维药买朱尼对关节软骨前炎性因子的影响

背景：骨关节炎病理过程中,白细胞介素1β被认为是促进软骨基质降解和关节软骨破坏的最重要的细胞因之一。 目的：观察白细胞介素1β在关节软骨中的表达,并观察维药买朱尼对其的影响。 方法：将40只SD大鼠随机数字表法随机等分为模型对照组、维药买朱尼组、假手术组、正常对照组。模型对照组和维药买朱尼组采用改良Hulth造模法建立大鼠膝骨关节炎模型,假手术组仅显露膝关节,不切断韧带,不切除内侧半月板。维药买朱尼组建模第2周开始灌胃维药买朱尼10.31 mg/(kg•d),模型组及假手术组大鼠均灌服等量生理盐水,连续4周。 结果与结论：模型组软骨退变程度明显重于维药买朱尼组,模型组软骨大体评分及Mankin评分均明显高于维药买朱尼组(P < 0.05),模型组软骨细胞白细胞介素1β的表达强度亦明显高于维药买朱尼组(P < 0.05)。与正常对照组比较,假手术组软骨大体评分、Mankin评分及软骨细胞白细胞介素1β差异无显著性意义 (P > 0.05)。结果说明,维药买朱尼可以抑制关节软骨前炎性因子白细胞介素1β的表达。     

腰椎间盘退变与局部转化生长因子β1及炎性细胞因子的关系

背景：近年来随着椎间盘退变分子水平研究的不断进展,转化生长因子β1基因在椎间盘细胞的增殖分化过程中具有一定作用,且参与了椎间盘的损伤修复过程,但转化生长因子β1是否也参与了椎间盘退变的病理生理过程目前尚无定论。目的：探讨腰椎间盘退变程度与转化生长因子β1及炎性细胞因子之间的关系。方法：选择72例椎间盘退变患者作为观察组(轻度22例,中度26例,重度24例),30例非椎间盘退变患者作为对照组,检测两组患者椎间盘局部转化生长因子β1及白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6、白细胞介素8、肿瘤坏死因子α等炎性细胞因子水平,在两组之间及不同椎间盘退变程度患者之间进行对比分析。同时采用直线相关分析法分析转化生长因子β1与炎性细胞因子及腰椎间盘退变的相关性。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程结果与结论：观察组患者腰椎间盘局部转化生长因子β1及白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6、白细胞介素8、肿瘤坏死因子α等炎性细胞因子水平均显著高于对照组(P < 0.01)。重度退变患者腰椎间盘局部转化生长因子β1及白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6、白细胞介素8、肿瘤坏死因子α等炎性细胞因子水平显著高于轻度及中度患者(P < 0.01),同时中度患者显著高于轻度患者(P < 0.01)。转化生长因子β1与白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6、白细胞介素8、肿瘤坏死因子α等炎性细胞因子以及椎间盘退变程度均呈显著正相关(r=0.198,0.312,0.356,0.275,0.724,P < 0.01)。提示转化生长因子β1及白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6、白细胞介素8、肿瘤坏死因子α等炎性细胞因子在退变椎间盘局部水平增高,且增高程度随着退变严重程度的增加而增加。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

双醋瑞因干预体外培养关节软骨结缔组织生长因子的表达

背景：在骨关节炎软骨退变中结缔组织生长因子作为一种重要的效应分子在软骨细胞的增殖、分化方面发挥重要作用。临床应用双醋瑞因治疗骨关节炎已取得了良好的效果,但其治疗的确切机制尚不清楚。 目的：观察不同浓度双醋瑞因对体外白细胞介素1β诱导下软骨细胞中结缔组织生长因子的影响。 方法：体外培养SD大鼠关节软骨细胞,重组人白细胞介素1β刺激软骨细胞制备体外骨关节炎模型。实验分组：正常对照组不给予任何处理因素;模型对照组给予重组人白细胞介素1β;实验组给予不同浓度双醋瑞因+10 μg/L重组人白细胞介素1β。利用MTT比色法观察软骨细胞的增殖情况,Western Blot法检测结缔组织生长因子的表达。以上实验均重复3次。 结果与结论：MTT结果显示,与正常对照组比较,双醋瑞因能促进软骨细胞MTT增殖活性,以浓度为10-5 mol/L更明显(P < 0.01),白细胞介素1β作用后各实验组软骨细胞增殖能力下降(P < 0.05);但与正常对照组比较,无论是否加白细胞介素1β,浓度为10-4 mol/L和10-5 mol/L双醋瑞因仍能促进软骨细胞MTT增殖活性(P < 0.05)。Western Blot检测结果显示,白细胞介素1β能够降低结缔组织生长因子的表达(P < 0.01),浓度为    10-5 mol/L双醋瑞因能够显著促进白细胞介素1β诱导下结缔组织生长因子的表达,显著高于模型对照组(P < 0.01)。提示双醋瑞因可以促进白细胞介素1β诱导下结缔组织生长因子的高表达,其可能是双醋瑞因促进软骨细胞的分化增殖,治疗骨关节炎的作用机制之一。  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程全文链接：     

白藜芦醇调控体外培养人骨关节炎滑膜细胞白细胞介素18的表达

背景：白藜芦醇可在体外抑制软骨细胞的凋亡。 目的：观察白藜芦醇对体外培养人骨关节炎滑膜细胞中白细胞介素18、白细胞介素1β和肿瘤坏死因子α表达的影响。 方法：对兔以白藜芦醇临床等效剂量灌胃后,制备含10%,20%,40%白藜芦醇含药血清,与人骨关节炎滑膜细胞共培养,以正常兔血清培养细胞为对照。 结果与结论：ELISA检测及免疫细胞化学检测结果显示,不同浓度白藜芦醇含药血清组体外培养滑膜细胞白细胞介素18、白细胞介素1β、肿瘤坏死因子α分泌量较正常兔血清组明显降低(P < 0.01),并随白藜芦醇浓度的增加,白细胞介素18、白细胞介素1β、肿瘤坏死因子α分泌量逐渐降低(P < 0.01或P < 0.05)。白细胞介素1β、肿瘤坏死因子α水平依次与白细胞介素18水平呈正相关。表明白藜芦醇能够显著下调白细胞介素18、白细胞介素1β、肿瘤坏死因子α在骨关节炎滑膜细胞中的表达,减轻滑膜炎症反应。     

透骨消痛颗粒对关节软骨细胞wnt/β-连环蛋白信号通路的调控

背景：由巴戟天、杭白芍、肿节风和川芎等组成的透骨消痛颗粒能有效延缓关节宏观形态、软骨基质及软骨细胞退变。 目的：观察透骨消痛颗粒对软骨细胞wnt/β-连环蛋白信号通路中Wnt4、糖原合成酶3β及β-连环蛋白的影响。 方法：将SD大鼠关节软骨细胞分离培养成功后,人白细胞介素 1β诱导软骨细胞退变,取第2代退变软骨细胞,随机分为对照组和透骨消痛颗粒组,后者加入透骨消痛颗粒醇提物,分别培养4,8 d后,采用RT-PCR检测2组Wnt4、糖原合成酶3β、β-连环蛋白mRNA表达,采用蛋白印迹法检测Wnt4、糖原合成酶3β及β-连环蛋白表达。 结果与结论：采用人白细胞介素1β可诱导软骨细胞退变,软骨细胞退变早期均有Wnt4、糖原合成酶3β及β-连环蛋白表达,但随着时间推移Wnt4、β-连环蛋白表达下降,而糖原合成酶3β表达增高,采用透骨消痛颗粒醇提物干预后均可逆转上述现象。说明透骨消痛颗粒醇提物能诱导软骨细胞转录合成β-连环蛋白和Wnt4蛋白,并抑制糖原合成酶3β表达。     

固醇调节元件结合蛋白2在软骨细胞退变过程中的表达

背景：近期研究证实了固醇调节元件结合蛋白2基因在骨关节炎发生过程中起重要作用,但其具体发病机制尚未完全清楚。 目的：通过白细胞介素1β体外诱导关节软骨细胞退变,观察固醇调节元件结合蛋白2在软骨细胞退变过程中的表达变化。 方法：体外分离培养C57BL/6J小鼠关节软骨细胞,将第2代软骨细胞随机分为4组：对照组、白细胞介素1β 24,48,     72 h组。后3组细胞分别以10 μg/L白细胞介素1β干预细胞。 结果与结论：软骨细胞经白细胞介素1β刺激后呈肥大化表现,软骨细胞活性随白细胞介素1β刺激时间的延长而逐渐降低。与对照组相比,白细胞介素1β 24,48,72 h组软骨细胞中固醇调节元件结合蛋白2与固醇调节元件结合蛋白裂解激活蛋白 mRNA表达水平增加,而蛋白聚糖和Ⅱ型胶原mRNA表达水平降低。提示白细胞介素1β能抑制软骨细胞增殖和细胞重要基质成分表达,诱导其出现肥大化退行性改变,且在退变的过程中,固醇调节元件结合蛋白2表达逐渐上调,与软骨关键基因的表达呈负向变化关系。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

成骨细胞旁分泌影响软骨细胞中MMPs与TIMPs的表达

背景：细胞之间体外共培养能最大限度的模拟体内真实的微环境,细胞划痕实验及炎症因子白细胞介素1β刺激后基质金属蛋白酶及基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂之间的平衡可能破坏,从而导致关节软骨细胞外基质的降解,软骨细胞功能的失调,关节软骨的退变。目的：在成骨细胞上清液与软骨细胞体外共培养下,观察炎症因子白细胞介素1β对体外培养的软骨细胞的迁移、基质金属蛋白酶及组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂表达的影响。方法：实验分为软骨细胞单培养组﹑软骨细胞与成骨细胞上清液共培养组和软骨细胞与成骨细胞上清液共培养+白细胞介素1β组,划痕实验观察3组24 h软骨细胞的迁移变化;半定量PCR实验分析以上3组24 h软骨细胞中基质金属蛋白酶1,2,3,9及组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂1,2,3,4的变化情况。结果与结论：与单培养组比较,共培养组和共培养+白细胞介素1β组细胞迁移率显著增加(P < 0.01);与单培养组比较,共培养组中基质金属蛋白酶1,2,3,9基因表达明显增高(P < 0.05),共培养+白细胞介素1β组基质金属蛋白酶1,3,9基因表达明显增高(P < 0.01);与单培养组比较,共培养组和共培养+白细胞介素1β组中组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂1基因表达明显升高(P < 0.01),组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂3,4基因表达明显下降(P < 0.05)。提示成骨细胞上清液与软骨细胞共培养促进软骨细胞的迁移,增强软骨细胞中基质金属蛋白酶1,2,3,9的基因表达且调节组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂家族的基因表达。白细胞介素1β抑制共培养的软骨细胞迁移及组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂家族的基因表达。        中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

双醋瑞因对白细胞介素1β诱导软骨细胞凋亡的影响*

背景：双醋瑞因是一种新型的白细胞介素1阻滞剂,其是否对软骨细胞的凋亡有抑制作用以及是否通过细胞信号转导通路发挥作用的基础应用研究较少。 目的：观察双醋瑞因对体外白细胞介素1β诱导大鼠关节软骨细胞凋亡的影响。 方法：体外培养SD大鼠关节软骨细胞,苏木精-伊红染色和Ⅱ型胶原免疫荧光染色鉴定软骨细胞,用白细胞介素1β诱导大鼠关节软骨细胞凋亡模型,再用10-4,10-5,10-6 mol/L双醋瑞因干预培养。 结果与结论：10-4 mol/L和10-5 mol/L的双醋瑞因可降低白细胞介素1β诱导的软骨细胞凋亡率(P < 0.01和P < 0.05)。      10-5 mol/L双醋瑞因能够显著抑制白细胞介素1β诱导p38磷酸化(P < 0.01)。双醋瑞因干预的软骨细胞中p38 mRNA的表达量较模型组下降0.38倍(P < 0.01)。结果证实,双醋瑞因能够抑制软骨细胞中p38蛋白和基因的表达,从而抑制白细胞介素1β诱导关节软骨细胞凋亡。     

急性肌肉软组织损伤后不同冷疗方式处理的组织学变化

背景：冷疗处理急性软组织损伤已在临床广泛应用。 目的：观察不同冷疗方式对急性软组织损伤大鼠的组织学改变及治疗效果。 方法：将新生Wistar大鼠随机分成正常组、模型组、间断冷敷组及持续冷敷组,后3组建立急性软组织损伤动物模型。间断冷敷组用4 ℃生物冰袋间断冷敷于损伤部位,持续冷敷组用4 ℃生物冰袋持续冷敷,模型组不予以处理。冷敷48 h后观察各组损伤部位大体形态改变,采用损伤症候指数评估损伤程度。 结果与结论：与模型组比较,间断冷敷组及持续冷敷组损伤症候指数与组织学评分较低,白细胞介素1β的阳性表达率降低,转化生长因子β1的阳性表达率表达率升高  (P < 0.05)。与间断冷敷组比较,持续冷敷组损伤症候指数与组织学评分较低(P< 0.05),白细胞介素1β的阳性表达率降低(P< 0.05),转化生长因子β1的阳性表达率表达率升高(P < 0.05)。结果证实,冷疗处理治疗急性期软组织损伤的机制与降低白细胞介素1β及提高转化生长因子β1表达有关,持续冷疗的疗效优于间断冷疗。     

骨关节炎时内源性细胞因子及基质金属蛋白酶抑制因子1对关节软骨的影响*

背景：研究发现,细胞因子通过影响关节软骨基质的分解代谢和合成代谢的平衡来参与骨关节炎的形成,其中白细胞介素1β、基质金属蛋白酶抑制因子1在其中起重要作用。 目的：观察内源性细胞因子白细胞介素1β及基质金属蛋白酶抑制因子1与骨关节炎关节软骨退变的关系。 方法：纳入2006-06/2009-09于哈尔滨医科大学附属第五医院就诊的原发性骨关节炎患者37例,在患者行关节镜检时抽取关节液及分离平滑光亮的滑膜组织。另取10例正常关节液标本及平滑光亮的滑膜组织标本作为对照。 结果与结论：ELISA法检测结果显示骨关节炎患者关节液和滑膜组织中白细胞介素1β、基质金属蛋白酶抑制因子1水平均显著高于正常水平,且患者骨关节炎越严重,关节液和滑膜组织中白细胞介素1β、基质金属蛋白酶抑制因子1的水平越高。说明关节液中白细胞介素1β、基质金属蛋白酶抑制因子1水平与骨关节炎、关节软骨退变有关。关键词：基质金属蛋白酶抑制因子1;骨关节炎;白细胞介素1β;关节液;滑膜组织;关节软骨退变 缩略语注释：TIMP: tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase, 基质金属蛋白酶抑制因子;IL-1β: interleukin-1β,白细胞介素1β doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.15.002     

数字化技术在颞下颌关节生物力学研究中的应用

目的:探讨近年来颞下颌关节生物力学研究的进展和发展趋势.方法:在 CNKI及Pubmed等数据库中检索近年来颞下颌关节生物力学研究的相关文献,总结颞下颌关节生物力学研究的发展、最新进展及未来趋势.结果:以三维有限元法为代表的数字化技术被广泛运用到颞下颌关节生物力学研究之中.在不同颌位及关节运动时,颞下颌关节各部有不同的生物力学分布特点.结论:数字化技术为颞下颌关节生物力学的研究提供了直观、便捷、准确的研究工具和技术支持.     

Diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis of the temporomandibular joint diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology

Diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis is a rare tumor in the temporomandibular joint region. This article deals with a 32-yr-old male who suffered from pain and swelling in the right temporomandibular joint region associated with restricted mouth opening. Computed tomography showed a tumor lateral to the temporomandibular joint. Arthrography revealed a displaced temporomandibular joint disk. Fine-needle aspiration cytology showed characteristic cellular changes, including rounded or oval cells with abundant cytoplasm and intracytoplasmatic hemosiderin deposits and numerous multinucleated giant cells without nuclear atypia. A benign mesenchymal lesion suggestive for pigmented villonodular synovitis was diagnosed and later verified at histologic examination. Fine-needle aspiration cytology seems to be useful for this diagnosis.     

Enhanced excitability of rat trigeminal root ganglion neurons via decrease in A-type potassium currents following temporomandibular joint inflammation

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of temporomandibular joint inflammation on the excitability of trigeminal root ganglion neurons innervating the temporomandibular joint using a perforated patch-clamp technique. Inflammation was induced by injection of complete Freund's adjuvant into the rat temporomandibular joint. The threshold for escape from mechanical stimulation in the temporomandibular joint-inflamed rats was significantly lower than that in control rats. Fluorogold labeling was used to identify the trigeminal root ganglion neurons innervating the site of inflammation. When voltage-clamp (V(h)=-60 mV) conditions were applied to these Fluorogold-labeled small diameter trigeminal root ganglion neurons (<30 mum), voltage-dependent transient K(+) current densities were significantly reduced in the inflamed rats compared with controls. In addition, the voltage-dependence of inactivation of the voltage-dependent transient K(+) current was negatively shifted in the labeled temporomandibular joint-inflamed trigeminal root ganglion neurons. Furthermore, temporomandibular joint inflammation significantly reduced the threshold current and significantly increased action potential firings evoked at two-fold threshold in the Fluorogold-labeled small trigeminal root ganglion neurons. Application of 4-aminopyridine (0.5mM) to control trigeminal root ganglion neurons mimicked the changes in the firing properties observed after complete Freund's adjuvant treatment. Together, these results suggest that temporomandibular joint inflammation increases the excitability of trigeminal root ganglion neurons innervating temporomandibular joint by suppressing voltage-dependent transient K(+) current via a leftward shift in the inactivation curve. These changes may contribute to trigeminal inflammatory allodynia in temporomandibular joint disorder.     

颞下颌关节的断层影像解剖学研究

目的：为颞下颌关节疾病的诊疗提供解剖学基础。方法：选用成人尸体头颈部标本15例，分别制成冠状、矢状、横断层标本。在经颞下颌关节层面上，观察颞下颌关节及其周围结构的解剖学关系，用游标卡尺测量关节盘的厚度。结果：冠状、矢状和横断层解剖可分别显示颞下颌关节的位置、毗邻关系及结构特点，冠状解剖可确定关节盘的位置，矢状解剖有利于关节脱位的诊断。关节盘最厚处4．02mm，最薄处1．32mm。结论：颞下颌关节的断层影像解剖对颞下颌关节疾病的影像诊断和内窥镜治疗具有重要的指导作用。     

Differing effects on superior cervical ganglia in neonatal mice produced by antisera to nerve growth factors from mice and snakes.

Rabbit or horse antisera to Nerve Growth Factors from mouse salivary glands and the venoms of five snakes were injected into neonatal mice. The mice were killed 10 days later and the superior cervical ganglia removed, weighed and examined histologically. Treatment with antisera to the snake Nerve Growth Factors had no effect on ganglion weight, maximum neuronal density or mean neurone diameter. This was true even for the one antiserum that in vitro showed a weak cross-reactivity with the mouse antigen. In contrast, treatment with the antiserum to mouse Nerve Growth Factor produced a partial destruction of the superior cervical ganglia (immunosympathectomy). The weights of the ganglia in animals treated for the first 5 days post partum with increasing volumes (a total of 0.5 ml) of antiserum to the mouse factor fell by some 80% the total neurone number by approx 50% the maximum neurone density by 40% and the mean neurone dia. by 17%. The effect was found to be dose dependent.It is considered that caution is required in extrapolating results from in vitro studies on Nerve Growth Factor to the situation obtaining in vivo and that the inability of snake antisera to produce immunosympathectomy in neonatal mice may result from differences in the antigenic determinants of the mouse and snake Nerve Growth Factors. The marked effect of antiserum to the mouse salivary gland factor in neonatal mice reported by earlier workers has been confirmed. No single explanation, however, can be given for the differences in the reduction in neurone numbers found in the present and previous studies. Furthermore, it is concluded that neither the previous nor the present studies afford evidence that the antiserum directly causes neuronal death.     

颞下颌关节韧带的断层影像解剖研究

目的：通过cT和MRI扫描,明确颞下颌关节韧带的形态、结构及其断层影像解剖特点。方法：选取60名健康志愿者分别行颞下颌关节CT、磁共振检查,观察颞下颌关节韧带的断层影像解剖特点。结果：颞下颌关节在cT图像中显示韧带呈等密度影,而钙化的韧带呈高密度影;在磁共振T1WI和T2WI图像中,翼下颌韧带、蝶下颌韧带、茎突下颌韧带、颞下颌韧带、下颌锤骨韧带（关节盘锤骨韧带）均显示为结构清晰的低信号影像,骨皮质在T1WI及T2WI图像中均显示为结构清晰的低信号影像,骨髓质均显示为结构清晰的高信号影像。结论：CT、磁共振成像可清楚地显示颞下颌关节韧带的断层影像解剖结构。     

Comparison of conventional MRI and 3D reconstruction model for evaluation of temporomandibular joint

The aim of this work was to define the diagnostic value of a method for 3D reconstruction of MRI images for the assessment of temporomandibular joint. Sixty subjects, 42 diagnosed with unilateral temporomandibular disorders (TMD) with disc displacement and 18 without signs or symptoms of TMD (control group) were included. All subjects had both temporomandibular joints scanned by MRI. Three-dimensional imaging reconstructions of temporomandibular joint were generated by segmentation software, allowing visualization of the components of temporomandibular joint (articular disc, condyle and temporal bone) on arbitrary planes. Disc displacement was observed in 83% of 3D reconstruction and 81% of conventional MRI. The agreement between 3D diagnosis and MRI findings was significant and high. The present analysis suggested that 3D reconstruction is a useful and accurate method for the assessment of the temporomandibular joint in TMD ID.     

Peripheral estradiol induces temporomandibular joint antinociception in rats by activating the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling pathway

Recently, we have reported that high physiological estradiol level during the proestrus phase of the estrous cycle or systemic estradiol administration in ovariectomized rats decreases formalin-induced temporomandibular joint nociception. However, the mechanisms underlying the antinociceptive effect of estradiol are presently unknown. In this study, we used the temporomandibular joint formalin model in rats to investigate whether estradiol decreases nociception by a peripheral non-genomic mechanism, and if so, whether this mechanism is mediated by the activation of the nitric oxide–cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling pathway and of opioid receptors. The administration of estradiol into the ipsilateral, but not into the contralateral temporomandibular joint significantly reduced formalin-induced temporomandibular joint nociception in ovariectomized and diestrus but not in proestrus females. However, the administration of the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182780 into the ipsilateral, but not into the contralateral temporomandibular joint blocked the antinociceptive effect of serum estradiol in proestrus females, suggesting that the physiological effect of estradiol in nociception is mediated, at least in part, by a peripheral mechanism. The administration of estradiol into the ipisilateral temporomandibular joint did not affect formalin-induced nociception in male rats. The antinociceptive effect of temporomandibular joint estradiol administration in ovariectomized and diestrus females was mimicked by estradiol conjugated with bovine serum albumin, which does not diffuse through the plasma membrane, and was blocked by the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182780. The administration of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (nitro-l-arginine) or of a guanylate cyclase inhibitor (1H-(1,2,4)-oxadiasolo (4,2-a) quinoxalin-1-one) into the ipsilateral, but not into the contralateral temporomandibular joint blocked the antinociceptive effect of estradiol and of estradiol conjugated with bovine serum albumin, while the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone had no effect. These findings suggest that estradiol decreases temporomandibular joint nociception in female rats through a peripheral non-genomic activation of the nitric oxide–cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling pathway.     

Distribution of insulin-like growth factors in condylar hyperplasia

Condylar hyperplasia (CH) is a local overgrowth of the condylar process of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of unknown etiology. Probably, growth factors like the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are involved in its pathogenesis. Specimens from 12 patients were investigated histologically and immunohistochemically to obtain the distribution of the IGFs-I and -II and the IGF1 receptor. The results revealed juvenile and adult subtypes. While generally IGF-II could only be detected weakly, in the juvenile cases strong immunostaining for IGF-I in cartilage and bone supposes an influence on pathological growth processes.     

Discomallear and malleomandibular ligaments: anatomical study and clinical applications

Phylogenesis, ontogenesis and anatomy show the existence of two discomallear and malleomandibular ligaments, arising from the first branchial arch and uniting the middle ear with the temporomandibular joint and to the mandible. The intra-articular discomallear ligament is the involuted tendon of the lateral pterygoid muscle on the primitive quadrato-articular joint. The malleomandibular ligament is the fibrous remnant of Meckel's cartilage. In the physiology of the temporomandibular joint, the discomallear ligament alone limits the anterior movement of the disc. Its stretching accompanies disco-condylar disunity, hyperlaxity and temporomandibular dislocation. The malleomandibular ligament, wrongly limited to its sphenomandibular part in classic anatomy, has no physiological role. However, it can be responsible for the dislocation of the ear ossicle chain after disarticulation or temporomandibular trauma. These two ligaments do not play any role in otological manifestations in dysfunction of the manducatory apparatus.