关节镜辅助喙锁悬吊固定联合改良Weaver-unn手术治疗陈旧性肩锁关节脱位

目的探讨关节镜辅助喙锁悬吊固定联合改良Weaver-Dunn手术治疗陈旧性肩锁关节脱位的疗效。 方法2016年3月至2017年3月,对8例陈旧性肩锁关节脱位的患者采用关节镜下喙锁间隙悬吊固定联合改良Weaver-Dunn手术,术后随访6~18个月。测量术后即刻与末次随访时的喙锁间隙差值,评估复位丢失情况,采用疼痛视觉模拟（VAS）评分及加州大学洛杉矶分校（UCLA）评分评价患者肩关节功能。 结果术后末次随访时患者喙锁间隙与术后即刻喙锁间隙差值为（0.41±0.26）mm,VAS评分为2.88分,UCLA评分为（173.6±11.3）分,患者肩锁关节丢失率低、术后疼痛及功能均得到明显改善。 结论关节镜辅助喙锁固定联合改良Weaver-Dunn技术治疗陈旧性肩锁关节脱位有较好的疗效。     

Minimally Invasive Coracoclavicular Ligament Augmentation With a Flip Button/Polydioxanone Repair for Treatment of Total Acromioclavicular Joint Dislocation

Treatment of complete acromioclavicular joint disruption remains controversial and ranges from rehabilitation to extensive surgical reconstruction. However, high-grade injuries (type IV, V, and VI) are typically treated surgically. Most reconstruction techniques addressing these injuries selectively focus on coracoclavicular ligament augmentation because it has been shown to be the primary stabilizer of the acromioclavicular joint. The conventional coracoclavicular polydioxanone (PDS) loop, which is widely performed, has been detected to have some pivotal disadvantages, including anterior subluxation of the clavicle, extensive preparation of the coracoid, and bony avulsion of the clavicle as a result of rotational clavicle movement. Therefore we present an augmentation technique that reduces these complications by replicating the orientation of the native coracoclavicular ligament complex and providing a minimally invasive subcoracoid and clavicular fixation of a double PDS loop by use of 2 flip buttons, typically used for extracortical anterior cruciate ligament graft fixation. The key step of the procedure includes the anatomic, secure, and stable placement of the double PDS cerclage under the coracoid base transferring a flip button through a coracoid bone tunnel. Our clinical experience shows that the presented technique is easy to perform and has a comparable invasiveness to recently presented arthroscopic techniques.     

A biomechanical comparison of suture constructs used for coracoclavicular fixation

There is no consensus regarding surgical treatment for severely dislocated acromioclavicular joints. Although many treatments are suture-based, the suture materials and resulting suture-bone constructs have been subjected to limited systematic evaluation. This study identifies the strongest and least deforming suture construct among those commonly used for such repairs. Each suture-based repair was tested on a simulated clavicle and coracoid process with the skeletal components distracted until the suture failed to obtain tensile strength. Additional groups of sutures were subjected to cyclic loading to determine resistance to deformation. Panacryl braid had significantly greater tensile strength than all other constructs: Polydioxanone (PDS) braid, Mersilene tape, and Ethibond #5. Deformation after cyclic loading of Panacryl braid, PDS braid, and two strands of Mersilene tape was significantly less than that of the other constructs. A bioabsorbable suture loop, such as Panacryl, can act as a temporary internal splint, maintaining acromioclavicular joint reduction long enough for ligamentous healing during rehabilitation, and can avoid complications associated with permanent fixation materials. Panacryl braid deserves serious consideration for coracoclavicular fixation because of its strength, resistance to deformation, and bioabsorbable properties.     

Arthroscopic versus open distal clavicle resection: a biomechanical analysis on a cadaveric model.

A fresh cadaver shoulder model was used to evaluate the difference in joint laxity between arthroscopic and open distal clavicle resection procedures. Twelve shoulders were mounted in a load frame that allowed compressive loading of the distal clavicle into the acromion. Specimens were loaded to 100 N (20 N/sec) while load and deformation data were recorded for three conditions: (1) intact, (2) 5-mm closed resection, and (3) 10-mm open resection. The displacement at the 100-N load and the stiffness of the load/displacement curves were compared for the intact, arthroscopic, and open procedures. Significant differences (ANOVA, P< or =.05) in displacement and stiffness were observed between the intact joint and both surgically resected joints. No significant differences were observed between the two surgically resected joints. The amount of bone removed arthroscopically was sufficient to prevent further bony contact in the axially loaded acromioclavicular joint.     

肩锁关节解剖学研究和临床意义

目的研究肩锁关节骨性和静态稳定结构,为肩部手术提供详细形态学资料。方法对26例成人新鲜尸体标本进行解剖,观察肩锁关节解剖形态并测量相关骨性标志和韧带的形态学参数。结果锥状韧带和斜方韧带锁骨止点中心到锁骨远端距离分别为(43.67±6.30)mm和(25.25±3.06)mm,止点宽度分别为(16.92±4.25)mm和(10.33±1.32)mm。锥状韧带长度为(15.54±3.32)mm,角度为(-116.25±10.90)°;而斜方韧带长度为(9.63±2.28)mm,角度为(75.42±11.37)°。锥状韧带和斜方韧带喙突止点相距(8.96±3.00)mm,而锁骨止点距离(13.08±3.50)mm,两条韧带呈"V"形结构。结论本研究获得了肩锁关节及其周围组织的详细形态学参数,为该部位手术提供解剖学资料。进行锁骨远端手术时应避免损伤锥韧带和斜方韧带止点,切除锁骨远端应不超过10mm以避免损伤斜方韧带。行喙锁韧带重建时要注意重建其"V"形解剖结构,以更好恢复其生理功能。     

Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of acromioclavicular dislocations

Not all complete dislocations of the acromioclavicular joint should be treated by one method alone. A classification of acromioclavicular dislocation is presented and is based upon the pathology of the injury. Grade I sprain results from a mild force that causes tearing of only a few fibers of the acromioclavicular joint. Grade II sprains are caused by a moderate force with a rupture of the capsule and acromioclavicular ligament. Grade III sprains result from a severe force that ruptures both the acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments and causes a dislocation of the joint. Grade IV dislocation may be associated with an avulsion fracture of the coracoclavicular ligament from the inferior lateral clavicle, severe tearing or other injury to the soft-tissue envelope about the lateral clavicle, or a buttonhole injury of the lateral clavicle. Grade V dislocation refers to a posterior displacement of the lateral clavicle from any cause, while Grade VI relates to an inferior lateral clavicle displacement. Grades I, II, and most Grade III injuries can be treated conservatively. The indications for open treatment of Grade III injuries are reviewed. It is recommended that Grade IV and most Grade V and VI dislocations be managed with open methods.     

双束Endobutton解剖重建喙锁韧带治疗肩锁关节脱位的早期随访研究

目的观察解剖重建喙锁韧带治疗Rockwood Ⅲ及以上肩锁关节脱位的临床疗效。 方法选取22例肩锁关节脱位患者,其中男15例、女7例,新鲜脱位16例,陈旧性脱位6例,Rockwood Ⅲ型7例、Ⅳ型1例、V型14例。手术方式选择为双束Endobutton解剖重建技术。分别于术后3、6和12个月行疼痛视觉模拟评分及Constant肩关节功能评分,摄双侧肩关节正位X线片,测量患侧及健侧喙锁间距。 结果此研究平均随访时间为（17.7±4.0）个月。疼痛视觉模拟评分从术前的平均5.0分下降到术后12个月的0.2分,Constant肩关节功能评分从术前的平均44.3分提高到术后12个月的93.7分。患侧喙锁间距从术前的平均21.0 mm下降到术后12个月的8.5 mm。所有病例随访过程中均无肩锁关节再脱位、锁骨喙突骨折等严重并发症发生。 结论双束Endobutton解剖重建喙锁韧带是安全可靠的新术式,其应用于Rockwood Ⅲ-V型新鲜或者陈旧性肩锁关节脱位的手术治疗取得了良好的临床效果。     

关节镜辅助下三束重建治疗急性Rockwood Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位

目的探讨关节镜辅助下三束重建治疗急性Rockwood Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位的临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院骨科采用关节镜辅助下三束重建治疗21例急性Rockwood Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位患者的资料,均为闭合性损伤。术后3、6、12个月对所有患者进行术后临床效果和影像学评价。根据术后影像学资料评估复位再丢失情况,采用Constant评分和上肢功能（disabilities of arm,shoulder and hand,DASH）评分评估患者肩关节功能。探讨术中关节镜辅助治疗的意义和价值。 结果术中关节镜探查发现4例合并软组织损伤,并进行一期镜下修复。所有患者术后均未发生喙突骨折和襻断裂。影像学评估提示术后6~12个月有6例患者（28.6%）出现轻度复位丢失,但与Constant评分和DASH评分无显著相关性,没有患者要求取出内固定。 结论关节镜辅助下三束重建治疗急性Rockwood Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位是一种创伤小、安全、临床效果确切的手术方法。急性肩锁关节脱位通常由高能量损伤造成,在手术中关节镜探查肩关节能发现合并的软组织损伤,并进行一期修复,有利于肩关节功能的恢复,避免二次手术。     

喙锁韧带不同重建方法治疗肩锁关节脱位的有限元分析

目的：建立喙锁韧带单束重建、双束解剖重建及双束完全解剖重建有限元模型,比较其位移及受力情况,为喙锁韧带完全解剖重建临床应用提供理论依据。方法：选取1位志愿者,年龄27岁,身高178 cm,体重75 kg,行肩关节CT扫描,运用Mimics17.0、Geomagic studio 2012、UG NX 10.0、Hypermesh14.0、Abaqus 6.14软件建立喙锁韧带单束重建、双束解剖重建及双束完全解剖重建三维有限元模型,各模型分别向前载荷、向后载荷及向上载荷的载荷,记录并比较在主要受力方向上锁骨远端中点的最大位移以及不同载荷情况下重建装置的最大等效应力。结果：施加向前载荷、向后载荷,双束完全解剖重建锁骨远端中点的向前最大位移及向后最大位移最低,分别为7.76 mm和7.27 mm;施加向上载荷,双束解剖重建锁骨远端中点向上最大位移最低,为5.12 mm;施加向前、向后及向上3种不同载荷,双束重建的重建装置最大等效应力均低于单束重建;双束完全解剖重建斜方韧带重建装置最大等效应力较双束解剖重建低,为73.29 MPa,但锥状韧带重建装置的最大等效应力高于双束解剖重建。结论：喙锁韧带双束完全解剖重建能够提高肩锁关节的水平稳定性,降低斜方韧带重建装置的应力,可作为治疗肩锁关节脱位的较好方法。     

喙锁韧带重建的解剖放射学研究

目的测量不同透视体位下喙锁韧带骨道走行的放射学参数，为临床喙锁韧带重建提供解剖学依据。 方法取22具防腐处理的成人肩关节标本，解剖测量喙锁韧带两部分（斜方韧带，锥状韧带）的走行方向、止点宽度及透视体位下成角。 结果斜方韧带锁骨侧足印宽度（26.2±1.2） mm，喙突侧（22.7±1.6）mm。锥状韧带锁骨侧足印宽度（24.6±1.4）mm，喙突侧（19.2±1.6）mm。影像学测量韧带的插入角度：肩胛骨正位与锥状韧带与锁骨长轴成角（81±4）°，斜方韧带成角（67±7）°。侧位成角：斜方韧带（83±3）°，锥状韧带（70±6）°。与外科标志的毗邻关系：斜方韧带与锥状韧带足印区长轴中心点在锁骨间距（21.9±4.8）mm，在喙突侧间距（15.7±1.6）mm。 结论锥状韧带及斜方韧带止点足印宽度较为恒定，斜方韧带插入角度有变异度较大，锥状韧带较为恒定。两韧带在锁骨及喙突上间距较小。在进行肩锁关节解剖重建时，可参照其解剖学特点。     

Arthroscopic Stabilization of Neer Type 2 Fracture of the Distal Part of the Clavicle

With regard to the anatomic basis of Neer type 2 fractures of the distal part of the clavicle, a clavicle fracture is associated with a coracoclavicular conoid ligament disruption. We describe an arthroscopic-assisted surgical procedure to stabilize the fracture and reconstruct the ligament. Surgery is performed with the patient in the beach-chair position. Through a 2-cm incision perpendicular to the direction of the fracture, we perform suturing around the fracture. During the arthroscopic procedure, the coracoid process is exposed by opening the rotator interval and the medial part of the capsule. The knee of the coracoid process should be exposed via an anterolateral portal for the arthroscope. Then, by use of an acromioclavicular joint stabilization device from Arthrex (Naples, FL), a hole is placed through the knee of the coracoid process. FiberTape suture (Arthrex) is passed around the clavicle and through the knee of the coracoid process. The intra-articular sutures are pulled out through the upper incision on top of the clavicle. Tightening of the 2 knots is performed at the same time. This arthroscopic-assisted surgery allows for total recovery of shoulder function, without the inconvenience of device migration or acromioclavicular joint lesions reported with other procedures.     

A cadaveric study examining acromioclavicular joint congruity after different methods of coracoclavicular loop repair

A basic principle in the treatment of joint injuries is to restore congruity with the hope that restoration may lessen the incidence of late arthritis. The acromioclavicular (AC) joint is frequently injured. Many AC joint injuries are treated nonoperatively; others are treated surgically. Coracoclavicular loop repair of the AC joint is believed to lead to anterior displacement of the clavicle relative to the acromion. This cadaveric study evaluated the effectiveness of three techniques of coracoclavicular loop repair in restoring AC joint congruity through measurement of anterior displacement. Fourteen shoulders were repaired by the three different techniques, all of which consisted of fixation through a drill hole in the clavicle and around the crook of the coracoid with a suture. The techniques only varied by the placement of the drill hole in the clavicle (ie, either posterior, middle, or anterior). The results of this study indicate that as the drill hole moved anteriorly on the clavicle, joint congruity was more closely approached and less anterior displacement of the clavicle occurred. However, none of the methods of coracoclavicular loop fixation restored full AC joint congruity.     

Biomechanical study of the ligamentous system of the acromioclavicular joint

The ligamentous structures of the acromioclavicular joint were studied by gross examination and quantitative measurement in twelve human cadaver specimens. Distances between insertions at various extreme positions of the clavicle were studied with the biplane radiographic technique. Ligamentous contributions to joint constraint under displacements were determined by performing load-displacement tests along with sequential sectioning of the ligaments. Twelve modes of joint displacement were examined. The acromioclavicular ligament acted as a primary constraint for posterior displacement of the clavicle and posterior axial rotation. The conoid ligament appeared to be more important than has been previously described. That ligament played a primary role in constraining anterior and superior rotation as well as anterior and superior displacement of the clavicle. The trapezoid ligament contributed less constraint to movement of the clavicle in both the horizontal and the vertical plane except when the clavicle moved in axial compression toward the acromion process. The various contributions of different ligaments to constraint changed not only with the direction of joint displacement but also with the amount of loading and displacement. For many directions of displacement, the acromioclavicular joint contributed a greater amount to constraint at smaller degrees of displacement, while the coracoclavicular ligaments, primarily the conoid ligament, contributed a greater amount of constraint with larger amounts of displacement.     

RockwoodⅢ型肩锁关节脱位保守治疗与自体腓骨长肌腱重建喙锁韧带治疗的疗效对比研究

目的比较保守治疗与自体腓骨长肌腱前侧半（anterior half of the peroneus longus tendon, AHPLT）重建喙锁韧带治疗Rockwood Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位的疗效。 方法自2013年6月至2016年3月共收治36例Rockwood Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位患者。根据治疗方式不同将患者分为重建喙锁韧带组（利用自体AHPLT重建技术治疗）15例和保守治疗组21例。记录术前及术后（或保守治疗后）1、3、6、12个月的肩关节Constant、Quick DASH、VAS评分综合评估患者肩关节功能情况,并通过影像学分析复位是否丢失。 结果重建喙锁韧带组和保守组在随访1年时,患侧Constant评分分别为95.27分和97.02分,均较术前或保守治疗前Constant评分49.8分和51.8分显著提高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,重建组和保守组间Constant评分差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。一年时Quick DASH评分重建组和保守组分别为6分和2.38分,均较术前或保守治疗前23.8分和16.15分显著降低（P<0.05）,重建组和保守组间Quick DASH评分差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。一年时VAS评分重建组和保守组分别为0.33分和0.10分,均较术前或保守治疗前4.73分和4.38分显著降低（P<0.05）,重建组和保守组间VAS评分无统计学意义（P>0.05）。1个月时,重建组Constant评分43.4分,Quick DASH评分58分,VAS评分4.27分,疗效均较保守组Constant评分65.17分,Quick DASH评分36.19分,VAS评分2.48分差（P<0.05）。3个月时重建组与保守组Constant评分无明显差异,但保守组Quick DASH评分与VAS评分较重建组好（P<0.05）。6个月时,两组间Constant评分和Quick DASH评分差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,而VAS评分保守组较重建组更低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。影像学检查提示随访1年时,重建组15例患者中有3例发生复位丢失（20%）,保守组21例中发生复位丢失的有5例（23.81%）。重建组患者均无感染,锁骨、喙突骨折等并发症发生。 结论对于Rockwood Ⅲ型肩锁脱位患者,采用重建喙锁韧带治疗或者保守治疗均能达到较好的临床效果,在早期,采用保守治疗的患者其功能和疼痛优于重建韧带治疗的患者。     

TightRope治疗Rockwood Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位失败病例分析

目的分析TightRope治疗肩锁关节脱位失败病例的原因,总结相关经验教训。 方法自2014年1月至2018年4月收治肩锁关节脱位RockwoodⅢ型77例,均采用TightRope重建喙锁韧带治疗,术后发生钢板脱出、松动共6例,分析其手术失败原因。 结果所有患者均获随访,随访时间3~32个月,平均14.30个月,术后3个月Constant评分（93.86±5.59）分。失败病例6例,术后3个月Constant评分（79.17±7.33）分。失败原因包括隧道建立偏斜3例,手术操作不当2例,肩锁关节过度复位1例。 结论TightRope治疗肩锁关节脱位导致失败的因素：严重的骨质疏松,隧道建立偏斜,过度复位等。     

Treatment of distal clavicle fracture using Kirschner wires and tension-band wires

BACKGROUND: Nonunion frequently follows distal clavicle fracture. Traditional pinning methods using the through acromioclavicular articulation may result in osteoarthritic changes or ankylosis. This study introduces a direct pinning technique in which the acromioclavicular joint is spared. METHODS: Twelve patients with displaced distal clavicle fractures received open reduction and fixation with Kirschner wires (K-wires) and tension-band wires, from May 1996 to March 1997. The indication for surgery was type IIa fracture or fracture with displacement. Unrestricted passive and active range of motion was performed as soon as possible after the operation. Stretching and exertional exercises were permitted after radiographs showed an osseous union and after the implants were removed. RESULTS: Eleven patients achieved osseous union with painless full motion. Union time ranged from 3 to 6 months. One patient suffered from more comminuted fracture because of a fall 2 months after operation. This patient received a revision surgery with distal clavicle resection and coracoclavicle reconstruction. Symptomless ossification around the coracoclavicle ligament was noted on radiographs in one patient. The ossification did not progress after the 9-month follow-up. CONCLUSION: Edwards reported a rate of 45% delayed union and 30% nonunion in type II fractures. Several techniques had been described in the relevant literature. In our practice, fixation with Kirschner wires and tension-band wires has been successful in the treatment for displaced distal clavicle fracture.     

Acromioclavicular Joint Reconstruction Using Peroneus Brevis Tendon Allograft

We describe the use of a double-strand peroneus brevis allograft to reconstruct the coracoclavicular and acromioclavicular (AC) joint ligaments. Through sharp dissection, the distal clavicle, the AC joint, and the torn superior AC and coracoacromial ligaments are identified. The coracoid process and injured coracoclavicular ligaments are identified with blunt dissection. A 1-cm segment of the lateral clavicle is resected. Vertical and connecting horizontal tunnels are created (4.5 mm) in the lateral clavicle and in the medial acromion process. The 5.5- to 6.0-mm-diameter allograft is looped around the coracoid process, and both strands are passed through the vertical clavicle tunnel with a nitinol wire loop. One strand passes through the vertical clavicle tunnel, and the other strand passes through the horizontal tunnel, exiting through the lateral end. The allograft strand passed through the vertical clavicle tunnel is then passed inferiorly through the superior vertical acromion tunnel, and the strand passed completely through the horizontal clavicle tunnel is passed laterally through the medial horizontal acromion tunnel. After both strands exit inferiorly through the vertical acromion tunnel, they are tensioned and sutured with AC joint reduction. Soft tissue closure uses No. 0 and No. 2-0 absorbable sutures with No. 3-0 nylon sutures at the skin.     

单、双束喙锁韧带重建治疗肩锁关节脱位62例报道

目的讨论应用单、双束喙锁韧带重建治疗肩锁关节脱位（AJC）的临床疗效。 方法自2009~2016年应用Endobutton、Arthrex AC Joint Tight Rope等替代物,通过建立喙突与锁骨间隧道,进行单、双束喙锁韧带重建,共治疗AJC 62例。 结果62例患者都接受了随访,随访时间最短1年,最长7年。根据Constant-Murley肩关节功能评分标准:优57例、良2例,可3例,优良率达95%。 结论应用单、双束喙锁韧带重建治疗AJC的临床疗效满意。     

Arthroscopic Treatment of Acute and Chronic Acromioclavicular Joint Dislocation

This article presents an all-arthroscopic technique for coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction by ligamentoplasty after acute or chronic acromioclavicular joint dislocation. A coracoacromial ligament transfer is done to reconstruct the torn coracoclavicular ligaments, similar to open surgery. The coracoacromial ligament is dissected from the undersurface of the acromion and is reinserted on the inferior clavicle by transosseous suture fixation. Additional wire or screw stabilization may be used. With this method, we achieve a very satisfactory reduction of the dislocated acromioclavicular joint.