颈动脉内膜剥脱术后脑过度灌注综合征临床分析

目的探讨颈动脉内膜剥脱(CEA)术后脑过度灌注综合征(CHS)危险因素、疾病特点和治疗策略。方法颈动脉狭窄患者行颈动脉内膜剥脱术116例,依据围手术期头颈部经颅多普勒(TCD)、头颈部CTA+CTP、CT、MRI及血压监测,分析脑过度灌注综合征的可能性和治疗方法。结果 116例颈动脉狭窄患者CEA术后发生脑过度灌注5例,平均发病时间为4.8天,发生率为4.3%;4例经积极控制血压、癫痫及降颅压治愈CHS,1例脑过度灌注患者术后3天因颞叶及中脑出血死亡。结论积极控制血压、癫痫及降颅压是治疗CHS有效方法。     

经颅多普勒在颈动脉转流管选择上的应用

目的 总结经颅多普勒(TCD)指导颈动脉临时转流管的使用经验.方法 2006年1月～2010年6月对60例有症状的颈动脉狭窄患者进行颈动脉内膜剥脱术(CEA),术中使用TCD对患者大脑中动脉平均血流速度(MV)进行监测.结果 49例患者阻断前后大脑中动脉MV下降未超过50%未放置转流管;11例患者阻断前后大脑中动脉MV...     

颈动脉内膜剥脱术治疗颈动脉重度狭窄30例体会

目的 探索如何更快度过颈动脉内膜剥脱术治疗颈动脉重度狭窄的学习曲线。方法 2015年6月至2022年9月采用颈动脉内膜剥脱术治疗颈动脉狭窄患者30例研究，术前完成病情评估和危险因素分析，术中根据患者情况选择补片和转流管，严格血压管控，术后双抗药物维持，控制并发症发生。术后长期随访，观察有无缺血性脑血管事件发生。结果 30例患者均顺利完成颈动脉内膜剥脱术，技术成功率100%，其中1例患者术后15个月发现颈内动脉远端吻合口再狭窄。其余患者随访时间内均未发现手术侧出现需要临床干预的再狭窄。围手术期患者未出现症状性脑出血，脑梗死，高灌注和死亡等严重并发症。最短随访1个月，最长随访7年零3个月，无短暂性脑缺血发作，脑卒中发生，有2例死亡，但均与脑卒中事件无关。结论 完善的术前评估，精细的术中操作，严格的术后管理可以让单中心开展颈动脉内膜剥脱术更快地度过学习曲线。     

颈动脉内膜剥脱术的临床应用

目的探讨应用颈动脉剥脱术治疗颈动脉狭窄和闭塞。方法对2004年6月至2005年4月对8例颈动脉硬化狭窄患者行颈动脉内膜剥脱术的临床资料进行回顾性分析,所有患者颈内动脉狭窄程度均大于70％,术中都应用Brener转流管及血管补片。结果术后所有患者未出现严重并发症,脑部供血好转,术后颈动脉超声及CTA检查见患侧颈动脉血流增加,未见动脉瘤形成。结论颈动脉内膜剥脱术是治疗颈动脉狭窄和闭塞较有效的方法。术中可常规应用转流管,应用血管补片可提高远期疗效。     

显微颈动脉内膜切除术治疗颈动脉狭窄和闭塞

目的:探讨颈动脉内膜切除术治疗颈动脉粥样硬化性狭窄和闭塞的疗效.方法2005年8月至2008年11月16例患者均经彩色超声、磁共振血管成像(MRA)、CTA、数字减影血管造影证实为中重度颈动脉狭窄,14例狭窄率为60%～99%,2例完全闭塞;12例行标准颈动脉内膜切除术,4例行外翻式颈动脉内膜切除术;2例术中放置转流管;1例术中行补片成形术.所有手术均借助显微镜完成.结果:围手术期及术后随访无卒中、短暂性脑缺血及死亡病例.术后均经彩色超声、MRA检查证实颈内动脉血流通畅,术后原症状改善或消失.1例并发消化道出血,1例围手术期有声嘶、呛水,对症治疗后症状消失,余均无并发症.结论:颈动脉内膜切除术是治疗颈动脉狭窄的有效方法,采用不同术式及技术,对不同颈动脉病变可以达到最佳治疗效果;显微手术有助于高位分叉颈动脉的显露,能有效避免颅神经损伤及其他并发症.     

颈动脉内膜剥脱术后大脑高灌注损伤的预防和处理

目的 探讨颈动脉内膜剥脱术(CEA)后发生高灌注损伤的术前高危因素、预防及处理措施.方法 2002年1月至2008年3月,在全程脑保护概念指导下,60 例颈动脉狭窄患者实行CEA 手术.术前患者均行颈部彩超和CT 血管成像检查,评价双侧颈动脉狭窄程度及侧支循环;术中采用全身麻醉、选择性颈动脉转流、经颅彩色多普勒(TCD)脑血流监测,维持脑血流;术后保留气管插管、镇静、脑冰袋、维持血压平稳,TCD 指导下应用脱水、降压药物预防和处理高灌注损伤.结果 60 例患者颈动脉平均狭窄率82豫依11豫,其中20 例行颈动脉转流,转流率为33%.34 例(57%)做补片成型.术后3 例(5%)出现头痛,1 例(1.7%)抽搐,无脑出血.38 例(63.3%)平均血流速度(MFV)增加幅度少于100%,22例(36.7%)增加超过100%,4 例(6.7%)术后出现症状患者的MFV 增加超过200%.结论 全程脑保护概念应用于CEA 手术,能有效减少术后大脑高灌注的发生.     

颈动脉内膜切除术治疗颅外颈内动脉重度狭窄的疗效

目的评价颈动脉内膜切除术治疗颅外颈内动脉重度狭窄的近远期疗效.方法20例患者接受21例侧颈动脉内膜切除术.其中缺血性卒中者7例,短暂性脑缺血者11例,无神经系统症状者2例.所有患者均行术前颈动脉Duplex超声检查,19例同时行DSA检查,18例行MRA检查.21侧手术的颈内动脉中,19侧狭窄≥70%,2侧狭窄60%～69%伴斑块溃疡.手术均采取颈丛麻醉,术中选择性地应用转流管和补片缝合.术后定期行超声检查和随访.结果术后30d内无死亡和卒中.围手术期有1例短暂性脑缺血发作和2例术后颅神经损伤.20例患者随访1～63个月,平均(31±20)个月.术后2年生存率和卒中发生率分别为92.3%和0,5年生存率和卒中发生率分别为79.1%和12.5%.2例随访中超声检查发现手术侧颈内动脉50%～60%的再狭窄.结论本组病例中,颈动脉内膜切除术治疗颅外颈内动脉重度狭窄取得了满意的围手术期结果和较好的预防卒中的远期疗效.     

颈动脉预阻断与逆流压测定在内膜剥脱术中的应用

目的探讨颈动脉预阻断试验与逆流压测定在颈动脉内膜剥脱术中的应用价值。方法2007年1月～2009年1月,对12例颈动脉狭窄者,在颈丛麻醉下完成颈动脉内膜剥脱术,术中行颈动脉预阻断试验并测定颈内动脉逆流压,选择性应用转流管,清醒状态下全术程监测。观察术中、术后并发症,记录、分析颈内动脉逆流压及预阻断试验,评价近期随访结果。结果术中3例一过性心率、血压升高,颈内动脉逆流压2例最低值出现于对侧颈动脉中重度狭窄且伴椎动脉病变的患者,预阻断试验（＋）者2例,选择性应用转流管4例,术后高灌注综合征1例。术前伴有头晕及视力下降的9例症状均改善。术后随访平均11个月（1～26个月）,2例再狭窄,无脑梗死发生。结论颈丛麻醉结合预阻断试验为颈动脉内膜剥脱术提供了微创、安全、有效的监测,建议结合预阻断试验、颈内动脉逆流压及对侧颈动脉、椎基底动脉病变程度选择性应用转流管。     

颈动脉硬化内膜剥脱术预防脑梗死

目的 总结行颈动脉硬化内膜剥脱术的经验.方法 2001年北京大学人民医院共治疗颈动脉粥样硬化性狭窄或闭塞94例.行单纯颈动脉硬化内膜剥脱者84例(93次),其中在颈动脉转流管保护下完成64例(73次).对于完全闭塞的13例患者行硬化内膜剥脱和取栓术.结果 13例完全闭塞的颈动脉2例部分再通,1例未再通,10例获完全再通;但1例获完全再通后5小时发现脑出血死亡.1例患者因脑缺氧时间过长最后呈植物状态.除1例术后早期并发一侧上肢麻木外,其他颈动脉狭窄者无论转流或非转流下行内膜剥脱者均未发生脑缺血并发症.随访发现1例行内膜剥脱术后局部再次狭窄20%左右.结论 颈动脉硬化内膜剥脱术为一种安全的预防脑梗死方法,颈动脉转流能提高颈动脉内膜剥脱术的安全性.     

颈动脉内膜剥脱术防治缺血性脑卒中

目的　总结我们行颈动脉内膜剥脱术的经验。方法　本组共 3 6例 ,均为颈动脉粥样硬化狭窄或闭塞 ,其中男 2 9例 ,女 7例。年龄 40～ 82岁 ,平均 61岁。单一侧颈动脉狭窄者 2 6例 ,双侧狭窄者 10例。全部在转流管保护下行颈动脉内膜剥脱。结果　全部病例中均未发生脑缺血并发症 ,仅 2例行内膜剥脱术后局部再次狭窄 3 0 %左右。结论　颈动脉硬化内膜剥脱术为一种防治脑卒中的有效方法 ,在颈动脉转流管保护下手术更为安全。     

Changes in blood flow of anterior and middle cerebral arteries following carotid endarterectomy: a transcranial Doppler study

AIM: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the changes in blood flow of anterior and middle cerebral arteries following carotid endarterectomy, using transcranial Doppler (TCD) flow studies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study included 100 patients (72 men, mean age 65 years) who underwent carotid endarterectomy because of high-grade carotid stenosis or symptoms of ischemic stroke. Endarterectomy was performed by a distal shunt between the common carotid and internal carotid arteries. Blood flow in the anterior and middle cerebral arteries was assessed by TCD preoperatively and also in the postoperative period (1st and 4th day; 1st, 6th, and 12th month). Collateral circulation in the Willis circle was evaluated by common carotid compression. RESULTS: Patients with bilateral carotid stenosis > or =70% exhibited a significantly increased flow velocity in the ipsilateral anterior cerebral artery (ACA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), and in the contralateral ACA. Patients with entirely occluded contralateral internal carotid artery showed the most pronounced changes in cerebral hemodynamics. Blood flow velocities returned to the preoperative values at 1 to 12 months following endarterectomy. Hyperperfusion syndrome was manifested in 14 patients, who exhibited significantly higher flow velocities in the ipsilateral MCA compared with asymptomatic patients. CONCLUSIONS: A transient bilateral increase of blood flow velocity in the anterior part of the Willis circle may often occur in the immediate postoperative period following carotid endarterectomy. Although its clinical significance is not entirely understood, this increase may be associated with cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome.     

颈动脉狭窄患者围手术期脑部并发症的诊治

目的 探讨颈动脉狭窄患者围手术期脑部并发症的原因及其防治措施.方法 回顾性分析2004年5月至2009年6月间接受外科治疗的133例颈动脉狭窄患者围手术期脑部并发症的原因及其处理方式.结果 本组133例颈动脉狭窄患者,其中男97例,女36例;年龄62～78岁,平均(67±8)岁.其中94例接受颈动脉内膜剥脱术(carotid endarterectomy,CEA),39例接受颈动脉支架植入术(carotid artery stenting,CAS);围手术期16例出现脑部并发症,其中3例发病次数在2次以上;术前5例出现短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attacks,TIA)及一过性脑供血不足等并发症;CEA术中5例、CAS术中4例出现TIA发作和脑过度灌注综合征(cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome,CHPS)等并发症;术后8例患者出现TIA发作、脑过度灌注综合征、脑梗死及脑出血等并发症.结论 有效控制围手术期脑部并发症的发生是外科治疗颈动脉狭窄成败的关健,脑部并发症的防治应贯穿整个围手术期.     

Effect of carotid endarterectomy on cerebral blood flow and its response to hypercapnia

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured in 14 patients before carotid endarterectomy, 3 h after surgery and 2 days postoperatively using the intravenous xenon-133 technique. In 11 of the patients CBF was remeasured at 6 months and in 8 patients CBF and the response to hypercapnia (5 per cent CO2 in air) was measured pre-operatively and 6 months following surgery. All operations were performed using an intraluminal Javid shunt and internal carotid artery (ICA) 'stump' pressure was recorded. CBF measured at 3 h after endarterectomy revealed a postoperative cerebral hyperperfusion with significantly increased flows in both hemispheres. There was a significant correlation between carotid cross clamping time and ipsilateral hemispheric CBF increase which implied an ischaemic aetiology for the hyperperfusion and supported the routine use of an intraluminal shunt in carotid endarterectomy. Six months after surgery, CBF had returned to its preoperative value but reactivity to CO2 was significantly improved, which suggested that the operation had increased cerebral reserve.     

Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome-a case report and literature review

Cerebral reperfusion following carotid endarterectomy occasionally causes cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome. This is a rare but important complication and this case report acted as a stimulus for a literature review of this problem. A 60-year-old businessman had a right carotid endarterectomy for a severe stenosis which had caused recurrent attacks of amaurosis fugax. The left internal carotid artery had occluded asymptomatically. The operation and his immediate postoperative recovery were entirely uneventful but he developed right-sided headaches and focal sensory motor seizures. He subsequently recovered. Hemodynamically compromised patients appear to be at greater risk and as the mortality of the operation is reduced and more complex patients are treated, it is likely that this unusual complication will increase in incidence.     

Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after percutaneous transluminal stenting of the craniocervical arteries

OBJECTIVE: Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome is a recognized complication of carotid endarterectomy, with a reported incidence of 0.3 to 1.2%. The incidence of cerebral hyperperfusion after endovascular revascularization procedures of the craniocervical arteries remains unknown. We evaluated the incidence of cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome in our endovascular revascularization series. To our knowledge, there are no previous studies evaluating the incidence of hyperperfusion syndrome after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty/stenting. METHODS: Between March 1996 and February 2000, 140 patients underwent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty/stenting of the craniocervical arteries at our institution. In all patients, selective bilateral arteriography of the carotid and vertebral arteries was performed to document the sites of craniocervical stenosis and collateral blood flow and the results of the endovascular revascularization procedure. We then reviewed all pertinent medical records, arteriographic films, and sectional imaging studies to determine the incidence of cerebral hyperperfusion in this series. RESULTS: Seven patients (5.0%) developed clinical or radiological manifestations of cerebral hyperperfusion. In the target group, percutaneous transluminal stenting achieved a 90 to 100% reduction in stenotic lesions (mean stenosis, 91%) of the carotid (n = 5) and vertebral (n = 2) arteries. All seven patients remained neurologically stable immediately after treatment. There was delayed development of clinical and radiographic findings, suggestive of cerebral hyperperfusion. Six patients showed evidence of ipsilateral hemispheric edema, including two patients who developed intracranial hemorrhage (one parenchymal, one parenchymal and subarachnoid) documented by computed tomographic brain scans. Symptoms resolved within 72 hours in the four patients without hemorrhage. The two patients with hemorrhage recovered during a more protracted period (range, 3 wk to 6 mo). There were no long-term sequelae or deaths during a cumulative follow-up of 84 months (mean follow-up, 12 mo). CONCLUSION: Hyperperfusion syndrome is an uncommon but potentially serious complication of extracranial and intracranial angioplasty and stenting procedures. The clinical manifestations are similar to hyperperfusion syndrome after carotid endarterectomy; however, the prevalence may be greater in the high-risk cohort commonly referred for endovascular treatment. Our findings suggest that patients undergoing endovascular stenting procedures should be closely monitored for evidence of hyperperfusion, with careful monitoring of blood pressure, heart rate, and anticoagulation. Further research is needed to confirm that cerebral hyperperfusion is the pathogenesis of this condition.     

Noninvasive screening for asymptomatic carotid artery disease prior to cardiac operation. Experience with 500 patients

Five hundred patients scheduled for cardiac operations underwent preoperative screening for asymptomatic carotid artery disease by means of the Gee ocular pneumoplethysmograph (OPG). Only patients with abnormal OPG measurements (5 mm Hg difference or greater in ophthalmic artery pressures or 0.69 or less ophthalmic artery/brachial artery pressure ratio) had cerebral angiography regardless of the presence or absence of a carotid bruit. Thirty-two patients (6.4%) were found to have carotid bruits. Nine patients had abnormal OPG measurements. Cerebral angiograms disclosed that six of these patients had significant (greater than 50%) carotid artery stenosis, and endarterectomy was performed prior to cardiac operation without incident. Nine other patients without carotid bruits had abnormal OPG measurements, and they also underwent cerebral angiography. Angiograms revealed significant carotid artery stenosis in three patients and prophylactic endarterectomy was performed. Twenty-three patients with carotid artery bruits and normal OPG measurements did not have cerebral angiography prior to the cardiac procedure. The incidence of stroke in this series of 500 patients was 0.4% (two patients). The clinical management of patients with asymptomatic carotid artery disease and coronary artery disease was facilitated by the use of noninvasive screening for the evaluation of carotid artery bruits. Patients with hemodynamically insignificant carotid disease, verified by OPG measurements, can be spared the risk and cost of cerebral angiography. Patients without clinical signs of carotid artery disease can also be identified.     

Prediction and monitoring of cerebral hyperperfusion after carotid endarterectomy by using single-photon emission computerized tomography scanning

OBJECT: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the preoperative measurement of acetazolamide-induced changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF), which is performed using single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) scanning, can be used to identify patients at risk for hyperperfusion following carotid endarterectomy (CEA). In addition, the authors investigated whether monitoring of CBF with SPECT scanning after CEA can be used to identify patients at risk for hyperperfusion syndrome. METHODS: Cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) to acetazolamide were measured before CEA in 51 patients with ipsilateral internal carotid artery stenosis (> or = 70% stenosis). Cerebral blood flow was also measured immediately after CEA and on the 3rd postoperative day. Hyperperfusion (an increase in CBF of > or = 100% compared with preoperative values) was observed immediately after CEA in eight of 12 patients with reduced preoperative CVR. Reduced preoperative CVR was the only significant independent predictor of post-CEA hyperperfusion. Forty-three patients in whom hyperperfusion was not detected immediately after CEA did not exhibit hyperperfusion on the 3rd postoperative day and did not experience hyperperfusion syndrome. In two of eight patients in whom hyperperfusion occurred immediately after CEA, CBF progressively increased and hyperperfusion syndrome developed, but intracerebral hemorrhage did not occur. In the remaining six of eight patients in whom hyperperfusion was detected immediately after CEA, the CBF progressively decreased and the hyperperfusion resolved by the 3rd postoperative day. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative measurement of acetazolamide-induced changes in CBF, which is performed using SPECT scanning, can be used to identify patients at risk for hyperperfusion after CEA. In addition, post-CEA monitoring of CBF performed using SPECT scanning results in the timely and reliable identification of patients at risk for hyperperfusion syndrome.     

362例缺血性脑血管病脑血管狭窄与侧支循环特点分析

目的分析脑动脉狭窄的病变特点及侧支循环的模式,探讨脑动脉闭塞或严重狭窄时侧支循环代偿建立的情况与患者神经功能的关系。方法回顾性分析362例缺血性脑血管病患者资料,全部患者均接受DSA检查。对脑血管狭窄病变的特点及侧支循环与神经功能缺损的关系进行分析。结果 362例缺血性脑血管病患者中,334例共存在716处脑动脉狭窄病变;其中单纯颅内动脉狭窄143例（42.81%）,单纯颅外动脉狭窄84例（25.15%）,颅内、颅外动脉均存在狭窄107例（32.04%）;单纯前循环病变173例（51.80%）,单纯后循环病变58例（17.37%）,前、后循环联合病变103例（30.84%）。300处颅外动脉狭窄中,颈内动脉颅外段狭窄185处（61.67%）,椎动脉颅外段狭窄96处（32.00%）;416处颅内动脉狭窄中,大脑中动脉狭窄171处（41.11%）。脑动脉闭塞且有侧支循环的患者与无侧支循环的患者间NIHSS评分差异有统计学意义。脑梗死与TIA患者责任血管狭窄程度差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论颅外动脉狭窄好发于颈内动脉颅外段,颅内动脉狭窄好发于大脑中动脉。TIA患者发展为脑梗死的可能性大。     

颈部动脉血流重建治疗重症多发性大动脉炎导致脑缺血

目的 观察多发性大动脉炎导致的重度脑缺血外科治疗的效果,并评估经颅多普勒超声(TCD)在手术中的作用.方法 2003年3月至2008年2月,共治疗16例多发性大动脉炎患者,男性4例,女性12例;平均年龄32岁,平均病程7.5年.临床表现主要为头晕、头痛、眩晕和眼部视力障碍等.DSA和血管彩色多普勒超声显示多数患者的颈动脉和椎动脉有不同程度的病变.8例患者行升主动脉(主动脉弓)-双腋(肱)/锁骨下动脉人工血管旁路移植术;3例行升主动脉-双腋(肱)/锁骨下动脉人工血管旁路移植-单侧颈内动脉自体大隐静脉旁路移植术;3例行升主动脉-一侧锁骨下动脉和颈动脉人工血管旁路移植术;2例单纯行升主动脉-右颈内动脉自体大隐静脉旁路移植术,其中1例同时行升主动脉-一侧颈内动脉和冠状动脉旁路移植术.有4例在原来接受升主动脉-双腋动脉人工血管旁路移植的基础上,又行一侧人工血管-一侧颈内动脉自体大隐静脉旁路移植术.14例患者术中采用TCD监测双侧大脑中动脉血流,2例尝试分别经一侧锁骨下穿刺和一侧股动脉穿刺与颈动脉穿刺临时转流.结果 手术成功率为100%,无死亡病例.手术后出现伸舌歪斜3例,术后2周缓解.脑部缺血症状与体征均有不同程度的改善,总的有效率为100%.全部患者获得随访,平均随访时间2.2年.所有患者未出现症状复发.2例患者术后4年内出现吻合口处动脉瘤,1例为双侧.结论 颈部动脉血流重建是治疗多发性大动脉炎导致脑缺血的有效方法.术中TCD监测大脑中动脉的血流变化,并据此调整血压,对于预防脑缺血后的过度灌注有重要作用.