断价值。方法回顾性分析经手术、组织病理学证实的10例慢性侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎的影像学资料。结果慢性侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎发生于蝶窦5例，上颌窦3例，筛窦2例。CT表现：受累窦腔内充以软组织影，其中1例伴斑点状钙化；窦壁骨质破坏，同时伴周围骨质增生肥厚。MRI表现：T1WI为低信号（与脑实质比较，以下相同）2例，等信号7例；T2WI信号不均匀，7例以低信号为主，2例以高信号为主；增强后病变明显强化。侵犯邻近结构：眼眶9例，其中6例累及眶尖区，可见不规则软组织肿块影，与邻近眼外肌分界不清楚，7例包绕视神经；6例侵犯海绵窦，可见形态不一的软组织影；脑膜增厚、强化5例，3例侵犯脑实质，表现为水肿1例，肉芽肿2例；4例侵犯翼腭窝及颞下窝；3例鼻咽部软组织增厚；2例上颌神经和1例下颌神经明显增粗、强化；3例面颊部软组织肿胀；1例硬腭骨质破坏。结论窦壁骨质破坏伴硬化、MR T2WI低信号、易侵犯眶尖及海绵窦为本病特征性影像学表现。结合CT和MRI2种检查方法能够对本病的诊断、鉴别和治疗提供更可靠的信息。