永久性房颤房室结消融及永久起搏器治疗长期疗效观察

为进一步观察永久性房颤患者房室结消融及永久起搏器治疗的长期疗效，对10例持续性房颤病史6月～7年、反复发作快速心室率而导致严重临床症状及心功能恶化、用药物治疗无效或不能耐受者采用房室结消融加双心室VVI起搏(6例)或单心室VVI起搏(4例)。随访平均17．7&;#177;4．4月。结果表明，术后起搏器夺获心率&;gt;95％，很少有室性心律失常发作；术后心功能及LVEF均明显改善(P&;lt;0．05)，LVEDD减少(P&;lt;0．05)；随访期间无死亡及脑血管病事件发生。结论；永久性房颤伴快速心室率不能用药控制的患者，房室结消融加永久起搏器治疗可明显改善生活质量及心功能，不增加病死率及脑血管意外。     

经股静脉球囊飘浮电极导管心脏临时起搏的临床观察

目的探讨经股静脉应用球囊漂浮电极导管行床旁心脏临时起搏的方法学和可行性。方法对86例因多种心律失常需要临时起搏的患者应用球囊漂浮电极导管经股静脉进行心脏临时起搏,通过分析其起搏心电图图形特点、X线胸片和测量导管深度,判定该起搏方法的可行性和成功率,分析起搏失败的原因。结果经股静脉床旁心脏临时起搏起搏点主要为右心室心尖部和流出道,导管深度分别为(57.2±3.2)cm和(54.3±3.1)cm,右心室流出道起搏感知不良的发生率较心尖部高(P<0.05),两组间起搏阈值差异无统计学意义。通过起搏心电图图形和导管深度指导下应用球囊漂浮电极导管即刻成功率高达98.8%。结论经股静脉床旁应用球囊漂浮电极导管进行心脏临时起搏是一项安全有效、可行的起搏方法。     

不同起搏模式对老年患者心功能不全和房颤发生的影响

目的 探讨不同起搏模式对老年患者心功能不全和房颤发生的影响.方法 126例老年缓慢性心律失常患者,持续性房颤伴心室率过缓或≥2.5s长间歇26例,植入单腔起搏(VVI)9例,单腔频率适应性起搏(VVIR)17例;病态窦房结综合征(SSS)和(或)房室传导阻滞100例,伴阵发性房颤24例,植入VVI 25例、房室双腔起搏(DDD)45例、房室双腔频率适应性起搏(DDDR)30例.术前,术后1、6、12个月行心功能分级(NYHA),12导联心电图、Holter、超声心动图和起搏器程控分析仪检查,并进行回顾性分析.结果 随访1年,持续性房颤无变化,阵发性房颤消除17例(DDD 11例,DDDR 6例),转为持续性3例(VVI),发生率(21%)较术前降低;心功能不全(Ⅱ～Ⅲ级)发生率VVI和VVIR组术后(58.8%和41.2%),较术前(17.6%和11.8%)明显增高(P＜0.01或0.05);DDD和DDDR组术后(8.9%和3.3%)较术前(26.7%和23.3%)明显降低(P＜0.05),且明显低于VVI(R)组(P＜0.01);平均左室射血分数(LVEF)术后与术前比,VVI(R)组明显降低,DDD(R)组明显升高(均P＜0.01或0.05).结论 老年缓慢性心律失常患者(除慢性持续性房颤者)首选DDD起搏模式,以可减少术后房颤和心功能不全的发生,提高生活质量,延长寿命.     

股静脉漂浮电极导管临时心脏起搏器术在Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞中的应用

目的探讨股静脉漂浮电极导管临时心脏起搏器术在Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞中的应用。方法选取我院2012年1月~2015年1月期间内科住院部Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞患者69例作为研究组,采用股静脉漂浮电极导管临时心脏起搏器术,同期选取65例健康体检者作为对照组,比较两组血浆BNP、血清cTnI水平及其临时心脏起搏治疗前后心功能指标的差异。结果临时心脏起搏治疗前,研究组血浆BNP、血清cTnI水平均明显高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),临时心脏起搏治疗后,研究组血浆BNP、血清cTnI水平均低于同组临时心脏起搏治疗前,LVEF、CI均明显高于临时心脏起搏治疗前,LAD、LVEDD均明显低于临时心脏起搏治疗前,临时心脏起搏治疗前后比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),临时心脏起搏治疗患者电极一次性到位成功率高,未见明显并发症出现。结论股静脉漂浮电极导管临时心脏起搏器术通过显著降低BNP、cTnI水平,从而显著改善Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞患者的心功能,值得临床推广应用。     

使用不同起搏模式心脏起搏器患者心室累积起搏百分数与血浆N末端B型利钠肽原水平分析

目的探讨接受单腔起搏(VVI)和双腔起搏(DDD)模式的心脏起搏器长期治疗的患者心室累积起搏百分数与血浆N末端B型利钠肽原(NT-proBNP)水平。方法测定59例长期人工心脏起搏患者心室累积起搏百分数与血浆NT-proBNP水平,后者以10为基数的对数(lg)转化后行统计分析,比较不同起搏模式下右心室累积起搏百分数与血浆NT-proBNP水平的异同。结果 VVI组心室累积起搏百分数(83.61±20.50)%,高于DDD组的(45.93±34.62)%,差异有统计学意义;VVI组较DDD组患者血浆NT-proBNP水平高,其lgNT-proBNP分别为(3.24±0.54)pg/ml和(2.52±0.62)pg/ml,差异有统计学意义。结论接受VVI长期治疗的患者可能会产生起搏依赖性的心功能损害,增加心力衰竭、心房颤动等的发生;DDD起搏可以通过调整房室间期和模式转换减少右心室累积起搏百分数,对心功能损害比VVI起搏少。     

不同起搏部位对左心功能及血流动力学的影响分析

目的比较并评价右心室心尖部起搏与右心室流出道起搏对左心功能以及血流动力学的影响。方法植入双腔心脏起搏器(DDD)患者58例,分为心功能Ⅲ级组25例,其中13例右心室电极位于右室心尖部,12例右心室电极位于右心室流出道;心功能Ⅰ～Ⅱ级组33例,19例右心室电极位于右心室心尖部,14例右心室电极位于右心室流出道。分别比较两组以及各亚组术后3个月心功能各指标以及心电图、血流动力学差异。结果术后组间比较,右心室流出道起搏组左心室射血分数(LVEF),心输出量(CO),每搏量(SV),QRS时限,B型钠尿肽(BNP),二尖瓣口反流面积较右心室心尖部起搏组差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论右心室流出道起搏优于右心室心尖部起搏。     

射频消融治疗室上速20例报告

射频消融（RFCA）治疗房室折返性心动过速13例，其中1例术后1个半月复发，再次消融获成功，其成功率为92.3％。RFCA对5例房室结双径路（DAVNP）折返性心速患者进行房室结改良，成功地阻断了DAVNP的慢径传导，其中1例术后发生间隙性Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞（Ⅲ°AVB）。2例快速房颤（Af）及房扑（AF）行快径消融，形成Ⅲ°AVB，术后安装VVI起搏器．可见RFCA有效地根治了室上速的发作。     

射频消融治疗隐匿性右前间隔旁道一例

射频导管消融是治疗房室折返性心动过速有效、安全的治疗方法。右侧旁道由于消融导管不易钩挂 ,难稳定贴靠 ,成功率较左侧低。右前间隔旁道作为其中一特殊类型 ,位于房室交界区并靠近希氏束 ,消融时还可能有导致房室传导阻滞的危险 ,其消融具有特殊性。我们采用经右室起搏标测 ,在窦性心律下监测放电消融一例右前间隔旁道获得成功 ,现予报告。1　临床资料患者 ,女 ,32岁 ,反复阵发性心动过速 3年。发作时心电图 :Ｒ -Ｒ间期 2 80ｍｓ,ＱＲＳ波时间 0 1ｓ,心电图各导联未见Ｐ1波。电生理资料 :经左锁骨下静脉及右股静脉途径分别放置冠状窦、…     

导管射频消融治疗快速心律失常的疗效

目的对导管射频消融治疗快速心律失常的疗效进行评价。方法 190例的快速心律失常患者通过接受射频消融术治疗术后,在随访的1～48个月中(24±18)个月,术后成功率、术后复发率以及术后并发症都加以记录。结果 190例随访患者,房室结性心动过速(AVNRT)有55例;房室折返性心动过速(AVRT)有104例,左旁道有54例,右旁道有50例;其中显性预激(WPW)有22例,A型8例,B型14例;频发特发性的右心室流出道室早(RVOT-VPC)有9例。射频的消融成功率97.8%,术后复发率2.37%,并发症3.67%。结论通过导管射频消融法治疗快速心律失常的成功率高,复发率低,并发症少,可靠安全,是现行临床治疗快速心律失常较为常用的优异方法。     

射频消融术治疗阵发性室上性心动过速临床分析

目的 评价阵发性室上性心动过速(PSVT)患者射频消融的治疗效果及安全性.方法 回顾分析300例经导管射频消融治疗的PSVT患者的治疗效果,其中房室结折返性心动过速(AVNRT) 170例、房室旁道所致房室折返性心动过速(AVRT) 130例.结果 房室结双径路170例,其中房室结双径路慢快型169例,慢慢型1例.AVNRT中还包括合并房室旁道5例,合并右心室流出道室性心动过速(室速)和室性期前收缩(室早)2例,合并阵发性心房颤动1例,合并Koch三角房性心动过速(房速)1例;手术成功率100％,随访6个月到3年,复发3例,复发率1.8％.房室旁道130例,其中左侧旁道100例(左前游离壁旁道65例,左侧壁旁道28例,左侧双旁道1例,左后间隔旁道3例,左中间隔1例,左侧心外膜旁道2例),右侧旁道30例(右侧游离壁旁道18例,右后间隔旁道5例,右侧Mahaim旁道1例,右后间隔慢旁道2例,右后侧壁旁道2例,希氏束旁道2例).手术成功率99.2％,随访6个月到3年,复发4例,复发率3.1％.发生心包积液1例.结论 射频消融术是一种有效的根治室上性心动过速的方法,成功率高,并发症少.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.