孕妇与非孕妇蛋白质和钙铁锌铜营养状况的比较

比较了３２名非孕妇女和１０８名孕妇的膳食状况和２７名非孕妇女与４６名孕妇发样中钙、铁、锌、铜及尿样中氮、钙、锌含量。结果表明这些元素的摄入量和排出量在孕中期和孕后期没有显著差别。孕妇尿中氮和锌的排出显著高于非孕妇女；孕妇钙摄入量显著高于非孕妇，但尿钙和发钙没有差别，表明孕中期和孕后期钙的摄入并不充分；孕后期有２４％的人血红蛋白低于１００ｇ／Ｌ，孕妇和非孕妇中有５０％的人铜摄入不足，约２０％的人发铜低于０．１２５ｍｍｏｌ／ｋｇ。     

孕妇营养状况与胎儿生长发育关系的探讨——Ⅱ.孕期母血中某些生化指标的改变与脐血中相应指标以及某些膳食因素的关系

作者测定了101名正常孕妇不同孕期血中及胎儿脐血中血清总蛋白、白蛋白、运铁蛋白、血红蛋白、钙、铁、锌,铜的含量,并在采血的同时作了膳食调查。结果提示,随着妊娠的进展,母体血清总蛋白、血清铁、锌和血红蛋白含量下降。如将母血中上述指标与胎儿脐血中相应指标的含量作单相关分析,可见孕后期母血中铁、钙和锌与脐血中含量呈正相关。用逐步回归分析,与母血总蛋白关系最密切的膳食因素为总热量;与血钙、血锌、血铁关系最密切的膳食因素分别为总钙摄入;动物性食品量;肉、鱼类食品与维生素C摄入量,血红蛋白则与食物中总热能和血清铁关系最大。单相关分析指出血清钙与膳食中总蛋白质摄入,动物性钙,乳类食品摄入量也呈正相关。     

孕期铁营养状况与胎儿铁贮备的探讨

作者纵向追踪观察80名健康初孕妇女,于不同孕期抽取静脉血并留取部分脐血进行8项有关铁营养指标的测定,并了解孕期膳食摄入情况。观察到:随孕龄的增加,孕妇铁贮备显著降低,故铁缺乏症的检出率有增高的趋势;孕期总铁摄入量与孕期母血多项指标的变化幅度、孕期铁缺乏症的程度与脐血铁蛋白均存在密切关系;母血血清铁与脐血铁蛋白呈正相关。提示在孕期及时调整膳食结构、投予铁剂或铁强化食品是防治孕妇铁缺乏的重要措施。     

孕妇与非孕妇蛋白和钙铁锌铜营养状况的比较

比较了３２名非孕妇女和１０８名孕妇的膳食状况和２７名非孕妇女与４６名孕妇发样中钙、铁、锌、铜及尿样中氮、钙、锌含量。结果表明这些元素的摄入量和排出量在孕中期和孕后期没有显著差别。孕妇尿中氮和锌的百出显著高于 非孕妇女；孕妇钙摄入量显著高于非孕妇，但尿钼和发钙没有差别，表明孕中期和孕后期钙的摄处并不充分；孕后期有２４％的人血红蛋白低于１００ｇ／Ｌ，孕妇和非孕妇中有５０％的人铜摄入不足，红２０％的人发     

孕妇锌 铜 钙 磷营养状况对新生儿的影响

目的观察孕妇锌、铜、钙、磷营养状况对新生儿的影响.方法测定未孕妇女及孕妇血清和新生儿脐血锌、铜、钙、磷水平,并对孕妇进行膳食调查.结果孕期血清锌有下降趋势,血清铜、磷显著升高,脐血锌、钙高于母血水平,铜、磷低于母血水平;孕晚期锌与新生儿出生体重呈正相关;孕妇膳食中锌、钙摄入量不足.结论孕妇锌、铜、钙、磷营养状况对新生儿有一定的影响.     

孕妇锌 铜 钙 磷营养状况对新生儿的影响

目的 :观察孕妇锌、铜、钙、磷营养状况对新生儿的影响。方法 :测定未孕妇女及孕妇血清和新生儿脐血锌、铜、钙、磷水平 ,并对孕妇进行膳食调查。结果 :孕期血清锌有下降趋势 ,血清铜、磷显著升高 ,脐血锌、钙高于母血水平 ,铜、磷低于母血水平 ;孕晚期锌与新生儿出生体重呈正相关 ;孕妇膳食中锌、钙摄入量不足。结论 :孕妇锌、铜、钙、磷营养状况对新生儿有一定的影响     

孕期妇女营养状况及能量摄入调查分析

[目的]了解孕期妇女在怀孕期间能量摄入水平、营养与健康状况，为进一步开展有针对性的孕期营养的指导和干预提供科学依据。[方法]在扬州市妇幼保健院营养科进行孕期饮食营养分析及定期产前检查和分娩的妇女2020例作为调查对象，采用孕期饮食营养分析与指导系统进行晤食调查，并进行体格检查等。[结果]（1）孕妇在孕早中晚三期中，人均日实际能量的摄入均大于其日所需要能量，其超标值分别为1．3％、6．05％、7．97％。（2）孕妇在孕早中晚三期人均蛋白质、脂肪的摄入量超标；碳水化合物摄入不足，膳食纤维在孕早期仅达推荐摄入量的64．43％；同时维生素B1、B2、叶酸的摄入明显低于推荐摄入量，钙、铁、锌等在孕中晚期亦摄入不足，而维生素A、C、E、磷等则超标。（3）受调查孕妇的BMI、全身脂肪百分比以及全身脂肪分布等都已超过正常。[结论]孕妇是特殊人群且多数为轻体力劳动者，属于久坐少动者，孕期膳食结构不合理，一些孕期必需补充的营养素缺乏严重，应加强营养宣教和适时的营养干预。     

北京市孕妇锌营养状况的研究

通过对270名孕妇锌营养状况的横断面研究,发现整个孕期血浆锌水平、红细胞超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、血浆白蛋白水平逐渐降低;发锌在整个孕期无显著变化;血浆Cu/Zn比、血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性在孕期呈逐渐升高趋势。以血浆锌<10.71μmol/L为标准,早、中、晚孕期锌缺乏的发生率分别为6.5％、20.2％、25.7％。膳食调查结果表明,北京孕妇每日膳食锌的摄入量仅为我国推荐的膳食营养素供给量(RDA)的60％左右,孕妇除维生素C及孕早期铁外,其它营养素均不同程度地低于RDA标准。并对孕期血浆锌水平降低的性质进行了讨论。     

抚顺市妊娠期妇女静脉血无机元素检测分析

目的:探讨抚顺地区妊娠妇女体内铜、锌、钙、镁、铁五种无机元素的含量、生理变化及相关因素,为孕期的营养保健提供依据。方法:选取512名妊娠中、晚期未额外增补营养剂的妇女静脉血标本,采用BH5100五通道原子吸收光谱仪及配套试剂测定五种元素含量并与非孕妇做对比分析。结果:妊娠期铁、镁元素平均含量明显低于非孕妇(P<0.01),钙、铜元素的平均含量明显高于非孕妇(P<0.05或P<0.01),锌元素平均含量稍低于非孕妇(P>0.05)。孕期的五种元素均值均在正常参考值范围内,至孕晚期铁、镁元素含量变化趋于稳定,铜、锌含量有明显升高,钙有继续下降趋势。孕期钙、铁、锌低标率分别为45.12%、8.79%、6.25%,与非孕妇比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:各种元素的含量在孕期会发生不同的变化,应积极监测并指导孕妇进行针对性的补充,避免盲目补充。如果孕前做好储备,孕期食物营养供给充足,可以保证孕期的多种元素的需要。非妊娠妇女普遍存在元素储备不足现象,孕期保健要从孕前抓起。     

维吾尔族和汉族孕妇与新生儿脐血钙、镁、锌、铁、铜营养状况及其相关性分析

目的 探讨维吾尔族和汉族孕妇血清与新生儿脐血血清中钙、镁、锌、铁、铜含量的差异及其与新生儿脐血的相关性. 方法 检测240例孕妇血清和其新生儿脐血血清中钙、镁、锌、铁、铜含量,并进行对照研究.结果 维族和汉族母血中铁、钙、镁、锌含量均低于脐血,铜含量母血高于脐血;差异均有统计学意义;锌元素在母血与脐血之间呈正相关;汉族母血清钙含量高于维吾尔族,铁缺乏率高于维吾尔族产妇,差异均有统计学意义.结论 母血与脐血钙、镁、锌、铁、铜含量有一定相关趋势,以锌的相关性最强,胎盘能将母体铁、钙、镁、锌元素逆浓度梯度转运给胎儿.应重视对孕期矿物质元素的检测,以满足母体、胎儿对其需求.汉族产妇要增加铁含量丰富的食物摄入,维吾尔族产妇增加钙含量丰富的食物摄入.     

Impact of nutritional status on birth weight of neonates in Zahedan City, Iran

The objective of this study was to measure anthropometric and haemoglobin level and nutrient intake of expecting women in the third trimester of pregnancy and to relate the birth weight of neonates as outcome of pregnancy. A cross sectional study was performed in Zahedan City. Two hospitals situated in the city were selected based on their approval and cooperation. Five hundred healthy pregnant women in the age group 16-40 years were selected for this study. Findings showed that the mean height, weight, fundal height, and haemoglobin of pregnant women were 156.4 cm, 62.6 kg, 34.2 cm, and 11.1g/dl respectively. Nutrient intake was computed based on 24 hour recall method. The results showed that, the mean intake of energy was 1802 Kcal/day. The intake of protein, calcium, iron, zinc and magnesium were 70.7 g, 544.0 mg, 16.1 mg, 10.6 mg and 266.0 mg respectively. Percentage adequacy of nutrient intakes with reference to RDA recommendation showed 95% and 80% of subjects had sufficient RDA intakes, while energy, calcium, iron and zinc intake considered as insufficient. The mean birth weight of neonates was 3.0 kg and 13% of neonates showed low birth weight. Maternal height, weight, fundal height and haemoglobin level were significantly correlated with birth weight of neonates. Energy, protein and calcium intakes in the third trimester were significantly correlated with birth weight of neonates. Using the binary logistic regression analysis fundal height, haemoglobin level and energy intake of pregnant women were considered as predictor factors of birth weight of neonates.     

孕期营养评价及干预措施对妊娠结局的影响

目的:了解厦门市孕妇孕期营养状况,分析日常饮食对体内营养素的影响,评价营养干预措施的效果,为制定合理的孕期膳食计划提供科学依据。方法:2006年1月～2008年8月间,在厦门市妇幼保健院营养科接受营养咨询的孕妇571例,分别在孕20周前、孕26～27周、孕35～36周进行3次前3天的膳食调查,同时检测体内营养素水平,探讨日常饮食与体内营养素变化的关系,评价孕期营养。随机选取同一时期在本院分娩、孕20周前正常者,但未接受孕期营养指导的产妇254例,作为对照组。追踪随访两组孕妇的妊娠结局,评价营养干预措施的效果。结果:①两组孕妇在日常膳食中,脂肪摄入占总能量的比例均达营养素推荐摄入量(RNI)的要求,88.3%的孕妇摄入过高,超过了RNI的要求。孕中、后期,孕妇钙、铁的摄入不足,尤其是孕末期,钙、铁摄入量达到RNI的孕妇分别占29.8%及8.5%。孕中、晚期,锌、维生素C、维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2摄入量达到RNI的孕妇分别占40.9%、36.2%、44.8%、22.7%、45.9%。②孕期同时增加补充铁及维生素C,能较好地延缓血清铁蛋白浓度下降的趋势(P0.05),增加维生素B2的摄入是孕期胆固醇水平升高的保护因素(P0.05),而脂肪摄入过高,则是危险因素(P0.05)。③孕期能量摄入水平控制在1900～2600kCal/d,蛋白质摄入水平控制在70～115g/d时,新生儿出生体重异常的发生比例最低。④孕期接受过营养知识健康教育和指导的孕妇,其孕期营养相关并发症发生率、剖宫产率、新生儿出生体重异常率均低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:厦门市孕妇膳食结构有待于进一步改进,建议孕妇注重蛋白质、各类矿物质和维生素补充,减少脂肪摄入,能量与蛋白质摄入应在适宜范围内。同时大力提倡孕期营养咨询与指导,要加大孕期营养知识健康教育力度,普及营养知识,提高孕妇营养知识水平,改善妊娠结局。     

中国中小学生早餐营养素摄入量

目的：了解中国中小学生早餐营养素摄入量。方法：早用1992年全国营养调查中的住户调查及连续3d24h回顾法膳食调查资料,对中国17719名中小学生早餐能量和营养素摄入量进行分析。结果：中国中小学生早餐蛋白质、钙、锌、硒、视黄醇当量、硫胺素、核黄素等营养素摄入量均未达到RDA的25％,其中钙、视黄醇当量和核黄素等摄入量严重不足,仅为RDA的10％左右,中小学生早餐来自蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的能量比例不当。比较来看,小学生早餐蛋白质、脂肪、钙、铁、锌、硒、硫胺素、核黄素和烟酸等摄入量占RDA百分比明显高于中学生。男生早餐蛋白质、铁、锌、硒、视黄醇当量和烟酸等摄入量占RDA百分比稍高于女生。乡村学生早餐能量、蛋白质、碳水化合物、钙、铁、锌、视黄醇当量、硫胺素、烟酸及抗坏血酸等摄入量占RDA百分比高于城市学生,脂肪、硒和核黄素摄入量低于城市学生。结论：乡村中小学生早餐平均能量和营养素摄入量好于城市中小学生,但城乡中小学生早餐营养素摄入状况均有待改善。     

Studies of the relationship between the nutritional status of lactating mothers and milk composition as well as the milk intake and growth of their infants in Beijing. Pt. 5. Essential inorganic elements and vitamins in human milk]

The contents of vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin, and vitamin C in the breastmilk of 152 lactating mothers, as well as ash, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, zinc, and iron in 132 lactating mothers were measured within 6 months of lactation. The results indicated that the breastmilk vitamin B2 and zinc contents of urban mothers in Beijing were significantly higher than those of suburban and rural mothers. However, when lactation continued, the contents of these 2 elements in breastmilk decreased. The correlation analysis of these results showed that the animal protein intakes of the mothers were highly correlated with their breastmilk, vitamin B2, and zinc contents (r=0.75, p0.01 for vitamin B2; r=0.57, p. 0.05 for zinc). The average intakes of all nutrients from breastmilk alone, with the exception of vitamin B2 and vitamin C, could not meet the Chinese RDA for these infants. This was true especially for vitamin B1, niacin, zinc, and iron intakes which were substantially below the RDA. (author's modified)     

太原地区孕妇及新生儿营养状况的研究

通过对太原地区６９名正常孕妇和新生儿及３０名非孕妇女营养状况的研究，了解孕妇与新生儿和孕妇与非孕妇营养水平之间的差异。结果：孕妇血中视黄醇，钢、钢／锌高于非孕妇及新生儿；孕妇血中总蛋白低于非孕妇而高于新生儿。孕妇血中白蛋白、血红蛋白、红细胞计数、红细胞压积、抗坏血酸、钙、锌低于非孕妇，也低于新生儿，提示胎盘能主动运输上述营养物质优先保证胎儿的需要。此外，该地区孕妇摄入的能量和各种营养素中，除硫胺素达到ＲＤＡ外，能量及其它营养素均未达到ＲＤＡ。尤其是蛋白质、视黄醇、核黄素、抗坏血酸、钙、锌严重不足，生化检验与膳食调查结果基本一致。     

Effect of nutrition education on the nutritional status of low-income pregnant women of Mexican descent.

Low-income pregnant women of Mexican descent were studied to determine whether their food habits could be improved by nutrition education. Biochemical indices of nutritional status were also investigated. Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were obtained at an initial interview and again at a final interview after a nutrition education program, which was offered to a randomly selected treatment group. At the initial interview, the mean nutrient intakes that were most often below two-thirds of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) were iron, vitamin A, thiamin, and calcium. The mean energy value of the diets was also frequently below the RDA. At the final intakes, although the mean energy values and the calcium and carbohydrate of both the control and treatment groups increased significantly, the following improvements in dietary intakes were seen only within the treatment group: 1) there were significant increases in the mean intake of protein, ascorbic acid, niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin, 2) there were significant decreases in the percentage of intakes below two-thirds of the RDA for ascorbic acid and riboflavin, and 3) there was a significant decrease in the incidence of multiple low nutrient intakes. These dietary improvements, which occurred only in the treatment group, suggest the effectiveness of the nutrition education program. The most common biochemical deficiencies were of folic acid, thiamin, and riboflavin. Except for an improvement in mean serum folate levels, the biochemical indices for the treatment group did not appear to be influenced by the nutrition education. It is possible that the vitamin and mineral supplements which were taken by 80% of the women could have obscured improvements in biochemical indices which may have been due to the education program.     

贵阳地区汉族、苗族、布依族孕妇营养调查

对贵阳地区170名汉族、苗族、布依族孕妇的孕中、后期进行营养调查。结果表明,该区孕中、后期孕妇膳食中热量的摄入基本达到孕妇供给量标准。热量来源分配基本合理。孕妇膳食中存在的主要问题是蛋白质摄入量不足,优质蛋白占总蛋白之比,除汉族达到30％以上外,苗族、布依族均在25％以下。钙、B_2。摄入量三组均明显低于孕妇供给量标准。汉族在孕后期,视黄醇摄入量仅达到供给量的73％。孕妇贫血患病率在26.92～50.00％。汉族、苗族、布依族三组新生儿出生体重、身长均无显著性差异(p>0.05),发育指标均属中等水平。     

The effect of nutrition education on the nutritional status of pregnant filipino women in Hawaii

The effect of nutrition education on the nutritional status of 43 pregnant women of Filipino ancestry in Hawaii was studied. Subjects were assigned to a control or experimental group: the latter received a series of nutrition education lessons. Dietary and anthropometric assessments were conducted during the first or second trimester and again, during the third trimester. The majority of women from both groups had poor diets at the initial interview: only vitamins A and C met the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). At the initial interview, more than 40% of women in both groups had intakes (without supplements) that fell below 2/3 of the RDA in calories, zinc, phosphorous and magnesium. Additionally, in the control group, iron, calcium, thiamin and vitamin A were below 2/3 of the RDA in more than 40% of women. During the final interview, there was an improvement of the diet in both groups but it was greater in the experimental group as compared to the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant. The greater improvement in the experimental group may be due to the nutrition education sessions held by the nutritionist.     

Iron, zinc, folate and vitamin B12 nutritional status and milk composition of low-income Brazilian mothers

The purpose of this study was to assess the nutritional status of low-income Brazilian mothers, who were supplemented with iron and vitamin B12 during pregnancy, in terms of iron, zinc, folate and vitamin B12, in different stages of lactation and to determine the influence of the maternal nutritional status on milk composition. The effect of folate supplementation during pregnancy on folate status of the nursing mothers and milk composition was investigated. The effect of partial weaning on maternal status and milk composition was also studied. In general, the nutritional status of iron, zinc, folate and vitamin B12 of the mothers appears adequate. However, some of the mothers had indices of status lower than normal limits for non-pregnant women. These values, particularly after 30 d post-partum, indicate that these mothers might be at nutritional risk and that the nutrient supplementation received during pregnancy was insufficient to meet demands. There was an increase with the stage of lactation for haematocrit, serum vitamin B12, serum zinc, serum albumin, milk folate and saturation of its binding protein, but there was a decrease for milk protein, total and whey-bound iron and zinc, and lactoferrin. Mothers who took folate supplements during pregnancy had higher serum folate levels immediately after birth than those not taking the supplements but no differences were found at later stages of lactation. Milk composition was not affected. Partial weaning did not affect the maternal nutritional status or the milk composition except for iron which was higher in milk from mothers who were partially breastfeeding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)