戊型肝炎酶联免疫诊断方法的建立及其应用

用基因工程重组的戊型肝炎病毒抗原ＯＦＲ３，ＯＲＦ２和ＯＦＲ３－２嵌合抗原及化学合成的ＯＲＦ３多肽抗原，分别建立了酶联免疫方法，检测５５份临床可凝的戊型肝炎病人血清中ＨＥＶ抗体，以ＯＲＦ３－２嵌合抗原检测的抗体阳性率最高，为９４．５％，ＯＲＦ３重组抗原和多肽抗原检测的抗体阳性率分别为９３％和９１％，ＯＲＦ２抗原检测的抗体阳性率为４９％。     

戊型肝炎病毒与戊型肝炎

病毒性肝炎是我国最重要的传染病之一，国内外对其病原学研究进展甚快，至少已确认有五种肝炎病毒，其中戊肚的散发流行。为使从事传染病防治方面的专业人员病房了解本病毒的特征，进一步完善肝炎的病原学诊断及流行病学调查结果，本刊编辑部特约请第二军医大学微生物教研室戚中田教授撰写了有关戊肚用其戊肝病毒的综述；　　本综述简要报道戊型肝炎病毒的生物学及分子生物学特征，戊型肝炎的临订特征及特异性诊断，并对戊肝免疫预防、基因疫苗的展望作了介绍，对从事病毒学及传染病学的及传染病学的工作人员具有重要的参考价值。     

散发性戊型肝炎肝组织病理学及病毒学研究

目的研究散发性戊型肝炎(HE)肝组织病理特征、病毒分布及复制,探讨戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)致肝损伤机制.方法对36例发病急性期(20例)和恢复期(16例)穿刺肝组织,及18例慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)近期重叠HEV感染肝组织,作光、电镜组织学观察,原位杂交HEVRNA检测,Kupffer细胞免疫组化观察.结果HE急性期肝组织病变有其相对特征易见肝细胞羽毛状变性(100.0%)、毛细胆管内淤胆(75.0%)及双核、多核肝细胞(65.0%),肝细胞凋亡小体偏大且不整,Kupffer细胞增生突出等.HEVRNA分布于肝细胞胞质近核周处,急性期肝组织HEVRNA阳性率(100.0%)明显高于恢复期(12.5%,P<0.001),且阳性肝细胞及病毒拷贝数较多,恢复期肝组织趋于复常.CHB重叠HEV感染者肝组织炎症活动度较单纯CHB为重.结论散发性HE相对于其他病毒性肝炎有其病理学特征;HEV感染肝细胞并主要于发病急性期复制活跃;急性散发性HE恢复后转归良好;细胞免疫性肝损伤可能为HEV的主要致肝损伤机制,但不能排除存在病毒直接致肝损伤作用.     

血清学标志阴性的非甲～戊型肝炎的病原学研究

目的对血清学标志阴性的非甲～戊型肝炎进行病原学研究。方法用ＨＢＶＰＣＲ、ＨＣＶＲＴ－ＰＣＲ和ＨＥＶＲＴ－ＰＣＲ分别检测血清学标志阴性的非甲～戊型肝炎患者血清，并对其部分阳性产物进行克隆测序。结果８７例非甲～戊型肝炎血清ＨＢＶＤＮＡ均为阴性，９例（１０．３％）为ＨＣＶＲＮＡ阳性，部分经测序证实为ＨＣＶ１ｂ亚型；余７８例为ＨＢＶＤＮＡ和ＨＣＶＲＮＡ均阴性。该７８例中，１４例因无血清未作ＨＥＶＲＮＡ检测，余６４例中４９例（７６．６％）为ＨＥＶＲＮＡ阴性，１５例（２３．４％）为ＨＥＶＲＮＡ阳性。经序列分析显示，其中９例为典型的中国ＨＥＶ株基因序列，６例变异较大，与典型的中国株基因序列的同源性仅为８０％左右。４９例ＨＢＶＤＮＡ、ＨＣＶＲＮＡ和ＨＥＶＲＮＡ均阴性的血清中１６例（３２．６％）ＨＧＶＲＮＡ阳性。由此可见，该８７例中至少有９例为ＨＣＶ感染，１５例为ＨＥＶ感染，１６例为ＨＧＶ感染。结论对血清学标志阴性的非甲～戊型肝炎的病人应该用ＰＣＲ法进行病原学分型，以明确其诊断     

散发性戊型肝炎的死因分析

流行性戊型肝炎（ＨＥ）的报道已有很多，公认ＨＥ流行期间，重症肝炎多见于妊娠妇女，病死率女性明显高于男性，妊娠妇女尤高［１］。我们对１５例散发性戊肝的死因进行了初步探讨。１材料和方法１．１病例选择及一般情况１５例均系北京地坛医院１９９３年１月至１９９６...     

肝硬化病人的戊型肝炎病毒感染状况分析

对160例肝硬化病人的血清进行抗HEV-IgG及抗HEV-IgM检测,有91例感染了HEV,总感染率为56.8%其中抗HEV-IgG阳性60例(37.5%),抗HEV-IgM阳性76例(47.3%),抗HEV-IgG与抗HEV-IgM同时阳性45例(28.1%),抗HEV-IgG阳性而抗HEV-IgM阴性15例(9.4%),抗HEV-IgM阳性而抗HEV-IgG阴性有31例(19.4%)91例HEV感染的肝硬化病人中,单纯HEV感染5例(5.5%),合并感染其他肝炎病毒86例(94.5%)结果提示:一半以上的肝硬化病人合并戊肝感染,其因果关系应引起重视.     

无偿献血人群戊型肝炎病毒感染情况调查

目的调查绍兴市街头无偿献血者戊型肝炎病毒感染情况。方法3701例无偿献血者标本采用ELISA方法检测抗-HEV IgG和抗-HEV IgM,RT-PCR检测抗-HEV IgM阳性血清HEV RNA。结果本市无偿献血者抗-HEV IgG阳性率为29.91%(1107/3701);抗-HEVIgM阳性率为1.35%(50/3701);HEV RNA阳性6例,检出率为0.16%(6/3701),均为HEV基因1型;各季节抗-HEV IgG和抗-HEV IgM的阳性检出率无显著差异。结论加强对献血者感染HEV情况的检测和研究,对保证用血安全,完善安全输血的保障体系有切实的意义。     

广州地区散发性戊型肝炎病毒基因片段序列分析

目的对广州地区散发性戊型肝炎病毒（ＨＥＶ）作基因片段序列分析。方法用逆转录套式聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ｎｅｓｔｅｄＰＣＲ）检测了８例广州地区散发性戊肝患者粪便和血清中的ＨＥＶＲＮＡ，其中３例粪便阳性。对阳性ＰＣＲ产物进行基因克隆、核酸序列分析。结果广州地区Ｇ１、Ｇ２、Ｇ３株与缅甸株（Ｂ）、巴基斯坦株（Ｐ）、墨西哥株（Ｍ）、中国新疆株（Ｃｈ１．１）和广州血清株（Ｇ－９）的核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性均值分别为８０．６７％和８８．６０％（Ｂ）、８１．２５％和８９．２０％（Ｐ）、７７．４５％和８４．８１％（Ｍ）、８１．２５％和８９．２０％（Ｃ）、９７．８５％和９６．２０％（Ｇ）。结论广州ＨＥＶ株有一定程度的变异。     

散发性急性戊型肝炎血清抗体动态变化和肝脏超微结构的病理观察

为探讨散发性戊型肝炎血清抗体动态变化，应用酶联免疫法（ＥＩＡ）检测了７例急性戊型肝炎患者抗戊型肝炎病毒（ＨＥＶ）ＩｇＧ和ＩｇＭ抗体，并对１例患者进行了肝超微结构病理检测。结果表明，发病后１０天至４５天内抗ＨＥＶ－ＩｇＧ和ＩｇＭ滴度最高，发病第４０天仍有肝细胞肿胀，胞浆空化和线粒体固缩等病理变化。患者血清抗－ＨＥＶＩｇＭ滴度在４５天后逐渐下降，２个月内全部消失，抗－ＨＥＶＩｇＧ消长情况与ＩｇＭ相似，但在７个月时仍有３例（４３％）抗体阳性。     

戊型肝炎患者血清戊型肝炎病毒RNA的动态观察及意义

目前 ,国内外对戊型肝炎 (ＨＥ)患者病毒血症已有研究 ,各家报道有明显不同 ,我们采用逆转录 聚合酶链反应方法检测 32例ＨＥ患者系列血清 ,探明ＨＥ患者病毒血症持续时间和消长规律。检测对象为中国医大二院传染科1995年 1月至 1996年 10月期间住院患者 32例 ,临床诊断为戊型肝炎。分别收集患者病后 0～ 7ｄ、8～ 14ｄ、15～ 12ｄ、2 2～ 2 8ｄ系列血清共 12 5份 ,用异硫氰酸胍一步法抽提ＨＥＶＲＮＡ。引入一对外引物序列为 :外正向引物 (4 45 9 44 78) 5′ ＧＣＡＴＴＡＴＧＧＡＧＧＡＧＴＧＴＧＧ 3′,外反向引物 (4 877 485 8) 5′ Ｃ…     

Serological diagnostics of hepatitis E virus infection

Development of accurate diagnostic assays for the detection of serological markers of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection remains challenging. In the course of nearly 20 years after the discovery of HEV, significant progress has been made in characterizing the antigenic structure of HEV proteins, engineering highly immunoreactive diagnostic antigens, and devising efficient serological assays. However, many outstanding issues related to sensitivity and specificity of these assays in clinical and epidemiological settings remain to be resolved. Complexity of antigenic composition, viral genetic heterogeneity and varying epidemiological patterns of hepatitis E in different parts of the world present challenges to the refinement of HEV serological diagnostic assays. Development of antigens specially designed for the identification of serological markers specific to acute infection and of IgG anti-HEV specific to the convalescent phase of infection would greatly facilitate accurate identification of active, recent and past HEV infections.     

1995至2000年北京地区散发性急性肝炎患者肝炎病毒抗体的检测与分析

目的 了解北京市地区散发性肝炎患者甲型、乙型、丙型和戊型肝炎病毒感染型别分布及重叠感染。方法 用EIA法检测1995斫2月至2000年12月北京地区散发性急性肝炎患者抗－HAVIgM、HBsAg／抗－HBcIgM、抗－HCVIgM/IgG和抗－HEVIgM/IgG。结果 214例散发性急性肝炎患者血清,抗甲、乙、内和戊型肝炎病毒IgM总阳性数155例,戊型肝炎76例。有9名患者检出2种肝炎病毒抗原或抗体阳性,其中在3名肝硬化患者和2名静脉吸毒者同时检测到HBV和HCV抗原或抗体,1例HBsAg阳性者检测到抗－HAVIgM,3例－HCVIgG阳性者中分别检测到2例抗－HBVIgM和1例抗－HEVIgM。肝炎病毒重叠感染的9名患者年龄在31岁至49岁之间。结论 北京地区散发性急性肝炎78％是由消化道传染的甲戊型肝炎病毒引起,戊型肝炎在四种肝炎中位居首位,其次为甲型肝炎、乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎。肝炎病毒重叠感染多见乙、丙型肝炎病毒合并感染或慢性乙、丙型肝炎患者合并甲型或戊型肝炎病毒感染。在我国对散发性病毒性肝炎的预防应引起高度重视。     

散发性急性肝炎抗甲型和戊型肝炎病毒IgM抗体的检测与分析

目的 了解北京地区散发性急性甲型和戊型肝炎的年龄分布、肝功能损伤和预后。方法 用酶免疫法（EIA）检测1995年1月至2000年6月北京地区散发性急性肝炎患者抗甲型肝炎病毒IgM(HAV-IgM)和抗戊型肝炎病毒IgM(HEV-IgM）。结果 在203例散发性急性肝炎患者中,有112例为甲和戊型肝炎病毒感染,合计阳性率占55.2％,其中甲型肝炎占22.2%,戊型肝炎占33％。甲、成语地炎患者均有不同程度肝脏损伤,约75％的患者有中至重度的肝功能损伤（ALT值＞500－≥3500U／ml）,比较重症甲型和戊型肝炎患者肝功能损伤程度（ALT值≥1000－≥3500U/ml）。甲型肝炎患者高于戊型肝炎。追踪患者系列血清及观察临床症状,患者均在2－3个月恢复,ALT转为正常,黄疸消退,未发现甲型和戊型肝炎慢性化病例。结论 散发性急笥肝炎患者一半以上是由肠道传染的甲型和戊型肝炎病毒感染引起,甲型肝炎发病年龄主要以青年居多,戊型肝炎发病主要以青壮年为主,大多数甲肝炎病毒感染引起,甲型肝炎发病年龄主要以青年居多,戊型肝炎发病主要以青壮年为主。大多数甲型和戊型肝炎患者有中至重度的肝功能损伤。在我国病毒性肝炎的防治策略上,对散发性的甲、戊型肝炎的预防应引起同样高度重视。     

我国急性散发性戊型肝炎病毒部分核苷酸序列分析

用逆转录套式聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ｎＰＣＲ）自深圳、长春、杭州等地４１份急性散发性戊型肝炎病人血清中获得２８株ＨＥＶｃＤＮＡ，对其中３株ＨＥＶｃＤＮＡ的ＯＲＦ２基因片段，用荧光法直接测定其核苷酸序列，并与戊型肝炎病毒墨西哥株（Ｍ）、缅甸株（Ｂ）和新疆流行株（ＣＨ１·１）进行了比较，结果该３株散发性ＨＥＶ与Ｍ株的核苷酸序列同源性分别为８０．２％、７９．９％和７９．４％；与Ｂ流行株的同源性为９５．５％、９３．９％和９５．１％；与散发株的同源性为９３．４％、９２．３％和９３．８％；与ＣＨ１·１的同源性为９７．０％、９６．５％和９５．９；表明该３株散发性ＨＥＶ与ＨＥＶ（Ｂ）和ＣＨ１·１的核酸序列同源性较高，可能属同一亚型。     

Serum immunoglobulin G subclass responses in different phases of hepatitis E virus infection

To investigate the specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G subclass responses in patients with hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection, an open reading frame 2 (ORF2) protein based enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay was used to measure antibody levels in sera obtained at different phases of infection. Sera were collected at 2–31 days and at 6 months after the onset of symptoms corresponding to the acute (n = 48, 100% IgM‐positive) and convalescent (n = 17/48, 53% IgM‐positive) phases of infection, respectively. IgM‐negative sera from 61 individuals infected at least ≥6 months ago (prior exposure) were also tested. IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 antibodies were detected in 100%, 6%, 56%, and 4% of acute phase sera, respectively, and in 100%, 0%, 0%, and 65% of convalescent phase sera, respectively. IgG1 antibody levels were significantly higher than those of the other detectable subclasses of IgG in the acute and convalescent sera (P < 0.05). The IgG3 antibodies in six acute phase patients were replaced by IgG4 antibodies in the convalescent phase of infection. Patients with prior exposure to HEV had low total IgG antibody titers and decreased IgG1 seropositivity compared with those in the acute and convalescent phases. IgG1 was the only major subclass of antibody to be detected in all the three phases of infection. Other than IgG1 antibodies, the subclass antibody response was restricted to IgG3 and IgG4 antibodies in the acute and convalescent phases of infection, respectively. J. Med. Virol. 85:828–832, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

丙型肝炎患者血清抗丙型肝炎病毒抗体IgM及HCVRNA检测结果的比较

用酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ）对住院病人抗丙型肝炎病毒抗体（抗－ＨＣＶ）阳性血清标本进行抗－ＨＣＶＩｇＭ的检测，并与ＨＣＶＲＮＡ检测结果比较。结果表明，ＨＣＶＲＮＡ阳性、抗－ＨＣＶ阳性，ＨＣＶＲＮＡ阳性、抗－ＨＣＶ阴性及ＨＣＶＲＮＡ阴性、抗－ＨＣＶ阳性三种类型中均有抗－ＨＣＶＩｇＭ阳性者。结果还表明ＨＣＶＲＮＡ阳性病例的抗－ＨＣＶＩｇＭ阳性率明显高于ＨＣＶＲＮＡ阴性的病例（Ｐ＜０．０５），在临床诊断上ＨＣＶＲＮＡ阳性与阴性病例的肝病大多数为急性肝炎（ＡＨ）和慢性活动性肝炎（ＣＡＨ），ＨＣＶＲＮＡ阳性与阴性比较，各类肝病的病例数无明显差别。     

Outbreak of acute viral hepatitis due to hepatitis E virus in Hyderabad

PURPOSE: A waterborne outbreak of viral hepatitis occurred in the old city of Hyderabad from March through August 2005. An attempt was made to study the outbreak clinically, serologically, and etiologically. METHODS: Five hundred and forty-six clinically and biochemically documented cases were screened for the hepatotropic viral markers, hepatitis A, B, C, and E by the ELISA method. Their demographic characteristics and outcomes were analyzed. Point source contamination of the water supply with sewerage was identified. RESULT: Our data confirms hepatitis E as the major cause of the outbreak (78.57%). Occasionally, mixed infection of HEV-HAV (5.31%) or HEV-HBV (0.91%) was detected in the present series of acute viral hepatitis. CONCLUSIONS: HEV was confirmed as the major etiological agent in this outbreak that was transmitted by contaminated drinking water. The study highlights the importance of screening for both enterically transmitted hepatotropic viral markers as well as the parenterally transmitted hepatotropic viral markers during outbreaks of acute viral hepatitis.     

丙型肝炎病毒感染的血清学检测

目的了解丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）感染及病毒血症存在情况。方法用酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ）和聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）对不同人群的血清标本做了抗－ＨＣＶ、抗－ＨＣＶＩｇＭ和ＨＣＶＲＮＡ的检测，并对三项指标间的关系进行了对比分析。结果抗－ＨＣＶ在普通成年人、献血员、急性肝炎和肝硬化患者中的检出率分别是３５７％，８５８％，６２５％和４８３８％；与ＨＣＶＲＮＡ的符合率分别是１１４３％，６１１１％，８００％和７３３３％。相同人群抗－ＨＣＶＩｇＭ与ＨＣＶＲＮＡ的符合率分别是７５％，９０９％，８１８１％和１００％。结论抗－ＨＣＶＩｇＭ比抗－ＨＣＶ能更客观地反映ＨＣＶ病毒血症的情况，个别抗－ＨＣＶ阴性血清检测到了抗－ＨＣＶＩｇＭ和ＨＣＶＲＮＡ。     

Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence in acute viral hepatitis in a developed country confirmed by a supplemental assay

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is prevalent among cases of acute viral hepatitis in young adults in developing countries. HEV infection is not restricted to endemic areas, but would appear to be worldwide in distribution. In order to document the incidence of HEV infection in acute hepatitis cases in a developed country, IgG and IgM anti-HEV antibodies and HEV RNA were tested in 101 Caucasian patients with acute viral hepatitis; 92 of these cases had markers of acute viral hepatitis other than HEV. Forty-seven (46.5%) cases had IgG anti-HEV; IgM anti-HEV and HEV viremia were not detected. As the incidence of anti-HEV was higher than would be expected, the possibility of the occurrence of false positive results was subsequently investigated. Supplemental antibody testing, using a broadly reactive epitope region, reduced the frequency of anti-HEV to 17%. Therefore, supplemental antibody testing confirms the hepatitis E virus seroprevalence in a developed country. Since IgM anti-HEV and HEV viremia were not detected, persons with IgG anti-HEV may be “subclinical HEV cases,” or have long-lived antibodies in their circulation. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.