输血后乙型肝炎病毒感染的前瞻性研究

目的　了解输血后所致乙型肝炎病毒 (HBV)感染现状 ,以及通过检测乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原筛选献血员的效果。方法　用酶联免疫吸附测定 (ELISA)和聚合酶链反应 (PCR)分别检测了受血者和供血者血清中HBV M和HBVDNA。结果　在 5 83份供血者血中HBV M阳性 32 6份 ,HBVDNA阳性 5 7份。 136份受血者输血后 39份血清HBV M阳转 ,阳转率为 2 8 6 8% ;2 3份HBVDNA阳性 ,阳性率为 16 9%。结论　经检测乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原筛选献血员后仍有输血后乙型肝炎病毒感染的可能。     

丙型肝炎病毒感染的血清学检测

目的了解丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）感染及病毒血症存在情况。方法用酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ）和聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）对不同人群的血清标本做了抗－ＨＣＶ、抗－ＨＣＶＩｇＭ和ＨＣＶＲＮＡ的检测，并对三项指标间的关系进行了对比分析。结果抗－ＨＣＶ在普通成年人、献血员、急性肝炎和肝硬化患者中的检出率分别是３５７％，８５８％，６２５％和４８３８％；与ＨＣＶＲＮＡ的符合率分别是１１４３％，６１１１％，８００％和７３３３％。相同人群抗－ＨＣＶＩｇＭ与ＨＣＶＲＮＡ的符合率分别是７５％，９０９％，８１８１％和１００％。结论抗－ＨＣＶＩｇＭ比抗－ＨＣＶ能更客观地反映ＨＣＶ病毒血症的情况，个别抗－ＨＣＶ阴性血清检测到了抗－ＨＣＶＩｇＭ和ＨＣＶＲＮＡ。     

丙型肝炎病毒抗原检测方法的建立

目的以特异性单克隆抗体为基础建立丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)抗原检测的酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法,探索从血浆或血清中检测HCV抗原的可能性.方法利用我们制备的抗-HCV核心及NS3区单克隆抗体(McAbs),进行多种交叉组合模式的分析,确立实验室模式,并测定348份义务献血员血样,确定此方法的Cutofff值,并分析146份抗-HCV阳性及225份抗-HCV阴性血浆,阳性结果用套式PCR试剂盒确证.结果构建了以抗-HCV核心区单抗C39及NS3区单抗C7-6为包被抗体,以C39及NS3区C7-57为标记抗体的夹心ELISA检测模型,以C7为抗原,其检出灵敏度为5ng/ml,其Cutoff值为阴性对照均值±0.25.146份抗-HCV阳性样本中,11份为抗原反应阳性,225份抗-HCV阴性样本中,16份为抗原阳性,这些阳性样本经PCR检测后,23份为HCVRNA阳性.结论用单抗构建的HCV抗原检测方法分别从抗-HCV阳性及阴性样本中检测出HCV抗原反应阳性样本,并经PCR确证,表明直接从血浆样本中检测HCV抗原是可能的,这将对于HCV和基础研究及控制HCV的传播有重要意义.     

粤东地区不同人群丙型肝炎病毒感染情况分析

目的 :了解粤东地区不同人群丙型肝炎病毒 (HCV)感染情况 ,探讨HCV感染途径。方法 :运用酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA)及荧光定量聚合酶链式反应 (FQ -PCR)检测不同人群血清中抗 -HCV及HCV -RNA。结果 :抗 -HCV阳性率在一般人群中为 0 89% (5 8/ 6 4 6 8) ;医护人员 2 93% (5 / 171) ;乙型肝炎病人11 5 % (47/ 4 10 ) ;普通孕妇 0 93% (17/ 1836 ) ,其中 12例HCV -RNA阳性 ,所生 12名婴儿 2名阳性 ,母婴传播率 16 7% ;血液透析病人 5 1 4 % (5 4 / 10 5 ) ,其中有输血史的 5 8% (5 1/ 88) ,无输血史的 17 7% (3/ 17) ,两者有极显著性差异 (χ2 =7.72 ,P <0 .0 1)。结论 :血途径是HCV感染的主要传播途径。母婴传播及医务人员的被感染值得重视。     

中国不同人群的抗TTV血清流行病学及TTV基因不同区段的分子流行病学研究

目的　了解不同人群血清中抗 TTV抗体及ORF1 、ORF2 区段基因的分布状况 ,并分析其间的关系。方法　根据TTV的ORF1 、ORF2 区段的基因序列分别合成巢式PCR引物 ,扩增 2 46例血清标本中的TTV部分基因片段 ;采用TTVORF2 部分基因原核表达抗原 ,应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA) ,检测相同血清标本中TTV抗体。结果　不同人群TTVORF1 、ORF2 基因及抗体检测的阳性率分别为 :有偿献血者 16 0 % (12 75 ) ,10 7% (8 75 )和 2 5 3% (19 75 ) ,甲型肝炎患者 10 0 % (3 30 ) ,16 7% (5 30 )和 16 7% (5 30 ) ;乙型肝炎患者 47 5 % (19 40 ) ,42 5 % (17 40 )和 2 2 5 % (9 40 ) ,丙型肝炎患者 42 9% (15 35 ) ,37 1% (13 35 )和 2 8 6 % (10 35 ) ;丁型肝炎患者 2 0 0 % (3 15 ) ,2 6 7% (4 15 )和13 3% (2 15 ) ;戊型肝炎患者 16 7% (2 12 )、16 7% (2 12 )、33 3% (4 12 ) ;庚型肝炎患者 2 3 8% (5 2 1) ,38 1% (8 2 1)和 2 3 8% (5 2 1) ;非甲～庚型肝炎患者 6 1 1% (11 18) ,5 0 0 % (9 18)和 44 4% (8 18)。统计分析TTVORF1 与ORF2 基因的检出率相关有统计学意义 (P =0 0 0 0 <0 0 1) ;不同人群间基因检出率相差有统计学意义 (P <0 0 1) ;TTV抗体的检出率与TTVDNA的检出率相关无     

聚合酶链反应杂交ELISA对肝炎患者血清HCV RNA的测定和分析

目的 应用丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）聚合酶链反应杂交酶联法（HCV－PCR－H ELISA）152份各型肝炎血清进行HCV RNA测定和分析。方法 利用标记生物素的寡核苷酸引物对患者血清进行PCR扩增,扩增产物与结合在微孔反应板的HCV特异探针快速杂交,通过抗生物素－酶联反应判定结果。结果 152份肝炎患者中,HCV RNA的检出率为57．9％（88／152）,其中抗－HCV阳性组的检出率为81．8％（72／88）。抗－HCV与HCV RNA的总符合率为78．9％（120／152）。对5例丙型肝炎患者应用α干扰素治疗者追访显示,HCVRNA的消长与抗病毒药物疗效一致。结论 HCV－PCR－H ELISA方法简便、稳定、敏感、特异,为半定量指标,可应用于HCV感染的临床诊断和抗病毒药物疗效判定。     

输血后丙型肝炎病毒感染的前瞻性研究

对６４例受血者进行了半年前瞻性调查，发生输血后丙型肝炎（ＰＴ－ＨＣ）８例，亚临床（ＰＴ－ＨＣ）１例，丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）隐性感染３例，ＨＣＶ总感染率为１８７５％，丙氨酸转氨酶（ＡＬＴ）首次异常时间为输血后２８～９１（５１９±２０９）天；抗－ＨＣＶ首次阳转为输血后２３～７６（４２４±１５９）天。发生巨细胞病毒（ＣＭＶ）感染２例，病原待定的非乙、非丙ＡＬＴ异常者５例。     

不同人群庚型肝炎病毒感染状况分析

为了解不同人群庚型肝炎病毒（ＨＧＶ）感染状况，采用优化的ＨＧＶＮＳ５区两条合成肽为抗原，建立间接酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ），检测了１２０９例不同人群血清中抗－ＨＧＶＩｇＧ，总阳性率为３．８％，其中非Ａ～Ｅ型肝炎患者抗－ＨＧＶＩｇＧ阳性率最高，为２０．５％，明显高于自然人群的０．８％和其它肝炎患者（Ａ～Ｅ型）的３．３％，丙型肝炎患者中抗－ＨＧＶＩｇＧ阳性率亦较高，为８．０％。职业献血员抗－ＨＧＶＩｇＧ阳性率３．４％高于义务献血员０．０％。性病患者阳性率为３．６％，有静脉吸毒史的ＨＩＶ感染者阳性率亦较高，为８．０％。结果表明，ＨＧＶ在我国有较高的感染率；ＨＧＶ可能为非Ａ～Ｅ型肝炎的重要致病因子；职业献血员和有血液接触史者ＨＧＶ感染率较高，提示血源应严格筛选     

丙型肝炎病毒感染实验室诊断进展

据世界卫生组织统计,全球丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）的感染率约为3%,每年新发HCV病例约315万例,而高度慢性化是该病的最大特征。据报道慢性丙型肝炎患者10年内约有20%发展为肝硬化,肝硬化患者每年约3%发展为肝细胞癌,严重威胁着人类的健康。     

肝病患者庚型肝炎病毒感染的研究

目的 研究肝病患者庚型肝炎病毒感染状况。方法 用酶链免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ）检测１５４例门诊和住院肝病患者（均无输血史）的抗－ＨＧＶ,１５４例中有５４例同时采用逆转录聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）检测ＨＧＶ ＲＮＡ,分别计算抗－ＨＧＶ和ＨＧＶ ＲＮＡ的阳性率。以ＨＧＶ ＲＮＡ阳性为ＨＧＶ感染的判断标准,来分析各类肝病患者ＨＧＶ感染状况。结果 １５４例肝病患者抗－ＨＧＶ阳性者３１例,阳性率２０．１３     

Minimal role of hepatitis C virus infection in childhood liver diseases in an area hyperendemic for hepatitis B infection

To investigate the role of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in childhood liver disease in Taiwan, an area hyperendemic for hepatitis B, we studied antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) with a second generation enzyme immunoassay in 195 infants and children, including 96 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive children (66 with chronic hepatitis B, 23 children with hepatocellular carcinoma, and 7 with fulminant hepatitis B), 6 children with fulminant non-A, non-B hepatitis, 42 infants with neonatal hepatitis, 11 with biliary atresia, and 40 prospectively followed blood recipients. For comparison, another 748 apparently healthy children (from neonates to 12 years) were also screened for anti-HCV. The positive rate of anti-HCV was low in both apparently healthy children (0.13%) and patients with various liver disorders (0 to 4.4%) except fulminant hepatitis. The seropositive rate in 6 cases of non-A, non-B fulminant hepatitis was higher (16.7%) although the case number was too small. We conclude that HCV is generally not a major etiologic factor in the liver diseases of Taiwanese children. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Detection of hepatitis C virus antibody in non-A non-B liver diseases

Hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV) was assessed in serum samples from patients with non-A, non-B liver diseases using an Ortho HCV ELISA kit. In patients with posttransfusion hepatitis, anti-HCV was found in 89% and the interval between onset and anti-HCV seroconversion was 51 to 168 (mean 80) days. Anti-HCV remained positive with fluctuating serum GPT levels in 88% of the patients in whom anti-HCV seroconversion was observed. In chronic liver diseases, anti-HCV was found in 70 to 100%, being more common in patients who had a history of blood transfusion. The average interval between transfusion and detectable anti-HCV was 21.5 years. Anti-HCV was also found occasionally in patients having normalized serum GPT level after the onset, HBV carrier with posttransfusion hepatitis and patients with autoimmune hepatitis. Decreasing anti-HCV titer was noted with the normalization of serum GPT levels in the patients who received interferon therapy. These findings suggest that anti-HCV is closely associated with blood transfusion and HCV infection plays an important role in non-A, non-B liver diseases. The improvement of the current HCV assay system seems to contribute to further evaluation of the clinical entity of HCV infection.     

Distribution of hepatitis B virus in the liver of chronic hepatitis C patients with occult hepatitis B virus infection

Although occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (HBV-DNA in serum in the absence of hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg]) is common in chronic hepatitis C, its characteristics are not well known. In this work, the presence of HBV-DNA (by polymerase chain reaction; PCR) and its distribution (by in situ hybridization) in liver biopsies and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 32 patients with chronic hepatitis C and occult HBV infection and in 20 HBsAg chronic carriers were determined. The results showed that serum HBV-DNA levels were statistically lower (P = 0.001) in patients with occult HBV infection than in HBsAg chronic carriers. The HBV infection pattern in liver cells was identical between patients with occult HBV infection and those with chronic hepatitis B. However, the mean percentage of HBV-infected hepatocytes was significantly lower (P = 0.001) in patients with occult HBV infection (5 +/- 4.44%) than in HBsAg chronic carriers (17.99 +/- 11.58%). All patients with chronic hepatitis B have HBV-DNA in their PBMCs while this occurred in 50% of the cases with occult HBV infection. In conclusion, patients with occult HBV infection have a low number of HBV-infected hepatocytes and this fact could explain the lack of HBsAg detection and low viremia levels found in these cases.     

Virological significance of low-level hepatitis B virus infection in patients with hepatitis C virus associated liver disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is an important cause of morbidity in solid organ recipients. Early markers to identify the progress of the infection and patients at high risk are required in order to apply a strategy of pre-emptive therapy. The efficacy of pre-emptive therapy relies on accurate laboratory tests to monitor CMV infection. The evaluation of CMV DNA kinetics by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is widely used for the management of CMV infection but markers predicting the progression of the infection and standardization of the technique are essential for the clinical interpretation of PCR results. A commercially available PCR system, the COBAS AMPLICOR Monitor (Roche Diagnostics, Brachburg, NJ), was used for the quantitation of CMV DNA in weekly blood samples (n = 504) from 47 solid organ recipients in the first 6 months after transplantation. PCR results were evaluated according to the development of clinical disease in order to find a DNA threshold and time points predicting the progression of CMV infection. Week 4 from transplantation was the earliest time point to note a significant difference between those patients who eventually developed CMV disease (n = 30) and those who remained asymptomatically infected (n = 17). At week 4, viral loads were significantly higher in patients who developed CMV disease than in asymptomatic infections (median value: 4 log(10)/10(6) leukocytes vs. 2.8, P < 0.0001). At week 4, a DNA level >/=4 log(10)/10(6) leukocytes was associated with a 45.37 odds ratio for CMV disease. Any increase >/=1 log from the first DNA detection to week 4 correlated with the clinical progression of CMV infection (odds ratio 1.74). In those patients who were treated with anti-CMV therapy, a >97% reduction of the baseline viral load was associated with a complete therapeutic success. In conclusion, CMV infection is a highly dynamic process and the quantitation of CMV DNA by PCR is a powerful marker to control successfully the infection, but a strict follow-up of the recipient and standardized PCR tests are mandatory for the best management of the infection.     

Occult hepatitis B virus infection in patients with chronic hepatitis C liver disease.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections in patients who lack detectable hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) are called occult infections. Although such infections have been identified in patients with chronic hepatitis C liver disease, their prevalence and clinical significance are not known. METHODS: With the polymerase chain reaction, we searched for HBV DNA in liver and serum samples from 200 HBsAg-negative patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related liver disease (147 with chronic hepatitis, 48 with cirrhosis, and 5 with minimal histologic changes). One hundred of the patients had detectable antibodies to the HBV core antigen (anti-HBc); 100 were negative for all HBV markers. Eighty-three were treated with interferon alfa. We also studied 50 patients with liver disease who were negative both for HBsAg and for HCV markers. In six patients found to have occult HBV infection, we evaluated possible genomic rearrangements through cloning or direct sequencing procedures. RESULTS: Sixty-six of the 200 patients with chronic hepatitis C liver disease (33 percent) had HBV sequences, as did 7 of the 50 patients with liver disease unrelated to hepatitis C (14 percent, P=0.01). Among the 66 patients, 46 were anti-HBc-positive and 20 were negative for all HBV markers (P<0.001). Twenty-two of these 66 patients (33 percent) had cirrhosis, as compared with 26 of the 134 patients with hepatitis C infection but no HBV sequences (19 percent, P=0.04). HBV sequences were detected in 26 of the 55 patients in whom interferon therapy was ineffective and 7 of the 28 patients in whom interferon therapy was effective (P=0.06). None of the sequenced HBV genomes had changes known to interfere with viral activity and gene expression. CONCLUSIONS: Occult hepatitis B infection occurs frequently in patients with chronic hepatitis C liver disease and may have clinical significance.     

Occult hepatitis B virus infection in Lebanese patients with chronic hepatitis C liver disease

Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, characterised by the presence of HBV infection with undetectable hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), was investigated in 98 Lebanese patients with chronic hepatitis C liver disease and 85 control subjects recruited from eight institutions in different parts of the country. The prevalence of occult HBV infection ranged from 11.9% to 44.4% in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients and it increased with increasing severity of the liver disease. The overall rate of HBV DNA in our 98 HCV-infected patients was 16.3%. On the other hand, the rate of HBV DNA was 41.0% in anti-HBc alone positive patients compared to only 7.1% in healthy controls who were also anti-HBc alone positive (p < 0.001). Moreover, the prevalence HBV DNA increased with increasing severity of the liver disease, but this increase was only marginally significant and, perhaps, could have been significant if more patients were involved in the study. Although Lebanon is an area of low endemicity for both HBV and HCV, occult HBV infection is common in HCV-infected patients. The presence of HBV DNA, therefore, presents a challenge for the effective laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis B, particularly if polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based HBV detection methods are not used.     

Quantitation of hepatitis C virus in liver and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection

Since the natural history of hepatitis C virus-associated liver disease and the therapeutic responsiveness might vary according to liver and blood mononuclear cells viral levels, it may be important to quantitate viral RNA in liver, blood mononuclear cells and serum, and to compare these data with genotype, biochemical and histologic data. A polymerase chain reaction-based assay available for serum hepatitis C virus RNA quantitation has been optimized to quantitate viral genomes in liver and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 47 chronic hepatitis C patients. The procedure permitted hepatitis C virus RNA quantitation in freshly isolated mononuclear cells and in total RNA extracted from frozen mononuclear cells and liver tissue. The intrahepatic viral amount (median: 2.6 × 10³ copies/μg RNA; range: 0 to 3.6 × 10⁴ copies/μg RNA) correlated significantly with the hepatitis C virus RNA concentration in serum (r = 0.76, P < .001) but not in mononuclear cells. Viral RNA concentrations in liver (P < .001), serum (P < 0.01) and PBMC (P < 0.05) were significantly higher in hepatitis C virus genotype 1 patients (essentially type 1b) than in non-1 type cases, but were unrelated to biochemical or histologic indexes of disease activity. In conclusion, the optimized assay permit HCV RNA quantitation in liver and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, suggesting that serum viral level is an accurate measurement of intrahepatic viral burden. J. Med. Virol. 54:265–270, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.