猪油量与家兔动脉粥样硬化关系研究

本实验采用大耳白家兔,观察猪油Ⅰ组(猪油占总能量42％)、猪油Ⅱ组(猪油占总能量的21％)和豆油组(豆油占总能量42％)与血脂水平、组织脂肪酸组成、主动脉组织形态和体重的关系。结果表明,实验后各组血脂水平不同,血清胆固醇浓度,猪油Ⅰ组、豆油组和猪油Ⅱ组分别升高到7.04、4.04和5.36mmol/L,甘油三酯分别为1.07、0.57和1.00mmol/L,TC/HDL-C比值分别为7.12、5.99和8.48。组织脂肪酸组成中,饱和脂肪酸含量除血清中猪油Ⅰ组最高和心肌中豆油组最低外,其余各组相似,多不饱和脂肪酸含量豆油组最高,猪油Ⅱ组次之,猪油Ⅰ组最低。主动脉大体观察,猪油Ⅰ组受检动物中均有斑块形成,其中条状斑块为4/5,大纤维斑块为1/5,豆油组点状斑块3/5,条状和大纤维斑块各占1/5,而猪油Ⅱ组点状和条状纤维斑块各占1/5,其余的末见异常变化。电镜观察结果与大体观察结果相似,猪油Ⅱ组最轻、豆油组次之,猪油Ⅰ组最重。     

食用油对血脂、脂质过氧化、膜磷脂脂肪酸及血小板功能的影响

大鼠分别喂饲猪油、花生油、茶油、豆油、麻油及牛油高胆固醇饲料１～３个月，发现：１．麻油及牛油组血清总胆固醇（ＴＣ）及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＬＤＬ－Ｃ）水平远低于诸油及花生油组（Ｐ＜０．０５），且高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）水平最高（Ｐ＜０．０５）。茶油及豆油组ＴＣ与ＬＤＬ－Ｃ居中。甘油三酯以豆油组最高，茶油组最低（Ｐ＜０，０５）。２．各组红细胞膜、心肌线粒体及肝微粒体磷脂脂肪酸与饲料脂肪酸水平呈正相关。ＲＢＣ膜及心肌线粒体磷脂中，猪油及牛油组饱和脂肪酸含量较高，茶油组的单不饱和脂肪酸含量较高，麻油及花生油组的多不饱和脂肪酸（ＰＵＦＡ）含量较高。３．茶油组血清、肝及脑丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）水平最低，其余各组均较高。豆油组的肝ＭＤＡ最高。４．血清、肝超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）水平以花生油及豆油组较低。５．血小板聚集率及血栓素Ｂ２（ＴＸＢ２）／６－酮－前列腺索Ｆ＿（１ａ）（６－Ｋ－ＰＧＦ＿（１ａ））比值以麻油组最低、豆油组较高。６．茶油组的生物膜流动性较大，而猪油及牛油组较小。     

花生油、茶油、牛油对大鼠脂质过氧化、膜磷脂脂肪酸组成及膜流动性的影响

用含11％花生油、茶油、牛油的饲料分别饲养SD大鼠，观察其血清和心、肝、脑丙二醛（MDA）、血清和肝超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）水平、生物膜磷脂脂肪酸组成及膜流动性的改变。结果发现：花生油组心线粒体及牛油组RBC膜磷脂脂肪酸含量与摄入脂肪酸呈正相关（r分别为0.6275和0.6967，P＜0.01）。喂饲花生油引起生物膜磷脂多不饱和脂肪酸含量增加，膜流动性增高，血清和肝SOD水平较低（分别为3.76±1.61mg／L、616±163μg／g），血清MDA较高（8.70±1.71μmol／L），提示脂质过氧化程度较高。喂饲茶油引起膜磷脂单不饱和脂肪酸含量增加，膜流动性和血清SOD（5.66±2.00mg／L）较高，血清及脑MDA较低（5.92±1.15μmol／L，2.45±0.44μmol／g），提示脂质过氧化程度较低。喂饲牛油引起膜磷脂饱和脂肪酸含量增加，膜流动性较低，血清及肝SOD较高（5.79±0.56mg／L，886±99μg／g），血清MDA较低（7.04±1.66μmol／L），脑MDA较高（3.96±1.68μmol／g），脂质过氧化程度介于花生油组与茶油组之间。     

三种食油对大鼠生物膜及脂质过氧化过程影响的研究

以猪油，麻油和豆油分别喂成年ＳＤ大鼠，观察其对生物膜磷脂脂肪酸组成，膜流动性及血，组织的丙二醛和超氧化物歧化酶水平的影响。结果表明３种食用油对膜磷脂脂肪酸组成及膜流动性均有不同程度的影响，猪油组心线粒体膜，红细胞膜的膜流动性显著低于豆油组，血清及肝丙二醛水平亦显著低于麻油组和豆油组。     

合成油的营养评价——(三)在实验性高脂血症大鼠的恢复期中合成油对其体重、肝重、血脂与肝脂水平的影响

在12％猪油饲料中加入胆固醇和胆酸饲养雌性断乳大鼠52日,以诱导动物产生高胆固醇血症。然后根据血清胆固醇水平和体重将大鼠分为4组,其中1组被处死作为负对照,另3组则分别饲以无胆固醇和胆酸的合成油,猪油或豆油饲料3周,观察不同油脂饲料对大鼠恢复的影响。在实验期内,测量体重、记录摄食量、测定粪的类固醇排出量、测定血清胆固醇总量和HDL含量、称量肝重和测定肝胆固醇含量。实验结果如下: (1)在恢复期的3周内,合成油组的动物体重增加和摄食量均显著低于其他两组。用共变数分析方法消除其摄食量的影响后,各组动物的体重增加尤显著性差别。 (2)52日诱导期末,大鼠血清总胆固醇量平均增为450mg/dl。恢复期的第一周即下降了60％,但到第3周时仍未能恢复到正常水平。3个组在任何一周的均值都未现出明显不同。 (3)HDL-C的测定结果指出在3周的恢复期后,猪油组的明显低于其他两组。 (4)动物的肝重和肝脂含量的恢复情况相似。肝胆固醇水平则以猪油组的较高,合成油和豆油组的均值间无显著性差别。 (5)粪的固醇平衡实验结果表明,在恢复期,猪油饲料组动物的粪中性类固醇排出量最低,固醇平衡量最高。 总结上述结果,可以看到在大鼠高胆固醇血症的恢复过程中,饲料油的种类对动物的体重、血清胆固醇、肝重和肝脂含量无     

猪油与豆油对大鼠主动脉影响的扫描电镜观察

本实验观察了猪油与豆油对大鼠血脂水平和主动脉形态学改变的影响。成年雄性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠２４只分为猪油组、豆油组和对照组。观察结果表明：饲以高脂膳食２０天后，高脂组大鼠血清胆固醇水平显著高于对照组，猪油组显著高于豆油组。此后４０天，各组动物血清胆固醇含量维持在相对稳定的水平。至６０天时，在扫描电镜下可见高脂组大鼠主动脉发生病变，主要内皮细胞肿胀变形，排列紊乱，偶可见微血栓形成。猪组病变重于豆油组。     

合成油的营养评价——(二)、合成油(MCT)对实验性高胆固醇血症大鼠体重、血脂和肝脂成分的影响

在88克基础资料中加入12克不同油脂[合成油(MCT),猪油和豆油]和1%胆固醇饲喂大鼠5周以诱导动物产生高脂血症,并以不加入胆固醇的豆油饲料作为正常对照,比较各组动物在实验期内的生长、血清脂质、肝脏脂质和某些内脏器官重量的改变。结果如下: (1)含不同油脂的致高胆固醇血饲料,对雄鼠的体重增加无明显的不同影响,但雌鼠的体重增加出现了显著差别,即合成油组的显著较猪油组和对照组的为低。(2)在饲料中加入胆固醇饲喂大鼠可使动物的肝脏显著增大。猪油组和豆油组动物的肝脏呈现明显的脂肪肝。肝脂含量的增加主要表现为胆固醇的大量积存(约为对照组的9—10倍)和甘油三酯含量的增高(约为对照组的2～3倍)。合成油组动物肝脏的外观较正常,肝脂含量接近对照组的正常水平。显著较前两组的为低。(3)在各种油脂饲料中加入胆固醇饲喂大鼠,对雄鼠血清胆固醇水平的影响不明显,但引起雌鼠血清胆固醇水平的不同改变:猪油组的显著增高,合成油组和豆油组的维持在正常水平。合成油饲料组全部动物的血清甘油三酯含量增高。(4)除肝重外,饲料胆固醇可使雌鼠的主动脉重量有所增加,但未见到各种饲料油的不同影响。上述结果初步表明当饲料中含有高水平胆固醇时,饲料油脂来源为含中碳链脂肪酸的甘油酯(制自石油副产品的合成油)时,可维持大鼠的体重,血清胆固醇和甘油三酯、肝脂、肝胆固醇和甘油三酯于正常水平或接近正常水平。因此,在进食较高胆固醇水平的膳食时,膳脂中若含有此种合成油,对动物的生长和维持机体的正常脂质代谢将是有益的。     

合成油的营养评价 (一)合成油饲料对正常大鼠的生长、血脂水平、肝脂与体脂脂肪酸组成的影响

本文研究了由石油副产品尿素蜡中提炼出辛酸(8:0)和癸酸(10:0),酯化后作为日常食用油的可能性。 (1)用含12％不同油酯(合成油,豆汕,不同比例配合的合成油与豆油,和奇数碳脂肪酸的合成油等)的饲料,分别饲养断乳大鼠12周,每组16只大鼠,雌雄各半,观察其生长、脏体比、血脂与肝脂水平、肝脂与体脂的脂肪酸组成、和体脂碘价的改变。 (2)用12％合成油饲料喂养大鼠的12周内,动物生长良好,未见必需脂肪酸缺乏的典型症状。在饲养期的前8周内,各组动物的体重增长近似,在后4周内,凡掺有含偶数碳脂肪酸的合成油饲料组动物,其体重增加值皆显著较少。 (3)合成油饲料和豆油饲料比较,对大鼠血清胆固醇水平无影响,但显著使血清甘油三酯含量增高。 (4)合成油饲料不影响动物的体成分(水份、蛋白质、脂肪),其体脂含量较豆油饲料组的略低(0.05相似文献   

现代人营养知识三误区

误区1:不吃脂、只吃油人摄入的食物脂肪有两种来源,动物性脂肪和植物性脂肪。动物性脂肪因在常温下呈固态,故称之为“脂”,如猪油、牛油、羊油等。肥肉的主要成分也是脂肪;植物性脂肪在常温下呈液态,故称为“油”,如花生油、豆油、菜籽油、芝麻油等,其组成主要为不饱和脂肪酸,包括单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸。     

四种常用植物食用油对大鼠血脂水平影响的对比试验研究

目的　观察四种常用植物食用油在高血脂症形成过程中对大鼠血脂水平的影响。方法　选取 1 0 0只大白鼠 ,根据TC含量将大白鼠随机分为 1 0组 ,每组 1 0只 ,花生油、菜籽油、大豆油、芝麻油等四种油样各分为 4g/kg和 1 6g/kg两个剂量组 ,另设一个高脂饲料组及一个基础饲料组 ;除基础饲料组外 ,其他九个组喂含有猪油的高脂饲料。样品均采用经口灌胃 (1 6g/kg组分两次灌胃 )。连续灌累 1 4天 ,1 4天后取尾血 ,测血清TC、TG、HDL -C三项指标。结果　大豆油、菜籽油、芝麻油均显示出能降低大鼠血清中的TC、TG含量 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,花生油血清中的TC、TG水平与含有猪油的高脂饲料组相似 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;血清中HDL -C含量在各组间比较差异均无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。     

富含EPA浓缩鱼油抑制血小板聚集的机理探讨

流行病学和实验室资料均提示富含EPA鱼油(简称鱼油)具有抑制血小板聚集和抗血栓形成的作用。本文主要探讨鱼油抑制血小板聚集的机理。实验分别将大鼠和家兔随机分成4组:正常组、高脂组、鱼油组、橄榄油组。按各自不同饲料喂养3个月以后,4组大鼠血浆TXB_2/6-酮-PGF_(1a)比值分别为1.4,2.2,1.0,1.7。鱼油组血小板内cAMP含量明显高于高脂组(P<0.05)。鱼油组血清总胆固醇值、血浆TXB_2、5-羟色胺(5-HT)、钙离子浓度、纤维蛋白原含量及血液粘度(低切)均明显低于高脂组(P<0.05)。鱼油组血浆、血小板、心肌及肝脏中EPA、DHA含量明显高于其它3组(P<0.001)。以上结果提示,鱼油抑制血小板聚集和血栓形成的机理可能是,鱼油中的EPA和DHA等高不饱和脂肪酸纳入细胞膜后竞争抑制花生四烯酸(AA)代谢,减少血小板TXA_2生成和释放,降低血中TXA_2/PGI_2比值,同时增加血小板内cAMP含量,稳定血小板功能,减少5-HT,钙离子等具有促聚活性物质释放。另外,鱼油降低血脂、血浆纤维蛋白原含量及血液粘度,从而改善血液流变性,使血小板本身及其周围环境得以改善,防止血小板聚集和血栓形成。     

三种食用油对大鼠血脂、血小板功能、生物膜及脂质过氧化的影响

采用成年ＳＤ大鼠，分别喂给猪油、米糠油和玉米油，观察其对血脂、血小板功能、生物膜及脂质过氧化的影响。结果表明，与猪油组比较，米糠油和玉米油组血清ＴＣ、ＴＧ、ＬＤＬ－Ｃ、ＴＣ／ＨＤＬ－Ｃ均较低，血浆６－Ｋ－ＰＧＦ１２／ＴＸＢ２比值较高，血小板聚集率较低，膜磷脂中多不饱和脂肪酸含量较多，膜流动性较大，心、肝、脑组织中ＭＤＡ含量较高，肝超氧化物歧化酶活性较低，易于脂质过氧化。米糠油和玉米油组之间则无明显差异。     

不同食用油和调合油对大鼠血脂影响的研究

观察６种食用油和４种调合油与高胆固醇同时摄入时大鼠血脂的变化。结果表明，饲以猪油，花生油，茶油可使大鼠血清ＴＣ，ＬＤＬ－Ｃ，ＴＣ／ＨＤＬ－Ｃ比值明显升高，ＨＤＬ－Ｃ下降；豆油次之，但有升ＴＧ作用油和牛油各项指标处于相对较低水平。４种调合油对大鼠ＴＣ，ＴＧ，ＴＣ／ＨＤＬ－Ｃ比值的升高和ＨＤＬ－Ｃ降低有明显抑制作用，能维持在实验前的正常水平，有利于维持大鼠脂质代谢。     

不同食用油对大鼠机体脂类与过氧化脂类含量的影响

本文报告了茶油、菜油、色拉油、豆油和猪油对大鼠机体脂类水平和脂类过氧化作用的影响及两者的相关关系。结果表明:茶油和豆油有良好的阻止血脂升高的作用。血浆卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶的活性在4种植物油组相近(80.26～94.03nmol/ml.h),猪油组最低(57.07nmol/ml.h)。饲猪油者肝及主动脉中脂类含量偏高。血清及心、肝、肾组织中过氧化脂类(LPO)含量以猪油组最高,茶油组较低。此外,豆油有升高组织中LPO含量的作用,而菜油和色拉油相反。实验后,饲以富含单不饱和脂肪酸油脂者,其红细胞超氧化物歧化酶活力升高,饲豆油和猪油者降低。实验末大鼠血清及肝组织中LPO与脂类(TC、TG)含量呈显著正相关(P<0.01),心,脑中此关系不明显。     

Menhaden oil inhibited gamma-glutamyltransferase-positive altered hepatic foci in female Sprague-Dawley rats

Feeding menhaden oil, high in n-3 fatty acids, or a mixture of lard and corn oil with a polyunsaturated-to-monounsaturated fatty acid ratio of 1:1 was hypothesized to inhibit promotion of hepatocarcinogenesis in rats by decreasing hepatic prostaglandin (PG) levels. Ten-day-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with diethylnitrosamine (DEN, 15 mg/kg body wt ip). At 4 wk of age, rats were fed fumonisin B1(50 mg/kg diet) for 5 wk in diets containing 14% lard + 6% corn oil, 10% lard + 10% corn oil, 14% menhaden oil + 6% corn oil, and 7% menhaden oil + 13% corn oil. Plasma alanine aminotransferase activity was 20% lower in rats fed 10% lard than in rats fed the other diets (P < 0.05). In menhaden oil-fed rats, total plasma cholesterol concentrations decreased 26% (P < 0.05) and hepatic phospholipid C20:5n-3, C22:5n-3, and C22:6n-3 fatty acid concentrations increased compared with lard-fed rats. Hepatic n-3 fatty acids were threefold greater in rats fed 10% lard than in rats fed 14% lard. The liver-associated natural killer cell activity in rats fed menhaden oil was 58% lower than in rats fed lard (P < 0.03). Rats fed lard had threefold (P < 0.05) greater area of _-glutamyltransferase-positive altered hepatic foci (AHF) than did rats fed menhaden oil. There was no significant difference in placental glutathione S-transferase-positive AHF among the groups. Hepatic PGF2alpha production was 60-80% greater in rats fed 14% lard than in rats fed the other diets (P < 0.05). Hepatic PGE2 was 48% less in rats fed 14%; menhaden oil than in rats fed 14% lard (P < 0.05). Although gamma-glutamyltransferase-positive focal area was inhibited by menhaden oil, only 14% menhaden oil inhibited PGE2. Feeding 10% lard inhibited PGF2alpha, but not the development of AHF. Therefore, decreased hepatic PGs did not explain the inhibition of carcinogenesis.     

Growth and lipid metabolism responses in rats fed different dietary fat sources

An experiment with male albino rats was conducted to examine the effect of dietary fat sources on growth performance and apparent digestibility of total fat and fatty acids. The effect on plasma and organ cholesterol concentrations as well as lipoproteins cholesterol and fatty acid profile of hepatic phospholipids was also examined. Forty 3 week old rats were fed purified diets containing 0.041% cholesterol and 7% fat (wt/wt) from soy oil (SO), or cow ghee (GH), or 25% fish oil (FO) plus soy oil (SF) or 25% fish oil plus 75% ghee (GF), or 50% soy oil plus 50% ghee (SG) for a period of 35 days. Final body weight, weight gain, organ weights and feed efficiency ratio showed no significant differences (P < 0.05) among the dietary treatments. The apparent digestibility of total dietary fat and saturated fatty acids in the animals fed diet containing cow ghee only or in combination with fish oil or soy oil was significantly lower than the other dietary groups. Consumption of ghee with combination of fish oil or soy oil lead to significant improvement in the fat apparent digestibility of dietary fat. Total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations of plasma and organs as well as lipoprotein cholesterol levels were higher in animals fed diets containing ghee. For rats fed diet containing cow ghee in combination with fish oil or soy oil, the cholesterol content of total plasma, lipoprotein fractions (VLDL, LDL and HDL) and organs was decreased significantly. Furthermore, dietary fats altered the fatty acids composition of hepatic phosphlipid fatty acids composition. Feeding dietary fish oil reduced arachidonic acid (20:4) and increased linoleic acid (18:2) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5) contents. The reduction in the arachidonic acid was being more pronounced in animals fed dietary ghee with combination of fish oil.     

Growth and lipid metabolism responses in rats fed different dietary fat sources

An experiment with male albino rats was conducted to examine the effect of dietary fat sources on growth performance and apparent digestibility of total fat and fatty acids. The effect on plasma and organ cholesterol concentrations as well as lipoproteins cholesterol and fatty acid profile of hepatic phospholipids was also examined. Forty 3 week old rats were fed purified diets containing 0.041% cholesterol and 7% fat (wt/wt) from soy oil (SO), or cow ghee (GH), or 25% fish oil (FO) plus soy oil (SF) or 25% fish oil plus 75% ghee (GF), or 50% soy oil plus 50% ghee (SG) for a period of 35 days. Final body weight, weight gain, organ weights and feed efficiency ratio showed no significant differences (P < 0.05) among the dietary treatments. The apparent digestibility of total dietary fat and saturated fatty acids in the animals fed diet containing cow ghee only or in combination with fish oil or soy oil was significantly lower than the other dietary groups. Consumption of ghee with combination of fish oil or soy oil lead to significant improvement in the fat apparent digestibility of dietary fat. Total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations of plasma and organs as well as lipoprotein cholesterol levels were higher in animals fed diets containing ghee. For rats fed diet containing cow ghee in combination with fish oil or soy oil, the cholesterol content of total plasma, lipoprotein fractions (VLDL, LDL and HDL) and organs was decreased significantly. Furthermore, dietary fats altered the fatty acids composition of hepatic phospholipid fatty acids composition. Feeding dietary fish oil reduced arachidonic acid (20:4) and increased linoleic acid (18:2) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5) contents. The reduction in the arachidonic acid was being more pronounced in animals fed dietary ghee with combination of fish oil.     

Effect of Erabu sea snake (Laticauda semifasciata) lipids on the swimming endurance of aged mice

The effect of Erabu sea snake (Laticauda semifasciata) lipids on the swimming endurance was investigated in aged mice. Fifty three-week-old male Crlj:CD-1 (ICR) mice were fed one of three experimental diets containing either 6% lard, 6% fish oil, or 6% sea snake lipids for 16 wk. The swimming exercise was carried out in an acrylic plastic tank filled with 25 cm of water maintained at 23(o)C. Swimming times to exhaustion were measured with a load of 2% of their body weights attached to the tails of the mice. The swimming times to exhaustion of the group that were fed the sea snake lipid diet tended to be longer than those of the lard diet group, and were significantly improved compared with the fish oil diet group (p<0.05). The plasma and muscle lactate levels were significantly lower in the sea snake lipid diet group than in the lard and fish oil diet groups (p<0.05). The liver glycogen and plasma glucose levels of the sea snake lipid diet group did not differ markedly from those of the lard diet group (p>0.05), and were significantly higher than those of the fish oil diet group (p<0.05). These results suggest that an intake of sea snake lipids but not the fish oil, which is also rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), is useful for improving the swimming endurance of aged mice by attenuating lactate production and/or enhancing lactate clearance during swimming exercise, and the n-3 PUFAs contained in the sea snake lipids did little or nothing for this improved endurance.