亚热带地区哺乳妇女能量需要量的观察

以同地区的53名非哺乳育龄妇女作对照,对262名产后0～6月乳母的体重、皮脂、上臂围、基础代谢率(BMR)、能量消耗和摄入量分别进行横向和纵向观察。结果表明,产后乳母体重和皮脂厚度逐渐下降,至第4个月基本稳定,平均减重4.2kg,估计孕期的贮脂大部分已消耗。上臂围无明显变化(P>0.05)。乳母的BMR在产后第1周较高(P<0.01),1～6月无明显变化(P<0.05),但比对照组高4～20％(P<0.05)。乳母在同一标准活动耗能与对照组接近(P>0.05)。轻体力劳动乳母日均活动耗能8.360MJ,估计泌乳耗能为2.807MJ/d。乳母能量摄入量比对照组多2.259MJ/d。作者认为,亚热带产后0～6月乳母在正常哺乳情况下,头4个月每日能量需要量应在平日消耗量基础上增加1.883MJ(450kcal),后雨月增加2.720MJ(650kcal),或整个阶段平均增加2.092MJ/d(500kcal/d),但此值仍需按泌乳量和正常体重变化加以调节。     

孕晚期妇女维生素B_1、B_2、C及能量需要量的研究

以武汉市纺织系统值车工孕晚期妇女43名为研究对象,采用饱和试验法对其维生素B_1,B_2和C需要量进行了初步研究,并对其能量消耗量和摄入量进行了调查。结果表明,维生素B_1最低需要量为1.65mg/d、适宜需要量为1.90mg/d,维生素B_2的最低需要量为1.45mg/d,适宜需要量为1.70mg/d;维生素C的最低需要量为46mg/d,适宜需要量为146mg/d。孕晚期值车工一日能量总消耗为9.5144MJ(2274kcal),一日能量摄入量为10.6566MJ(2547kcaI),能量摄入高于能量消耗1.1422MJ(273kcal)。再次表明,孕晚期妇女能量供给在未孕基础上增加0.8MJ(200kcal/d)是适宜的。     

能量平衡观察法测定南方轻体力活动健康成人总能量消耗量

目的采用能量平衡观察法探究我国南方轻体力活动健康成人的总能量消耗量。方法选择符合能量代谢试验条件的34名南方轻体力活动健康成人为研究对象,为其设计和制备三日循环膳食,用称重法准确获得每日膳食实际摄入量,并用化学分析法测得膳食能量平均摄入量,结合试验期间的体重变化,得到我国南方健康成人总能量消耗量。结果采用称重-化学分析法测得膳食能量平均摄入量为(8424±1616)kJ/d[(2013±386)kcal/d],其中男性(9990±798)kJ/d[(2388±191)kcal/d],女性(7032±384)kJ/d[(1681±92)kcal/d]。16天的试验期间体重平均减轻0.02kg,其中男性体重平均增长0.15kg,女性体重平均减轻0.17kg,根据成人能量平衡原理最后计算得出我国南方健康成人总能量消耗量为(8468±1762)kJ/d[(2024±421)kcal/d],其中男性为(9680±1759)kJ/d[(2314±420)kcal/d],女性为(7391±827)kJ/d[(1767±198)kcal/d]。结论我国南方轻体力劳动健康成年男性总能量消耗量约为9680±1759kJ/d[(2314±420kcal/d)],女性约为7391±827kJ/d[(1767±198kcal/d)],与2000年制定的男、女性能量推荐值2400kcal和2100kcal相比,该研究男性测量值比其RNI值低86kcal,女性测量值比其RNI值低333kcal。     

南方防化兵营养调查

1985年4、9月对某防化团一、二、五三个连队进行了营养调查。膳食调查用称量法,连续3天;用生活观察法结合作息时间表测定战士一日热能消耗量;体格检查和抽查暗适应时间,同时对伙房卫生及烹调方法进行调查。一、膳食调查膳食构成以谷类为主,辅以肉、豆、菜,肝蛋类为零,鱼亦少。二、热能营养素的摄取量每人每日摄取:热能3721(3079～4736)kcal,而消耗为3167kcal,热量充裕;糖供给总热能的60.7％,脂肪占28.2％,蛋白质占9.7％,蛋白质摄入量为101.9(78.0～127.3)g,春季豆类及动物蛋白质不足1/3;脂肪摄入量为16.9(79.6～     

北京学龄前儿童及其主要照料者肥胖现状及膳食摄入情况

了解学龄前儿童及其主要照料者的膳食摄入情况与儿童肥胖发生的关系,为更好地开展儿童肥胖干预提供参考.方法 采用自制调查问卷,对中日友好医院管辖的和平街地区4所幼儿园1 246名儿童及其主要照料者进行调查,调查内容包括儿童及主要照料者的年龄、身高、体重和3d饮食记录.结果 男童肥胖率为11.78%,女童肥胖率为10.82%.肥胖男童主要照料者的肥胖发生率父亲为32.95%,母亲为25.00%,老人为25.42%,均高于非肥胖男童(χ2值分别为59.22,114.42,34.73,P值均<0.01).肥胖女童主要照料者的肥胖发生率父亲为24.07%,母亲为33.33%,均高于非肥胖女童(χ2值分别为63.61,81.58,P值均<0.01).肥胖男童谷薯类、鱼禽肉蛋类、植物油的每日摄入量均高于非肥胖男童,能量摄入为(1 704.42±228.64) kcal/d(1 kcal=4.18 kJ)、碳水化合物摄入量为(260.89±47.49) g/d、碳水化合物供能比为(61.05±5.70)%、蛋白质摄入量为(49.31±12.40) g/d、脂肪摄入量为(51.51±9.67)g/d,均高于非肥胖男童,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);肥胖女童的谷薯类和植物油的每日摄入量均高于非肥胖女童,能量摄入为(1 569.19±156.28) kcal/d、碳水化合物摄入量为(235.61±33.17) g/d、碳水化合物供能比为(59.95±4.65)%、蛋白质摄入量为(44.57±10.84) g/d、脂肪摄入量为(49.84±6.68)g/d,均高于非肥胖女童,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).肥胖儿童主要照料者能量、碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪摄入量均高于非肥胖儿童的主要照料者,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).结论 肥胖儿童及其主要照料者存在膳食结构不合理、能量及三大营养素摄入量过高等问题.预防儿童肥胖要重视家庭主要照料者膳食干预.     

活动记录辅助加速度仪测量总能量消耗的初步研究

目的 用活动记录辅助加速度仪测量人体日常活动的能量消耗,为监测个体总能量消耗(TEE)提供简便易行的方法.方法 采用气体代谢法标定加速仪不同活动强度记录所对应的能量消耗;41名受试者连续佩戴加速度仪7 d,同时记录每日活动,间接估算每日总能量消耗.结果 加速仪测量TEE,男性(9761±866)kJ/d[(2332±207)kcal/d,休力活动水平(PAL)1.46±0.11],女性(7526±879)kJ/d[(1798±210)kcal/d,PAL 1.43±0.09];加速仪结合活动记录的测量结果为,男性(10573±804)kJ/d[(2526±192)kcal/d,PAL 1.58±0.10],女性(8191±737)kJ/d[(1957±176)kcal/d,PAL 1.56±0.08].结论 加速度仪配合活动记录所得TEE值在既往报道的范围之内,可以作为监测个体TEE和体力活动水平变化的简便方法.     

体力劳动强度分级标准的研究

我们调查研究了260个工种的劳动工时、劳动能量代谢率和24小时的能量摄入与消耗以及工人的疲劳程度。结果劳动时率平均为68.2%(即每天净劳动时间为5.44小时),劳动日能量消耗平均为1300大卡(668—2800大卡)。24小时热能平衡情况,有87%的工种摄入大于消耗(+15.2%),13%的工种摄入小于消耗(-0.8%)。根据调查结果提出了八小时工作日内耗能1500大卡,净劳动工时400分钟作为体力劳动工人劳动量的卫生限度。经逐步回归方程分析,提出了劳动强度指数的概念,其方程式为: I=0.3T+0.7M I:劳动强度指数T:净劳动时率(%) M:八小时工作日能量代谢率(大卡) 按劳动强度指数的大小将劳动强度分为四级,如下表;     

石家庄市轻体力活动集体就餐人群能量摄入量研究

目的了解石家庄市事业单位轻体力劳动成年人能量摄入量状况。方法在石家庄市某事业单位选择三餐在食堂用餐的处于轻体力活动水平的38名成年人作为调查对象。采用称重记录法调查其每日的膳食种类及摄入量,并通过查阅食物成分表计算每日的能量摄入量。结果每日能量摄入量男性为(9070.0±1497.5)kJ[(2167.9±357.9)kcal)],女性为(7669.9±1396.5)kJ[(1833.2±333.8)kcal)]。以公斤体重计算,男性组为(130.9±17.4)kJ/(kg.d),女性组为(139.0±25.8)kJ/(kg.d)。男女的每日能量摄入量均比我国2000年制定的轻体力活动成年人的RNI值低。此外,受试对象全天各餐之间摄能比分别为早餐18.6%、中餐41.5%、晚餐35.0%,其中早餐摄能比值偏低。结论中国轻体力劳动成年人能量摄入的RNI值可能偏高,在评价能量摄入量时应考虑体重因素的影响。     

勘误

本刊上期所登中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量的表 1中成人以上各年龄组的能量 RNI男性 kcal值与女性 MJ值排印时颠倒 ,应纠正。兹将表 1重新刊登。　　表 2中钼 Mo的单位误印为 mg,应改为 μg。表 1　能量和蛋白质的 RNIs及脂肪供能比Table1　 RNIs of energy and protein and percentage of energy from fat年龄 Age岁 year能量 Energy#RNI/MJ RNI/kcal男 M 女 F 男 M 女 F蛋白质 ProteinRNI/g男 M 女 F脂肪 Fat占能量百分比 energy/%0～ 0 .4MJ/kg 95 kcal/kg* 1.5～ 3.0 ( kg·d) 45～ 5 00 .5～ 35～ 401～ 4.6 0 4.40 11…     

城市孕妇营养状况及孕妇热能、营养素适宜摄入量探讨

作者追踪观察349名健康初孕妇女妊期营养状况,于不同孕期取静脉血进行蛋白质、钙、铁、锌、维生素A、B_1、B_2等14项有关生化测定,并用登记加询问法调查孕妇各期膳食,以30名非孕妇女及42名重症妊毒症孕妇为对照。结果表明,血清总蛋白、白蛋白、血红蛋白、血钙、锌、铁在妊娠初、中期下降,后期下降或微有回升;在孕中,后期血维生素A未见升高或下降,检查全血谷胱甘肽还原酶系数,发现孕妇体内核黄素不足及缺乏者占47％。以转羟乙醛酶活性系数为指标,发现孕妇体内硫胺素不足与缺乏者共有16.7％。本文参考国内外调查结果提出妊娠期适宜摄入量:热能每日增加200kcal(中、后期);蛋白质:中期增加15g/d,后期增加25g/d;钙摄入量中期为1000mg,后期为1500mg;锌摄入量为20mg;铁摄入量为26mg或补充30mg铁剂;维生素A1000μg RE;维生素B_1与B_2皆以1.8mg为宜。     

Studies on the energy metabolism of the pregnant sow. 2. The partition and utilization of metabolizable energy intake in pregnant and non-pregnant animals

The heat losses and energy and nitrogen balances of pregnant gilts, and of their non-pregnant litter sisters (controls), were measured for periods of 7 d at feed intakes of 1.8 or 2.5 kg/d (20 or 30 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) respectively) at an environmental temperature of 20 degrees. The measurements were made within three separate periods of gestation; 40-60 d (early), 60-80 d (mid) and 90-110 d (late). Values for ME intake, heat loss, energy retention (ER), protein deposition and fat deposition were determined for both the pregnant and control animals on each treatment. When expressed per kg body-weight0.75 per d, there was little difference in heat loss between pregnant and non-pregnant animals and between pregnant animals at the different stages of gestation at any given ME intake. However, heat loss was higher at the higher ME intake. ER varied inversely with heat loss. The decrease in ME intake (kJ/kg body-weight0.75 per d) during pregnancy resulted in a decrease in ER so that the pregnant animals were in negative energy balance at the low feed intake during late gestation. From the relation between ER and ME intake, estimates of the maintenance energy requirement (MEm) of 411 and 401 kJ/kg body-weight0.75 per d were calculated, with corresponding partial efficiencies of energy utilization (k) of 0.74 and 0.68 for the pregnant and non-pregnant animals respectively. For the pregnant animals, protein deposition was highest during mid-pregnancy and was relatively independent of level of feeding during mid- and late pregnancy. There was little difference in protein deposition between pregnant and non-pregnant animals at the high feed intake. At the low feed intake, the pregnant animals generally had a higher protein deposition than their non-pregnant litter sisters and this was entirely associated with the accretion in reproductive tissue. Fat deposition depended on the level of feeding, and at any given ME intake was similar for pregnant and control animals. In late gestation the low level of feeding was insufficient to prevent the pregnant animals losing fat. It was calculated that at term these animals lost 140 g fat/d from maternal stores. From the relation between ME intake and protein and fat deposition, estimates of MEm and the energetic efficiencies of protein (kp) and fat (kf) deposition were determined. There was little difference in MEm (422 and 420 kJ/kg body-weight 0.75 per d) and kf (0.88 and 0.90) between pregnant and non-pregnant animals respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Adjusting for energy intake--what measure to use in nutritional epidemiological studies?

BACKGROUND: The measurement of energy intake in epidemiological studies is difficult. However, it is important that energy intake is assessed if epidemiological analyses are to correspond to isocaloric experiments. The aim of this study was to compare self-reported energy intake, physical activity, and body weight with energy expenditure measured by 4 days of heart rate monitoring with individual calibration of the relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption. METHODS: Volunteer sub-study of 97 men and women (mean ages 54 and 51 years respectively) within the European Investigation into Cancer (EPIC) study in Norfolk (UK). Dietary assessment of energy intake and physical activity was by self-report and weight was measured using standard techniques. Energy expenditure was assessed objectively by recording heart rate for 4 days following a calibration of the relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption. RESULTS: Self-reported energy intake by 7-day diary (mean 8.5 MJ/day) and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) (mean 8.8 MJ/day) were significantly lower than objectively measured total energy expenditure (mean 11.2 MJ/day). The deattenuated partial correlations between total energy expenditure were 0.33 (7-day diary), 0.34 (FFQ), 0.50 (physical activity), and 0.56 (weight). Weight accounted for 31% (deattenuated) of the sum of squares about the mean of true energy intake after adjusting for age and sex. With the addition of self-reported physical activity, the model was significantly improved (R2 = 0.57). Adding energy either assessed by the diary or FFQ did not improve the model. CONCLUSIONS: The results presented here indicate that to adjust for energy intake, for the purpose of replicating an isocaloric experiment in an observational epidemiological study, one would do considerably better adjusting for weight and physical activity, than adjusting for energy intake estimated from an FFQ.     

Energy expenditure of Gambian women during peak agricultural activity measured by the doubly-labelled water method

The doubly-labelled water (2H218O) method was used to measure total energy expenditure (TEE) in ten non-pregnant, non-lactating (NPNL), six pregnant (P) and fourteen lactating (L) women in a rural Gambian community. Measurements were made on free-living subjects at a period of peak energetic stress when high agricultural work loads coincided with a hungary season to induce moderately severe negative energy balance. TEE averaged 10.42 (SD 2.08) MJ/d, equivalent to 1.95 (SD 0.38) times resting metabolic rate (RMR). The energy cost of physical activity plus thermogenesis, derived as TEE-RMR, averaged 4.94 (SD 1.96) MJ/d. Expressed per kg body-weight (103 kJ/kg per d) this component of expenditure was 2.5 times greater than comparative values from inactive, affluent women studied previously (39 kJ/kg per d). Estimated energy intake (EI) in a subset of the women (n 13) was only 4.80 (SD 1.58) MJ/d, yielding an apparent deficit of 6.08 MJ/d between EI and TEE. Weight changes suggested that endogenous fat oxidation accounted for only about 0.85 MJ/d, leaving an unexplained difference of over 5 MJ/d. Critical analysis of possible errors suggests that the new doubly-labelled water method has provided the most reliable estimates and that the estimates of EI were substantially in error. This finding has important consequences for other food intake studies.     

Pregnancy increases urinary loss of carnitine and reduces plasma carnitine in Korean women

This study compared plasma and urinary carnitine concentrations in pregnant and non-pregnant Korean women. The subjects were fifty pregnant women and thirty non-pregnant women aged 24-28 years. During the first trimester, dietary carnitine intakes in the pregnant women were much lower than in non-pregnant women (70.00 (SD 29.22) micromol/d), but over the course of pregnancy carnitine intake increased from 44.64 (SD 24.84) micromol/d during the first trimester to 96.11 (SD 36.56) micromol/d during the third trimester. Pregnant women had a significantly lower plasma carnitine concentration than non-pregnant women. Plasma concentrations of non-esterified carnitine, acid-soluble acylcarnitine and total carnitine were significantly lower during the second and third trimesters than the first. Plasma acid-insoluble acylcarnitine levels, which tended to be higher in the non-pregnant women compared with the pregnant women, increased significantly as gestation proceeded. The urinary excretion of non-esterified carnitine, acid-soluble acylcarnitine and total carnitine was significantly higher in the pregnant women during the first and second trimesters than in non-pregnant women and decreased significantly as gestation proceeded. We found that there was a significant decrease in plasma carnitine level even though dietary carnitine intake increased as gestation proceeded. The low urinary excretion of carnitine in late pregnancy may be caused by an increased demand during pregnancy.     

Energy intake and expenditure of free-living, pregnant Colombian women in an urban setting.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the components of energy balance in poor, free-living pregnant women living in an urban setting of a developing country. OBJECTIVES: We tested the following hypotheses: 1) energy intake increases in pregnancy and is greater than when nonpregnant and nonlactating (NPNL), 2) basal metabolic rate (BMR) increases in pregnancy and the increase is positively correlated with prepregnancy fatness, and 3) energy expenditure in activity decreases in pregnancy and is lower than in NPNL women. DESIGN: Pregnant women were studied at 14.8 +/- 3.4 (n = 40), 25.0 +/- 3.2 (n = 54), and 34.9 +/- 2.4 (n = 43) wk gestation, and NPNL women at baseline (n = 114) and at 3 (n = 103) and 6 (n = 93) mo. Energy intake was measured by using estimated diet records and energy expenditure by using the flex heart rate method. Time allocation in physical activity was assessed by observation. RESULTS: In pregnant women, body weight, BMR, and energy intake increased but total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) did not change significantly. There were no significant changes in time allocation to selected activities except for lying down. In comparison with NPNL control subjects, women in late pregnancy had higher energy intakes and BMRs. Values for TDEE were not significantly different, but pregnant women expended less energy in activity and allocated more time to 2 energy-saving activities and less time to 2 energy-demanding activities. CONCLUSION: A decrease in energy expenditure in activity and changes in time allocation are important ways in which pregnant women meet the energy demands of pregnancy.     

乌鲁木齐市妊娠早中晚期甲状腺激素水平的参考范围

目的 评估乌鲁木齐市妊娠期妇女各期特异性血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4),血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)的正常参考范围.方法 选取新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院妇产科门诊进行常规孕期检查的正常妊娠妇女663例作为研究组,非妊娠期妇女185例作为对照组,根据美国国家临床生化研究院(NACB)指南的推荐,采用电化学发光法测定FT3、FT4、血清TSH、抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TgAb)、抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb).结果 妊娠早、中、晚期血清FT3三组比较差异有统计学意义,F=155.20,P<0.05;随着孕期增加,FT3水平呈下降趋势,妊娠早、中、晚期两两比较差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为0.18、0.19、0.76,均P<0.05);血清FT3在妊娠早期、妊娠中期、妊娠晚期的参考值范围分别为:3.43~9.94pmol/L、3.53~5.74pmol/L、3.56~5.19pmol/L.妊娠早、中、晚期血清FT4三组比较差异有统计学意义,F=100.78,P<0.05;随着孕期增加,FT4水平呈下降趋势,妊娠早、中、晚期两两比较差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为0.71、0.74、0.94,均P<0.05);血清FT4在妊娠早期、妊娠中期、妊娠晩期的参考值范围分别为:9.94~20.21pmol/L、9.69~17.77pmol/L、7.28~15.99pmol/L.妊娠早、中、晚期血清TSH三组比较差异有统计学意义,H=59.88,P<0.05;随着孕期增加,TSH水平呈上升趋势,妊娠早、中、晚期两两比较差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为0.34、0.23、-1.15,均P<0.05);血清TSH在妊娠早期、妊娠中期、妊娠晚期的参考值范围分别为:0.06~4.80mIU/L、0.29~5.84mIU/L、0.65~7.64mIU/L.结论 乌鲁木齐市妊娠期妇女的血清甲状腺激素水平具备地域上的特异性,与非妊娠期差异较大,与美国甲状腺学会(ATA)建议的妊娠期甲状腺功能指标参考范围结果差别较大.     

Energy balance in lactating undernourished Indian women.

An energy balance study was conducted in eight lactating poor-income Indian women from delivery to 6 months. Energy intake and expenditure were assessed for 7 days every month (30-37 days). Every month, basal metabolic rate (BMR) and milk ingested by infants was measured. An energy balance was computed. As a group these women were in energy balance, indicated by small body weight changes with respect to time. However, only two of these women were in a positive energy balance. Women with higher body weight lost more weight. Estimated mean energy intake was higher than energy expenditure. BMR showed a slight but not significant fall during the second month of lactation and was not different from the BMR seen in 13 non-pregnant, non-lactating women matched for body weight from the staff of the Institute. The energy cost of lactation was 2.3 MJ (549 kcal), a figure that justifies the Recommended Dietary Allowance for energy recommended by FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) and ICMR (1989).     

Dietary behaviour of pregnant versus non-pregnant women

This study investigates dietary behaviour and the perceived role of food for health of pregnant versus non-pregnant women. Data were collected between 15 January 2003 and 15 March 2003 in Belgium. One hundred and forty-eight pregnant and 130 non-pregnant women aged between 20 and 40 years completed a self-administered questionnaire about their dietary behaviour and nutritional attitudes. Both sub-samples match with respect to individual factors such as relevant socio-demographics and general food perceptions. Pregnant women report higher consumption of fruits, which results in a better score for fibre intake. They also report higher consumption of beef and dairy products, as well as a higher fat intake. No difference in fish consumption between pregnant and non-pregnant women is observed. In line with recommendations, pregnant women report reduced consumption of food products with heightened safety-related risks, lower use of alcohol and tobacco, and safer food handling practices. Reduced intake of raw vegetables for food safety reasons is not compensated by higher intake of cooked vegetables. Pregnant women also report a lower frequency of moderate physical activity. Most differences in food choice by pregnant versus non-pregnant women pertain to the avoidance of specific, potentially harmful food groups. A substantial share of pregnant women does not follow upon recommendations with respect to alcohol use and exposure to tobacco. Personal medical sources for pregnant women and personal social sources for non-pregnant women are reported as the most attended sources of diet-related information. The perceived role of food for health is not different between pregnant and non-pregnant women, and there were no significant interaction effects between pregnancy and presence of children, which indicates that the observed differences in dietary behaviour can be attributed to the state of being pregnant.