Th17细胞在多发性硬化发病过程中的作用

多发性硬化被认为是Th1细胞介导的自身免疫病。近年来,一种以分泌IL-17为特征的Th17细胞被发现与自身免疫反应有关。越来越多的证据表明,Th17细胞参与自身免疫性炎症的病理过程,在实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎和多发性硬化的发生发展过程中发挥着重要作用。其介导多发性硬化的具体机制仍不清楚,可能与破坏血脑屏障、诱导单核细胞扩增并分化为髓样树突状细胞以及促进炎性细胞因子网络的形成等有关。本文综述了关于Th17细胞的发现、分化以及在多发性硬化发病机制中的作用。     

多发性硬化和实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎中的轴突损伤

本文综述了多发性硬化和实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎中轴突损伤的研究进展,包括疾病早期、起始阶段的轴突损伤及其机制,影像及组织学表现正常的白质内的轴突变性,多发性硬化灰质内的轴突损伤,长病程多发性硬化病变内的轴突缺失等方面,并提出可能的干预措施及存在的问题。     

多发性硬化/实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎中树突状细胞亚群的研究进展

树突状细胞（DC）与T细胞同为多发性硬化（MS）的主要责任细胞。DC与先天性和获得性免疫系统密切相关,并可促进或抑制髓鞘抗原特异性免疫反应。DC亚群是自身免疫反应结局的重要决定因素,但其组织特异性也可能与DC亚群的功能有关。因此,该文综述了近10年来的最新文献,深入了解DC亚群的表型、功能及其在多发性硬化症及其动物模型中的作用,有助于基于DC亚群设计免疫干预方案来治疗MS。     

实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎的历史和现状

<正> 多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis,MS)是一种中枢神经系统(central nervous system,CNS)炎性脱髓鞘性自身免疫性疾病,其确切的发病机制仍不清楚,研究MS的实验动物模型成为探索该病病因学的最佳途径和方法。MS的实验动物模型主要分为免疫介导模型和病毒诱导模型两种,其中以免疫介导模型多用,该模型主要是通过注射CNS髓鞘蛋白(或分子肽段)与抗原佐剂的乳化复合物诱导动物对抗原反     

他汀类药物治疗实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎和多发性硬化研究进展

多发性硬化（multiple sclerosis，MS）是常见的中枢神经系统（central nervous system，CNS）炎性脱髓鞘疾病。根据已证实的体液和细胞免疫反应、与白细胞抗原（HLA）单倍型的遗传联合，以及对免疫调节治疗的临床反应，认为MS是一种自身免疫性疾病。MS的治疗选择很有限，治疗方法包括促皮质激素、皮质激素、细胞毒性药物、抗淋巴细胞球蛋白、血浆交换等，     

实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎动物模型早期轴索损伤

目的 研究实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)动物模型发病早期的轴索损伤.方法 采用髓鞘蛋白脂蛋白(PLP139-151)多肽作为抗原诱发EAE小鼠模型.小鼠经免疫后每天进行神经功能评分及称体质量,于发病后剥离脑及脊髓组织进行病理学研究.结果 7只(23.3%)小鼠于免疫后15～22 d内发病,平均免疫后发病时间为(19.00±2.58)d,平均神经功能评分为(2.14±0.69)分.免疫前小鼠平均体质量[(21.85±0.94)g]与发病后体质量[(23.24±1.55)g]比较差异无统计学意义.HE染色可见发病小鼠软脊膜下脊髓组织炎性细胞浸润明显,以小血管周围为主的血管袖套形成.病变累及脊髓多见,且较大脑病变重.LFB染色可见炎细胞浸润处髓鞘有不同程度脱失,同时Bodian银染可见轴索肿胀、横断.免疫组织化学染色可见髓鞘碱性蛋白着色的相同区域淀粉样前体蛋白浓染,而星形胶质细胞GFAP染色增生不明显.结论 PLP多肽诱发SJL/J小鼠的EAE模型临床症状较轻,病变主要累及脊髓,而在大脑未发现与MS类似的典型病灶.在EAE发病早期,髓鞘还未明显脱失时即可见轴索损伤,且早期轴索损伤与临床症状并不平行.     

实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎模型的建立和长期观察研究

目的 建立实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠模型(EAE)并长期观察研究.方法 C57BL/6小鼠30只,随机分为EAE模型组、PBS对照组和正常对照组.应用神经功能评分进行临床评估,通过HE和髓鞘染色观察组织病理变化.结果 小鼠在诱导后的12±3d急性起病,16±2d内达到高峰,严重度评分为3.2±0.6分.半年观察期内复发1次,复发率为25%.光镜下可见EAE组以脊髓组织病变为主,表现为大量炎性细胞浸润和白质脱髓鞘.结论 采用MOG_(35-55)诱导C57BL/6小鼠建立的模型既往被认为是一种慢性迁延EAE模型,本研究通过长期观察发现其存在缓解复发现象.

Abstract：

Objective To establish a mice model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and perform a long term study. Methods C57BL/6 mice were immunized with 300μg MOG_(35-55) in complete Freund' s adjuvant (CFA) to establish EAE model in EAE group (n = 10). Mice in adjuvant group( n = 10)were treated with CFA without MOG_(35-55) and control group( n = 10)were treated with normal saline. The pathologic changes of the central nervous system were studied by HE staining and myelin staining. Results The clinic symptoms of EAE were present in the 12±3th day post-immunization,and went to the peek in the 16±2 th day post-immunization. The severity score was 3.2±0.6. One relapse was observed in the term of 6 months, and the rate was 25%. Light microscopy showed there were abundant inflammatory cells infiltrated especially in spinal cord tissues in EAE mice,with evident demyelination in white matter. Conclusion The relapse of this EAE model was observed in the study, though it was believed to be a chronic persistent model without relapse.     

树突状细胞在实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎和多发性硬化中的作用

树突状细胞(Dendritic cells,DC)作为一种专职的抗原呈递细胞(antigen-presenting cell,APC),既能激活机体免疫系统,又可以诱导免疫耐受,是许多自身免疫性疾病和肿瘤免疫研究的热点。本文介绍树突状细胞在实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎和多发性硬化发病及治疗过程中所发挥的作用。1树突状细胞的特点DC是一种专职的APC,能激活静止的T细胞和B细胞。DC遇到抗原刺激后迅速表达趋化因子受体(CCR)7,它们能从组织间隙,如肠粘膜、呼吸道粘膜下移行到附近的淋巴结并成熟。人和鼠不同的DC亚群的特性是不一样的,DC既能针对外界的感染作出反应,对机…     

雌激素在实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎中的保护作用

多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis,MS)与其他多种自身免疫性疾病一样存在着性别差异,表现为:与男性相比,女性发病率较高,且初发时间也较早。女性患者在妊娠期伴随着体内雌激素水平的波动,MS患者复发次数和严重程度也出现明显变化[1]。在MS动物模型即实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(exp     

一氧化氮供体对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎的作用

目的探讨一氧化氮供体3-吗啉-斯德酮亚胺(3-morpholinosydnonimine,SIN-1)对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,EAE)大鼠的作用。方法应用豚鼠髓鞘碱性蛋白68-86(myelin basic protein 68-86,MBP68-86)主动免疫制作EAE实验动物模型。将大鼠随机分为SIN-1组和对照组,SIN-1组大鼠于致敏后第0~7天给予SIN-1药物干预,动态观察两组大鼠的临床症状及体质量变化,致敏后第14天采用ELISA方法检测各组大鼠单个核细胞(mononuclear cells,MNC)培养上清中γ干扰素(IFN-γ)和白细胞介素-4(IL-4)水平,并观察大鼠脑组织病理变化。结果与对照组比较,SIN-1组大鼠发病时间延迟,恢复时间提前,体质量明显增加,临床症状明显减轻;疾病症状最高评分明显降低。SIN-1组大鼠MNC培养上清中IFN-γ水平为(90.29±9.07)pg/mL,较对照组的(121.57±10.44)pg/mL明显降低(P<0.05);IL-4水平为(18.14±3.98)pg/mL,较对照组的(8.14±1.95)pg/mL明显增加(P<0.05)。SIN-1组大鼠组织病理损伤较对照组明显减轻。结论一氧化氮供体SIN-1可抑制EAE大鼠病情发展,对EAE具有保护作用。     

Variation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis scores in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common demyelinating central nervous system disease associated with progressive physical impairment. To study the mechanism underlying disease pathogenesis and develop potential treatments, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is often used as an animal model. EAE can be induced in various species by introducing specific antigens, which ultimately result in motor dysfunction. Although the severity of the paralysis is indicated using the EAE score, there is no standard scoring system for EAE signs, and there is variability between research groups with regard to the exact EAE scoring system utilized. Here, we describe the criteria used for EAE scoring systems in various laboratories and suggest combining EAE score with another quantitative index to evaluate paralysis, such as the traveled distance, with the goal of facilitating the study of the mechanisms and treatment of MS.     

Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis

The ability of sex hormones to regulate cytokine production is well established, but the ability of cytokines to regulate sex hormone production has only begun to be investigated. We measured sex hormones in mice with passive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with sexual dysfunction. Abnormally low serum testosterone levels were found in male mice with EAE and in male MS patients, while serum estrogen levels in female mice with EAE were normal. An inverse relationship between cytokine and testosterone levels in male mice with EAE, coupled with an increase in serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, suggests that inflammatory cytokines suppress testosterone production by a direct effect on testicular Leydig cells. Gender differences in the sensitivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis to inflammation may be an important factor regulating the duration and severity of central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity.     

Stress and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis - a review

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and degenerative disease of the CNS with an assumed autoimmune-mediated pathogenesis. Stressful life events have been hypothesized as potential triggers of disease exacerbation. Animal studies using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), as a model for MS, suggest that decreased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function may play a role in the increased susceptibility and severity of the disease. Histopathological studies of the hypothalamus point to disturbances in corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) regulation as a result of MS lesions in this area. Functional endocrine tests (e.g., the combined Dexamethasone-CRH test) showed a disturbed negative feedback after steroid application in MS patients. Hyper- and hypoactivity of the HPA axis, have been described to be associated with more severe courses. This paper presents an overview of the evidence for a role of HPA dysfunction in EAE and MS based on stress-experimental studies.     

Crotoxin down-modulates pro-inflammatory cells and alleviates pain on the MOG35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis,an animal model of multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a Central Nervous System inflammatory demyelinating disease that has as primary symptoms losses of sensory and motor functions, including chronic pain. To date, however, few studies have investigated the mechanisms of chronic pain in animal models of MS since locomotor impairments render difficult its evaluation. It was previously demonstrated that in the MOG_35-55-induced EAE, an animal model of MS, the hypernociception appears before the onset of motor disability, allowing for the study of these two phenomena separately. Here, we evaluated the effect of crotoxin (CTX), a neurotoxin isolated from the Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom that displays, at non-toxic dose, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, in the pain and in symptoms progression of EAE. The pain threshold of female C57BL/6 mice decreased at the 4th day after immunization, while the first sign of disease appeared around the 11st–12nd days, coinciding with the onset of motor abnormalities. CTX (40 µg/kg, s.c.) administered in a single dose on the 5th day after immunization, induced a long-lasting analgesic effect (5 days), without interfering with the clinical signs of the disease. On the other hand, when crotoxin was administered for 5 consecutive days, from 5th–9th day after immunization, it induced analgesia and also reduced EAE progression. The antinociceptive effect of crotoxin was blocked by Boc-2 (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.), a selective antagonist of formyl peptide receptors, by NDGA (30 μg/kg, i.p.), a lipoxygenase inhibitor and by atropine sulfate (10 mg/kg, i.p.), an antagonist of muscarinic receptors, administered 30 min before CTX. CTX was also effective in decreasing EAE clinical signs even when administered after its onset. Regarding the interactions between neurons and immunocompetent cells, CTX, in vitro, was able to reduce T cell proliferation, decreasing Th1 and Th17 and increasing Treg cell differentiation. Furthermore, in EAE model, the treatment with 5 consecutive doses of CTX inhibited IFN-γ-producing T cells, GM-CSF-producing T cells, reduced the frequency of activated microglia/macrophages within the CNS and decreased the number of migrating cell to spinal cord and cerebellum at the peak of the disease.These results suggest that CTX is a potential treatment not only for pain alteration but also for clinical progression induced by the disease as well as an useful tool for the development of new therapeutic approaches for the multiple sclerosis control.     

Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

The expression of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH(2)-terminal protein kinase (JNK), and p38, was analyzed in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rats.

Western blot analysis showed that the three MAP kinases (phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK), p-JNK, and p-p38) were increased significantly in the spinal cords of rats with EAE at the peak stage as compared with the levels in controls (p<0.05), and both p-ERK and p-JNK declined slightly in the recovery stage of EAE. Immunohistochemistry showed that p-ERK was constitutively expressed in brain cells, including astroglial cells, and showed enhanced immunoreactivity in those cells in EAE, while some T cells and macrophages were weakly immunopositive for p-ERK in EAE lesions. Both p-JNK and p-p38 were intensely immunostained in T cells in EAE lesions, while a few glial cells and astrocytes were weakly positive for both.

Taking all these facts into consideration, we postulate that increased expression of the phosphorylated form of each MAP kinase plays an important role in the initiation of acute monophasic EAE. Differential expression of three MAP kinases was discerned in an animal model of human autoimmune central nervous system diseases, including multiple sclerosis.     

实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎大鼠模型脑组织硫化氢的变化

目的 观察实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)模型大鼠脑组织中硫化氢(H2S)动态变化,探讨H2S与多发性硬化(MS)的关系. 方法 按随机区组设计方法将SD大鼠分成对照组及模型组,每组78只.模型组制备EAE模型,对照组用生理盐水代替诱导乳剂,余措施相同.采用HE染色、尼氏染色观察2组大鼠脑组织病理变化;比较不同时间点(建模后5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40、45、50、55、60 d和65 d)2组大鼠平均临床评分;采用比色法检测各时间点H2S和丙二醛(MDA)水平. 结果 (1)HE和尼氏染色显示模型组中可见明显的炎性细胞浸润现象及血管袖套形成,对照组未发现明显改变.(2)模型组于建模后第20天及第50天出现2次发病高峰,临床评分分别为(4.0±0.55)分和(3.5±0.25)分;对照组的评分为0分.(3)模型组大鼠各时间点脑组织中H2S表达量随着发病呈逐渐下降趋势,从第10天开始低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).相反,模型组大鼠各时间点脑组织中MDA呈逐渐增加趋势,从第10天开始高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).对照组大鼠H2S和MDA水平无明显变化.(4)模型组大鼠脑组织中H2S水平的变化与临床评分、MDA水平呈负相关(r=0.960,P=0.000;r=-0.920,P=0.000);临床症状评分和MDA水平呈正相关(r=0.910,P=0.000). 结论 H2S在EAE模型中表达明显降低,在MS中的作用机制有待进一步研究.     

Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: its value as an experimental model for multiple sclerosis

Summary Comparison of the pathohistology of chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (CR-EAE) and multiple sclerosis (MS) reveals a close similarity. Thus, CR-EAE appears to be a valuable model for the study of pathogenetic factors leading to the formation of MS lesions, although the induction of the disease may be different (active sensitization with CNS antigens and adjuvant in CR-EAE versus unknown etiology in MS). CR-EAE furthermore mimicks the pathohistological patterns of other related human inflammatory demyelinating diseases (i.e., acute perivenous leukoencephalomyelitis and acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalomyelitis). The expression of an acute, predominantly inflammatory versus chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease in this model depends upon the time interval between sensitization and sampling of the animals. Recent evidence is discussed that a cooperation between cellular and humoral immune mechanisms, directed against multiple CNS antigens, is responsible for the formation of large demyelinated plaques in EAE and MS.Supported by Austrian Science Research Fund, Project S25/07     

B cells from glatiramer acetate-treated mice suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) thought to be primarily mediated by T cells. However, emerging evidence supports an important role for B cells in the pathogenesis and inhibition of MS. Glatiramer acetate (GA), a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for the treatment of MS, has a good safety profile. But GA's mechanism of action in MS is still elusive. In this study, we showed that B cells from GA-treated mice increased production of IL-10 and reduced expression of co-stimulatory molecules viz.: CD80 and CD86. B cells from GA-treated mice also diminished proliferation of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG_35-55) specific T cells. Purified B cells transferred from GA-treated mice suppressed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in recipient mice compared with B cells transferred from mice treated with PBS or ovalbumin. The treatment effect of GA in EAE was abrogated in B cell-deficient mice. Transfer of B cells from GA-treated mice inhibited the proliferation of autoreactive T cells as well as the development of Th1 and Th17 cells but promoted IL-10 production in recipient mice. The number of peripheral CD11b⁺ macrophages in recipient mice also decreased after transfer of B cells from GA-treated mice; however, the number of dendritic cells and regulatory T cells remained unaltered. These results suggest that B cells are important to the protective effects of GA in EAE.