单侧唇裂鼻畸形的临床研究

唇裂是口腔颌面部最常见的先天畸形 ,患有唇裂者多半都伴发有鼻的畸形。虽然目前关于唇裂的研究取得了可喜的成果 ,但在唇裂鼻畸形方面还存在很多分歧。本文就近几年关于在单侧唇裂鼻畸形方面的临床研究进展论述如下。1　单侧唇裂鼻畸形的解剖1 .1　鼻畸形病理解剖单侧唇裂鼻畸形由于其畸形的严重程度和是否伴有腭裂其病理解剖有所差异 ,但有一些共同点 :1患侧鼻小柱短 ,鼻小柱根部偏向健侧 ;2患者鼻穹窿呈 S型 ;3患侧鼻翼向后下外移位 ;4鼻锥体不对称 ,鼻尖偏向健侧 ,内侧软骨脚分离 ;5鼻翼软骨环状结构破坏中断。1 .2　鼻尖部血液供应对…     

切开法早期矫正单侧唇裂鼻畸形的观察

本研究对学龄前单侧唇裂鼻畸形患者行鼻成形术,并作了10年随访观察。 材料与方法 选择16名(7男,9女)有严重唇裂鼻畸形患者,手术年龄4～6岁,最后观察年龄16～19岁。手术方法:患侧鼻翼作倒U形切口,跨鼻小柱至健侧翼缘切开,呈飞鸟形切口,翻瓣,暴露软骨支架及鼻中隔,患侧下外侧软骨与对侧上外侧软骨及内侧脚缝     

单侧唇裂术后的鼻软骨解剖学研究

为探讨组织错位及组织发育不足与单侧唇裂鼻畸形的关系，对３８例伴有鼻畸形的单侧唇裂术后患者在鼻畸形修复术中的健患侧鼻翼软骨大小及相对位置进行观察和测量，发现均存在患侧鼻翼软骨错位，若伴有患侧鼻软骨发育不足则鼻畸形更加严重。说明患侧鼻软骨组织错位及发育不足是造成唇裂鼻畸形的局部因素。     

单侧唇裂术后的鼻有解剖学研究

为探讨组织错位及组织发育不足与单侧唇裂鼻畸形的关系，对３８例伴有鼻畸形的单侧唇裂术后患者在鼻畸形修复术听健患侧鼻翼软骨大小及相对位置进行观察和测量，发现均存在患侧鼻翼软骨错位，若伴有患侧鼻软骨发育不足则鼻畸形更加严重。说明患侧鼻软骨组织错位及发育不足是造成唇裂鼻畸形的局部因素。     

自体软骨移植联合鼻唇肌复位术矫治单侧唇裂术后继发鼻畸形

目的探讨自体鼻中隔软骨与耳软骨联合移植同时行鼻唇肌复位术在单侧唇裂术后鼻畸形矫正中的疗效。方法将松解移位的鼻翼软骨悬吊复位至正常解剖位置,切取自体鼻中隔软骨修整成形后植入鼻翼软骨两内侧脚间,耳软骨植入充填患侧鼻翼,同期行鼻唇肌复位术,重建鼻软骨肌肉环,修复鼻部畸形。结果 26例鼻畸形患者术后不同程度改善,随访2～9个月,鼻外形美观,效果满意。结论应用自体鼻中隔及耳软骨移植重建鼻软骨支架同时行鼻唇肌复位术能有效矫正单侧唇裂术后鼻畸形。     

单侧唇裂继发鼻下端畸形张力平衡的重建

目的：探讨单侧唇裂继发鼻下端畸形两侧张力平衡重建的手术方法及临床意义。方法：通过健侧降鼻中隔肌的处理及＂C＂形鼻中隔的纠正,重建鼻小柱两侧的肌张力及软骨弹性张力平衡;将鼻翼软骨外侧脚充分游离,解除鼻翼软骨周边组织的病理影响;用三点缝合二点高位悬吊法重塑外鼻下端软骨支架结构;最后施鼻翼外侧脚软组织的移位。结果：32例患者鼻下端形态恢复满意、持久。结论：用重建鼻下端两侧组织张力平衡的手术方法整复单侧唇裂继发鼻下端畸形,可获得可靠的治疗效果。     

单侧唇裂鼻畸形一期修复——10年随访结果

唇裂的鼻处理一直是个难题,因怕妨碍鼻发育,认为鼻发育完成后再作鼻矫正为宜。对此近20年来,医生建议作唇修复的同时整复鼻畸形。鼻翼软骨是唇裂鼻畸形的关键,正常鼻翼软骨圆顶位于鼻尖最高处(鼻梁中下1/3交界处)。唇裂鼻畸形时,除鼻翼扁平下塌外,鼻翼软骨外侧角还向下旋转,致使鼻软骨圆顶后缩,裂侧鼻拉长。这种情况作唇裂整复,会造成患侧鼻孔缘下降,鼻翼软骨下缘,在鼻前庭内形成一高起的斜峭。修复唇裂时此旋转的鼻翼软骨发生扭转而造成典型的鼻孔畸形。在软骨圆顶后缩时修复鼻,前庭衬里变窄、进而又牵制了软骨圆顶。二期鼻整复时,要使患侧扁平的鼻尖部向前抬起就非常困难了。     

矫正唇裂鼻穹隆畸形的新外科术式

近15～20年来,唇裂鼻畸形的初期整复愈来愈受到临床医生的重视,许多术式不断得到创新和发展。本文作者在临床工作中发现唇裂患者的患侧鼻翼内侧皮肤组织常有条索状组织,从梨状孔垂直向上到鼻翼软骨衬里,导致了患侧鼻翼软骨的移位畸形。所以作者1994～1997年间,对88例(其中一期修复42例,平均年龄12个月;二期修复46冽,平均年龄16岁)唇裂鼻畸形患者采用了患侧鼻翼内三角皮瓣“V-Y”推进法矫正鼻翼畸形。其手术方法为用15号刀片沿患侧鼻穹隆的条索状组织作切口,然后在鼻软骨的浅面向上达鼻翼缘。沿同一始点,在条索状组织的另一边作切口,掀起两切口间皮肤,形成一个以鼻翼缘为蒂的“V”形三角瓣,然后在切口两侧下行潜行分离,使鼻翼软骨和鼻腔衬里完全游离,在保证患侧穹隆与健侧穹隆同一水平和两侧鼻缘对称的条件下将三角瓣在无张力情况下就位后与创缘对位缝合,遗留创面利用“V-Y'’法直接关闭(见图1)。纱布卷填塞鼻腔。对于某些二期唇裂鼻畸形病     

单侧唇裂术后继发鼻畸形的Ⅱ期整复

材料与方法1.自 1998年 8月至今作者在门诊手术室对 32例单侧唇裂术后继发鼻畸形患者进行Ⅱ期整复 ,其中男 14例 ,女 18例。年龄 13～ 2 9岁 ,平均 16岁。 15例术前曾行齿槽裂植骨修复术 ,2例曾行双重牙列修复术。图 1　经鼻小柱基底的“Ｕ”型切口　　图 2　经患侧鼻翼基底的类“Ｙ”型切口　　 2 .手术方法2 .1　双侧眶下神经阻滞麻醉及鼻部浸润麻醉。2 .2　经鼻小柱基底的“Ｕ”型切开患侧鼻翼软骨外侧脚 ,于鼻小柱与上唇皮肤交界处作一横切口 ,继沿鼻小柱两侧鼻孔内缘作隐蔽切口 ,健侧至鼻翼软骨内外侧脚交界处 ,患侧再向外延伸约 2～ 3…     

鼻翼软骨外侧脚悬吊术联合牙槽嵴植骨整复唇裂鼻畸形

目的:探讨单侧唇裂术后鼻畸形整复的有效方法及牙槽嵴裂植骨同期手术的效果。方法:通过经鼻小柱基底的“U”型切口行患侧鼻翼软骨外侧脚悬吊术联合牙槽嵴植骨,整复13例唇裂鼻畸形患者,观察近、远期效果。结果:13例创口全部一期愈合,随访12～38月,鼻翼软骨外侧脚悬吊术联合牙槽嵴植骨对唇裂鼻畸形患者的鼻尖、鼻翼、鼻孔及鼻小柱畸形矫治术后外形满意,同时矫治了鼻底畸形和牙槽嵴裂。结论:该术式对整复单侧唇裂术后鼻畸形是一种可靠的方法,可推广应用。     

Objective tools to analyze the lower lateral cartilage in unilateral cleft lip nasal deformities

Correction of cleft lip nasal deformity is an elusive goal. A controversy exists regarding the cause of the deformity, and therefore, there is a controversy of how to correct the deformity. Extrinsic theory is based on the presence of deformational forces from outside. The intrinsic theory is associated with deficiency of the lower lateral cartilage. The aim of this study was to use new objective tools to compare morphologically and histologically between the lower lateral cartilages of cleft and noncleft sides in patients with unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity. This study included 16 patients. They were operated on to correct unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity. Length, width, and thickness of lateral crura of the lower lateral cartilages of cleft and noncleft sides were measured. Punch biopsies from the middle part of the caudal ends of lateral crura were taken and sent for histologic and immunohistochemical studies. The lateral crura of the cleft side were significantly wider and shorter and tend to be thinner than those of the noncleft side. There was no significant difference in the chondroblast, chondrocyte, and total cellular number in the lower lateral cartilage of the cleft and noncleft sides. There was significantly less glycosaminoglycan content in the ground matrix of the lower lateral cartilage of cleft side. In conclusion, the use of digital sliding caliber in measuring the diminutions of the lower lateral cartilage and image analyzer to quantify the proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, fibroblast growth factor 18, and collagen content is very effective objective tools to compare the cleft and noncleft alar cartilage.     

Correction of the bilateral cleft lip nasal deformity: evolution of a surgical concept.

The origin of the nasal deformity of a bilateral complete cleft lip is both primary (deformation/malformation) and secondary (postoperative distortion). This is an interim report of a personal evolution from staged correction of the bilateral cleft nasal deformity to synchronous repair of the nose and the lip and premaxillary-maxillary clefts. The anatomic concept is that, because of the malpositioned alar cartilages, the columella only appears to be short in an infant with bilateral cleft lip. The technical stratagems to model the nose are: (1) alignment of the premaxilla and (2) anatomic placement of the alar cartilages with sculpturing of the overlying soft tissue.     

双侧唇裂术后鼻唇畸形的修复

目的 报道双侧唇裂术后鼻唇畸形修复的一种新方法。方法 在双侧鼻孔的内侧沿鼻小柱皮肤粘膜交界缘向下达鼻小柱基部并经鼻底向外达外侧脚外侧并绕鼻翼外侧脚弧形向上;在上唇正中上部画出叉形瓣切口线;再在双侧鼻孔底部上唇瘤痕两侧画垂线至唇红缘。然后切开鼻底及鼻翼外侧脚皮肤,在鼻翼内侧脚上端缝合。将叉形瓣向上推形成鼻小柱下端。切除上唇瘢痕组织,必要时可设 Abbe瓣经旋转180°后按粘膜、肌层及皮肤层缝合。10～14天行Abbe瓣断蒂。结果 用该术式对34位患者进行了手术,术后鼻唇外形、鼻小柱长度及鼻孔大小趋于正常。上唇过紧得到了松驰。结论 该术式对双侧唇裂术后鼻唇畸形矫正有用。     

Various applications of chondrocutaneous composite grafts in secondary cleft lip nose patients

Composite chondrocutaneous grafts were applied to 12 patients in various forms to repair the columellar deficit, to form the nasal tubercle and nostril sill in cleft lip nose patients. Cleft lip-nose deformity patients with alar cartilage hypoplasia, obtuse angulation of the medial and lateral crura and the resulting plica vestibularis, internal nasal valve problems associated with the weakness of upper lateral cartilages are included in this study and composite conchal cartilage grafts are utilized to achieve a symmetrical and functional result.     

Observations of the marginal incision and lateral crura alar cartilage asymmetry in rhinoplasty: a fixed cadaver study

OBJECTIVE: This anatomical cadaver study was intended to incrementally determine the precise relationship between the alar rim skin margin and the caudal aspect of the lateral crus of the nose. The second intention was to preliminarily test the hypothesis of sexual dimorphism in the lateral crura size and of right to left asymmetry of the lateral crura in the same individual. STUDY DESIGN: Demographic information of 39 Caucasian cadavers was collected. Dissection of 28 unilateral and 11 bilateral noses included the removal of all of the soft tissue from the lateral surface of lateral crura cartilages. The distance from the caudal edge of the lateral crus to the alar margin was measured beginning at the junction of the middle and lateral crura moving posteriorly. The lateral crus was then completely dissected out from the remaining surrounding soft tissue for measurement of the length, height, and thickness. RESULTS: Comparison of the cartilage dimensions between the sexes showed significant differences between the length, height, and thickness of the cartilages. The distance between the caudal aspect of the lateral crus and alar skin margin was less than 6.7 mm on average for the anterior 15 mm of the lateral crus. Comparison for intraindividual right to left asymmetry showed significant differences in 3 infracartilaginous-alar skin margin distance measurements and in cartilage length and height. CONCLUSION: The marginal incision can be close to the alar skin margin in the first 15 mm. Right to left intraindividual asymmetry in the first 20 mm was significant. Intraindividual right to left asymmetry was significant in the lateral crura length and height. Sexual dimorphism in the lateral crura length, height, and thickness was observed.     

单侧唇腭裂外鼻软骨的外科解剖

为探讨单侧唇腭裂外鼻软骨的解剖异常与鼻畸形的关系，对６例单侧唇腭裂死婴的外鼻部进行解剖，发现患侧鼻翼软骨及鼻中隔软骨发生了组织错位，与鼻畸形的产生有明确的对应关系；统计学处理结果显示，健、患侧鼻翼软骨的大小差异无显著性。说明组织错位是单侧唇腭裂鼻畸形的病理解剖的基础之一。     

Three-dimensional nasal changes following nasoalveolar molding in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate: geometric morphometrics.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate three-dimensional changes in nasal morphology in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate treated with presurgical nasoalveolar molding (NAM) to correct naso-labio-alveolar deformity. DESIGN: This was a prospective, longitudinal study. Digital stereophotogrammetry was used to capture three-dimensional facial images, and x, y, and z coordinates of 28 nasal landmarks were digitized. SAMPLE: Ten patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Nasal form changes between T1 (age: 28 +/- 2 days, pre-NAM) and T2 (age: 140 +/- 2 days, post-NAM), using conventional measurements and finite-element scaling analysis. RESULTS: Overall nasal changes were statistically different (p < .01), but no linear or curvilinear changes were found. Specifically, relative size increases were found on the noncleft side, involving the upper nose (30%), alar depth (20%), alar dome (30%), columella height (30%), and lateral wall of the nostril (17%). On the cleft side, the following showed a size increase: upper nose (8%), alar dome (5%), columella height (30%), and lateral wall of the nostril (30%). The cleft-side alar curvature, however, showed a large decrease in size (80%), but no changes on the noncleft side were found. Corresponding shape changes and angular changes were also found. CONCLUSIONS: Using NAM, bilateral nasal symmetry in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate was improved before surgical repair. Furthermore, slight overcorrection of the alar dome on the cleft side using pressure exerted by the nasal stent is indicated to maintain the NAM result.     

Improved nasal tip projection in the treatment of bilateral cleft nasal deformity

The cleft nose deformity in bilateral cleft lip and palate patients with severely flattened alar cartilages, a short, scarred columella, and thickened skin is a reconstructive challenge. The Wolfe double-arch tip rhinoplasty technique was compared with a cartilage release and tip grafting technique to determine the optimal modality for tip projection and columella lengthening. Patients with significant bilateral cleft nasal deformities and previous bilateral cleft lip repairs were divided into two groups (n = 22). Group 1 (double-arch) patients underwent an open rhinoplasty using conchal cartilage grafts to create a columellar strut and new lower lateral arches placed over the existing arches (n = 12). In group 2 (release and tip graft), the lower lateral cartilages were released, and nasal tip grafting was performed (n = 10). Preoperative and 6-month postoperative measurements, including (1) columellar length, (2) alar base-nasal tip-columellar base (ATC) angle, and (3) lateral tip projection, were compared. The lateral tip projection is the perpendicular distance between the nasal tip and a line created from the connection of points at the nasion to the subnasale. In group 1 (double arch), the mean columella length increased 47.2%, whereas in group 2 (release and tip graft), it only increased 14.1%. The ATC angle had a mean decrease or narrowing of 26.7 degrees in group 1, compared with a 12.5 degrees decrease in group 2. Lateral tip projection improvement was greater in group 1 (52.2% increase) compared with group 2 (19.9% increase). The authors' data showed that for the difficult bilateral cleft nasal deformity with significant tip flattening, the double-arch tip rhinoplasty provides improved nasal tip projection.     

单侧重度唇裂鼻畸形整复的临床研究

目的:探讨单侧重度唇裂鼻畸形的整复方法。方法:对单侧重度唇裂患者,采用鼻内切口、整改畸形组织、调整定位、整复鼻外形,以达到一期修复鼻部畸形、关闭裂隙的目的。结果:唇裂伴鼻畸形整复手术85例,经13年随访,取得满意效果。结论:鼻内切口整改畸形组织是一种值得推荐的一期修复鼻部畸形关闭裂隙的手术方法。     

Extraoral nasal molding in a newborn with unilateral cleft lip and palate: a case report.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this case report is to introduce an extraoral nasal molding appliance (ENMA) and treatment approach for presurgical nasoalveolar molding in newborns with unilateral cleft lip and palate. METHODS: A 15-day-old girl presented with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. A circumferential headband supported the actual nasoalveolar molding device, which consisted of a nasal stent made from a 0.8-mm stainless steel helical spring. The spring was activated at 2-week intervals. DISCUSSION: The shape of the cartilaginous septum, alar cartilage tip, medial and lateral crus and alveolar segments were molded to resemble the normal shape of these structures. ENMA can be helpful in any patient with unilateral cleft lip and palate because it is easy to fabricate, practical to activate, and comfortable to wear and use.