套扎环、组织胶及硬化剂治疗食管胃底静脉曲张的方案选择及其效果

背景：目前经内镜硬化剂、经内镜套扎、组织胶栓塞治疗食管胃底静脉曲张的疗效已经获得公认,但各种方法的疗效存在差异。 目的：通过阐述套扎环、组织胶、硬化剂的材料学特征及其生物相容性,探讨食管胃底静脉曲张内镜下套扎、硬化及组织胶栓塞的治疗效果。 方法：采用电子检索的方式,在中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI：1989/2009)及Medline数据库(1989/2009)中检索有关套扎环、组织胶、硬化剂生物相容性及其治疗食管胃底静脉曲张的文献,以“食管胃底静脉曲张,套扎环,硬化剂,组织胶,治疗”及“cerebrovascular disease,stent,therapy”为检索词。排除重复研究、动物试验类基础研究或Meta分析类文章,筛选纳入17篇文献进行评价。 结果与结论：内镜下套扎与硬化治疗在控制急性出血和预防早期出血方面疗效确切,已经成为治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血破裂出血的金标准。临床常用硬化剂包括5%鱼肝油酸钠、1%乙氧硬化醇、5%油酸氨基乙酸等。目前应用的组织胶均属α-氰丙烯酸酯类胶,在微量阴离子存在的情况下,能产生瞬间聚合反应而固化。硬化剂治疗时拔针后血管穿刺点会有出血现象,注射组织胶后可见曲张静脉向注射部位两侧增粗、发白,拔针后组织胶会封堵穿刺点而无渗血,即刻控制曲张静脉急性出血。内镜下治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血近期疗效显著,但远期疗效仍然是研究的重点。     

经皮穿肝曲张静脉栓塞术联合部分脾栓塞术治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的临床应用

食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血是肝硬化门静脉高压常见的并发症,来势凶猛,出血量大,病死率高,静脉套扎及硬化剂治疗效果不满意,短期出血率较高。单纯经皮穿肝曲张静脉栓塞术（percutaneoustranshe—paticvaricealembolization,PTVE）急性止血效果好,但术后复发出血率高．远期疗效不理想。为此,笔者在既往PTVE基础上．联合部分脾栓塞术治疗胃底静脉曲张破裂出血,取得了良好的治疗效果,现报道如下。     

TH胶在经皮经肝穿刺食管胃底静脉曲张栓塞治疗中的应用

目的评价TH胶在经皮经肝穿刺食管胃底静脉曲张栓塞中的应用价值。方法肝硬化门静脉高压并食管胃底静脉曲张患者20例，其中男性14例，女性6例。年龄25-72岁，平均年龄52岁。静脉曲张程度轻度2例，中度12例．重度6例。肝功能Child-Pau小分级A级15例，B级5例。采用经皮经肝门静脉穿刺途径，用TH胶灌注填塞曲张静脉，在拔出导管鞘时用1．2mlTH胶填塞肝脏穿刺通道。结果20例患者食管胃底静脉曲张即时闭塞率100％（20／20）．肝脏穿刺通道填塞良好，未出现肝包膜严重出血。肝功能各项指标在术后3d-过性升高，术后1个月恢复正常。17例患者随访6-12个月，随访期间无食管胃底静脉破裂出血。无死亡病例。结论TH胶能即时闭塞食管胃底的曲张静脉．治疗和预防曲张静脉破裂出血．也能够即时填塞肝脏穿刺通道，防止肝包膜下出血．在门静脉高压并食管胃底静脉曲张的介入栓塞治疗中具有重要的应用价值。     

套扎术联合中药抗纤维化预防上消化道出血远期疗效观察

目的 通过观察食管、胃底曲张静脉套扎术联合抗纤维化中成药物去纤软肝胶囊预防曲张静脉破裂出血的远期效果,探索治疗食管、胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的有效方法.方法 将我院收治的肝硬化并发急性上消化道出血的150例患者分成3组,第一组口服心得安,第二组采用套扎术联合口服心得安,第三组采用套扎术联合心得安及去纤软肝胶囊,在不同时间段内观察再出血发生率.结果 第三组患者在出血停止后15天、1个月内,再出血发生率与前两组比较无明显差异,但在6个月和1年后,再出血发生率明显低于前两组.结论 套扎术联合口服心得安及去纤软肝胶囊能有效降低再出血发生率,值得临床推广.     

内镜下套扎术联合药物治疗食管静脉曲张出血的近期疗效观察

目的探讨内镜下食管静脉曲张套扎术联合药物治疗肝硬化上消化道出血的近期疗效。方法回顾性分析2007年3月至2009年12月143例肝硬化患者行食管静脉曲张套扎术治疗的资料。结果食管静脉曲张套扎术术后联合普奈洛尔、抑酸剂、生长抑素等药物治疗,明显降低早期再出血、食管溃疡、门脉高压性胃病等发生率;肝功能C级患者再出血率明显高于A级及B级患者;肝硬化有脾切除加断流术史者与无脾切除加断流术患者比较,食管静脉曲张复发率低。结论食管静脉曲张套扎术术后联合药物治疗可降低食管静脉曲张复发、食管静脉曲张出血早期再发率,减少食管溃疡、门脉高压性胃病发生率。食管静脉曲张套扎术是治疗食管静脉曲张出血安全有效的方法,疗效确切,提高了患者生存率。     

内镜下食管胃底静脉曲张套扎术的护理

总结了42例内镜下行食管胃底静脉曲张套扎术患者的护理经验,主要包括充分的术前准备,积极的术中配合,及术后对病情的密切观察、饮食管理、心理护理、用药观察、出院指导,认为内镜下食管胃底静脉曲张套扎术是治疗和预防食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的有效方法,通过全程良好的护理,可有效避免术后并发症的发生,减少大出血的发生.     

食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞加脾动脉栓塞法治疗急诊肝硬化上消化道大出血

目的探讨应用经皮经肝食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞(PTVE)联合经皮部分性脾动脉栓塞(PSE)治疗肝硬化门脉高压所致的急诊上消化道大出血的有效性和安全性。方法回顾性分析36例肝硬化门脉高压(不合并肿瘤者)所致的急诊上消化道大出血患者,均急诊行NBCA胶加弹簧圈栓塞食管胃底曲张静脉治疗,再于一周后行部分性脾动脉栓塞术,分析36例病例的近期疗效(6~18月)、并发症,评价该方法的有效性和安全性。结果36例病例均应用NBCA胶和弹簧圈栓塞食管胃底曲张静脉,术中术后未出现重大手术并发症,术后跟踪随访6~24月,有4例患者出现上消化道出血复发,其中1例患者复发出现在介入栓塞后的第二天,再次行栓塞治疗后好转,余3例患者复发的上消化道出血均不严重,经内科保守治疗后恢复。结论NBCA胶配合弹簧圈栓塞食管胃底曲张静脉治疗肝硬化门脉高压所致的上消化道出血是有效的安全性,加用部分性脾动脉栓塞术可降低门静脉压力,提高单纯性食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞的疗效。     

三腔二囊管压迫联合套扎对食道静脉曲张出血的治疗价值

目的评价三腔二囊管压迫联合静脉套扎与急诊套扎治疗食道静脉曲张破裂出血的价值,寻求治疗食道静脉曲张出血的优化方案.方法三腔二囊管压迫后行内镜下静脉套扎与急诊内镜下静脉套扎治疗食道静脉曲张出血64例,对这两种方法的疗效与并发症进行比较.结果三腔二囊管压迫联合静脉套扎组与急诊套扎组的并发症及远期治序效果无明显差异,但序贯治疗组2周内出血复发率为2.6%,明显低于急诊套扎组(19.2%)(p<0.05).结论三腔二囊管压迫联合静脉套扎能有效减少食道静脉曲张出血的近期复发出血率.     

三腔二囊管压迫联合套扎对食道静脉曲张出血的治疗价值

目的评价三腔二囊管压迫联合静脉套扎与急诊套扎治疗食道静脉曲张破裂出血的价值,寻求治疗食道静脉曲张出血的优化方案.方法三腔二囊管压迫后行内镜下静脉套扎与急诊内镜下静脉套扎治疗食道静脉曲张出血64例,对这两种方法的疗效与并发症进行比较.结果三腔二囊管压迫联合静脉套扎组与急诊套扎组的并发症及远期治序效果无明显差异,但序贯治疗组2周内出血复发率为2.6%, 明显低于急诊套扎组(19.2%)(p<0.05).结论三腔二囊管压迫联合静脉套扎能有效减少食道静脉曲张出血的近期复发出血率.     

晚期血吸虫病食管静脉曲张破裂不同出血量套扎术的治疗效果

目的探讨在不同出血量及肝功能状态下,食管曲张静脉套扎术（EVL）治疗食管曲张静脉破裂（EVB）出血的临床治疗效果。方法选择湘岳医院2005年1月至2010年12月收治的晚期血吸虫病并发EVB患者107例,在内科综合治疗基础上给予EVL。结果本组患者107例,肝功能Child分级与食管曲张静脉程度有等级相关关系,相关系数为0.728（P〈0.01）,与出血量呈正相关关系,相关系数为0.848（t=16.426,P〈0.01）。内科治疗＋套扎术治疗的有效率为97.87%,单纯内科治疗的有效率仅为12.15%,二者比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论肝功能损害越严重食管胃底静脉曲张程度就越大、出血量也越多。内科治疗＋套扎术治疗EVB的有效率明显优于单纯内科治疗。     

Long-term Outcomes of Endoscopic Variceal Ligation to Prevent Rebleeding in Children with Esophageal Varices

After an episode of acute bleeding from esophageal varices, patients are at a high risk for recurrent bleeding and death. However, there are few reports regarding the long-term results of secondary prophylaxis using endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) against variceal rebleeding in pediatrics. Thirty-seven, who were followed for over 3 yr post-eradication, were included in the study. The mean duration of follow up after esophageal variceal eradication was 6.4±1.9 yr. The mean time required to achieve the eradication of varices was 3.25 months. The mean number of sessions and O-bands needed to eradicate varices was 1.9±1.2 and 3.8±1.5, respectively. During the period before the first EVL treatment, 145 episodes of bleedings developed in 37 children. Over the 3 yr of follow-up after variceal eradication, only 4 episodes of rebleeding developed in 4 of 37 patients. The four rebleeding episodes consisted of an esophageal variceal bleed, a gastric variceal bleed, a duodenal ulcer bleed, and a bleed caused by hemorrhagic gastritis. There was no mortality during long-term follow up after variceal eradication. During long-term follow up after esophageal variceal eradication using solely EVL in children with esophageal variceal bleeds, rebleeding episodes and recurrence of esophageal varices were rare. EVL is a safe and highly effective method for the long-term prophylaxis of variceal rebleeding in children with portal hypertension.     

内镜下食管胃静脉曲张精准断流术疗效观察

目的:观察内镜下食管胃静脉曲张精准断流术（ESVD）的疗效。 方法:选取2017年1月至2017年8月钦州市第一人民医院收治的门脉高压食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血患者80例为研究对象,依照患者入院顺序将其分成两组,每组40例。对照组给予内镜下套扎术治疗,观察组在内镜下实施ESVD术,记录两组手术一般情况及食管胃静脉曲张改善情况,并对比两组治疗后6个月内再出血率及并发症发生率。 结果:两组患者手术一般情况比较无显著差异（P>0.05）;观察组治疗有效率为85.00%,高于对照组的55.00%（P<0.05）;术后3、6个月观察组再出血率5.00%、10.00%,明显低于对照组的30.00%、40.00%（P<0.05）;术后6个月与对照组相比,观察组患者并发症发生率偏低,但无显著差异（P>0.05）。 结论:对门脉高压食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血患者在内镜下实施ESVD术后近期疗效较好,可促进患者恢复,远期疗效有待进一步观察。     

Ectopic varices rupture in the gastroduodenal anastomosis successfully treated with N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate injection

The term "ectopic varices" is used to describe dilated portosystemic collateral veins in unusual locations other than the gastroesophageal region. We recently experienced a rare case of ectopic varices that developed in the gastroduodenal anastomosis after subtotal gastrectomy. A 70-year-old male with liver cirrhosis due to hepatitis C virus infection was admitted for hematemesis and tarry stool. He had received a subtotal gastrectomy with the Billroth-I method for gastric ulcer at 46 years of age. Although emergency endoscopy revealed esophageal and gastric fundal varices, there were no obvious bleeding points. After removal of the coagula, ectopic varices and a fibrin plug were observed on the gastroduodenal anastomosis. During the observation, blood began to spurt from the fibrin plug. N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate with lipiodol injection succeeded in hemostasis. Splenic angiography showed gastric varices feeding from a short gastric vein and the posterior gastric vein. The blood flow around the bleeding point, as indicated by lipiodol deposition, had decreased, and no feeding vein was observed. Endoscopic and angiographic findings are shown and the treatment for such lesions is discussed.     

内镜下金属钛夹联合立止血治疗上消化道出血的临床分析

目的探讨内镜下金属钛夹联合粘膜下注射和喷洒立止血治疗上消化道出血的临床效果。方法收集160例24 h内急诊内镜检查的非食管胃底静脉曲张破裂的上消化道出血病人,随机分为两组,每组各80例。内镜下单纯采用金属钛夹治疗者为对照组,内镜下金属钛夹联合粘膜下注射和喷洒立止血治疗者为治疗组。结果与内镜下单纯采用金属钛夹的治疗方法相比,内镜下采用金属钛夹联合粘膜下注射和喷洒立止血治疗非食管胃底静脉破裂的上消化道出血病例效果显著,两组的立即止血率、第二次止血率和止血成功率比较有统计学差异（P〈0.05）;而两组的止血无效率和外科手术率比较无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结论内镜下联合使用金属钛夹及粘膜下注射和喷洒立止血是治疗非食管胃底静脉曲张破裂引起的上消化道出血的一种有效措施,其安全可靠、并发症少、操作简易、止血效果确切,值得临床推广与运用。     

食管静脉出血套扎联合生长抑素防止再出血的观察

目的观察食管静脉曲张破裂出血行食管静脉曲张套扎术（EVL）后联合使用生长抑素对预防近期再出血的有效性。方法总结2001年10月至2010年10月因静脉曲张破裂引起上消化道大出血的病例174例,予内镜套扎治疗后,将使用生长抑素治疗病例设为观察组（68例）,未使用生长抑素治疗病例设为对照组（106例）,比较两组近期再出血的发生率。结果 174例食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者经内镜下套扎治疗后,观察组近期再出血率为22.06%,高于对照组近期再出血率（7.55%）,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论 EVL预防再出血疗效较好,EVL联合使用生长抑素对预防近期再出血无优势,且生长抑素增加患者的医疗费用,对轻症病例不推荐使用。     

Evaluation of esophageal varices by multidetector-row CT: correlation with endoscopic 'red color sign'

To evaluate the ability of multidetector-row CT (MDCT) to predict a risk of hemorrhage in patients with esophageal varices, a total of 40 MDCT scans were performed in 29 patients who had been diagnosed with esophageal varices by conventional upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy. In 11 patients, MDCT was performed both before and after endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS). Endoscopically, the red color sign (RC sign) was present in 28 scans. Of the 11 patients who underwent EIS, the RC sign disappeared after EIS in 9. The MDCT scans were obtained in the arterial, portal, and equilibrial phases, and the portal phase images were used in this study. Subsequently, the extent of esophageal varices was categorized into four MDCT scores. The variceal score, the maximum short axis of the varices, and the presence of palisade vein dilatation obtained from MDCT had significant correlation with endoscopic variceal forms, and the presence and severity of RC sign, respectively (p<0.01). All cases with a maximum minor axis of more than 4 mm showed positive RC sign. MDCT was useful in the evaluation of esophageal varices for predicting a risk of hemorrhage.     

Radiological score for hemorrhage in the patients with portal hypertension

Goal: To analyze the risk factors from radiological indices for hemorrhage in the patients with portal hypertension and weight risk factors. Method: We retrospectively analyzed all cases of portal hypertension with hepatitis B from June 2008 to June 2014 in Nanjing Drum Tower hospital. Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, portal vein thrombosis, or portal hypertension with other causes, such as autoimmune hepatitis, pancreatitis, or hematological diseases were excluded. Results: Ninety-eight patients were recruited and divided into hemorrhage and non-hemorrhage groups. There were no statistical differences in clinical indexes such as age, prothrombin time, serum albumin, serum creatinine, serum sodium, hemameba, and blood platelet count. However, the differences were statistically significant in total bilirubin, hemoglobin, and liver function with the p values of 0.023, 0.000, and 0.039 respectively. For radiological indices, hemorrhage was correlated with diameter of inferior mesenteric vein (P=0.0528), posterior gastric vein (P=0.0283), and esophageal varices scores (P=0.0221). Logistic procedure was used to construct the model with stepwise selection and finally inferior mesenteric vein, posterior gastric vein, esophageal varices, and short gastric vein were enrolled into the model. These veins were scored according to the diameters and the rates of hemorrhage were increased with the score. We then validated the model with 26 patents from July 2014 to December 2014. The AUC value was 0.8849 in ROC curves for this radiological model. Conclusions: A risk model was constructed including inferior mesenteric vein, esophageal varices, posterior gastric vein, and short gastric vein. This radiological scoring model may be a valuable indicator for hemorrhage of portal hypertension.     

Clinical features and treatment outcomes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis

With recent progress in treatment modalities, mortality from upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding has decreased appreciably. The aim of this study was to establish how UGI bleeds are managed in Korean patients with cirrhosis and to evaluate treatment outcomes. A total of 479 episodes of acute UGI bleeding in 464 patients with cirrhosis were included during a six-month period at nine tertiary medical centers. Treatment outcomes were assessed by failure to control bleeding, rebleeding and mortality. The source of bleeding was esophagogastric varices in 77.7% of patients, nonvariceal lesions in 15.9%, and undefined in 6.5%. For control of bleeding, endoscopic and pharmacologic treatments were used in 74.7% and 81.9% of patients, respectively. Variceal ligation was a major technique for endoscopic treatment (90%), and terlipressin and somatostatin were the main pharmacologic agents used (96.4%). Initial hemostasis was achieved in 86.8% of cases, but rebleeding occurred in 3.8% and 16.8% of cases within five days and six weeks of hemorrhage, respectively. Five-day and six-week mortality were 11.3% and 25.9%, respectively. Survival of patients with variceal bleeding seems to be remarkably improved than previous reports, which may suggest the advances in hemostatic methods for control of variceal hemorrhage.