以关节不稳建立的大鼠骨关节炎模型

背景：骨性关节炎是一种复杂的多病因退变性关节疾病。早期进行骨性关节炎的防治尤其重要。但获取足量的适合研究的早期骨性关节炎的人类骨标本十分困难。 目的：观察关节不稳方法建立骨关节炎模型大鼠的关节软骨组织学变化。 方法：10周龄雄性SD大鼠随机分为2组：实验组切除右膝内侧半月板及内侧副韧带,对照组仅切开关节囊。于术后1,2,4,6,8周取右膝关节标本,行病理组织学检查分析大鼠骨关节炎病程的变化情况。 结果与结论：①术后2,4,6,8周,实验组关节软骨退变程度呈现轻度糜烂、溃疡磨损、严重磨损、骨赘形成等病理变化。②术后1,2,4,6,8周,实验组关节软骨评分均明显高于对照组(P < 0.05)。结果显示该实验采用内侧副韧带切断+内侧半月板切除方法成功建立了大鼠膝关节骨关节炎模型,且造模后4周内的病理、形态学改变类似于人类早期膝关节骨关节炎表现,是研究早期骨关节炎的理想模型。     

胶原诱导性关节炎模型大鼠炎性细胞因子表达及白喉乌头的影响

背景：目前治疗类风湿关节炎主要的药物有慢作用抗风湿药、生物制剂及植物药物,植物药因价格便宜、不良反应小而越来越受到瞩目。 目的：观察胶原诱导性关节炎模型大鼠滑膜中肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β表达及白喉乌头对其表达的影响。 方法：将45只大鼠随机分为正常对照组8只、造模组37只,造模组于大鼠足跖及尾根部多点皮内注射牛Ⅱ型胶原乳剂建立胶原诱导性关节炎大鼠模型。造模成功后,随机选取24只造模成功大鼠进行后续实验,将其随机分为模型组、雷公藤组和白喉乌头组,每组各8只,每周对3个造模后干预组和正常对照组共4组大鼠进行关节炎评分。经过灌胃给药治疗4周后,通过免疫组织化学染色检测肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β在滑膜中的表达。 结果与结论：与模型组比较,治疗后白喉乌头组、雷公藤组关节炎评分明显降低(P < 0.05)。肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β在模型组滑膜中表达明显高于正常对照组(P < 0.05),在白喉乌头组、雷公藤组中表达低于模型组(P < 0.05)。结果证实,白喉乌头治疗类风湿关节炎的机制可能与其抑制肿瘤坏死因子α和白细胞介素1β表达有关。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程全文链接：     

实验性根尖周炎模型大鼠核因子?B的表达

BACKGROUND:mRNA expression level of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-?B) in periapical periodontitis has been shown to be significantly higher than that in normal periapical tissue. OBJECTIVE:To observe the expression of NF-?B in rats with periapical periodontitis. METHODS:Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 6 weeks were enrolled to establish apical periodontitis model at the right mandibular first motar (experimental group), and the left mandibular first motar as normal control group. Five rats were randomly selected at postoperative 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks to make frozen sections of the mandibular tissue. The morphology of the periapical tissue was observed through hematoxylin-eosin staining, and the expression level and distribution of NF-?B were detected by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that the apical periodontal tissue of the mandibular first molar at the right side had local inflammatory response and spread to peripheral tissues; while there was no pathological changes in the control group. (2) Immunohistochemistry results revealed that NF-?B expression increased from the 1st week to 2nd week after surgery, and then went down at the 3rd week and reached the lowest point at the 4th week; moreover, the expression level at each time exhibited significant differences (P < 0.05). The amount of NF-?B-positive cells in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). (3) These findings suggest that the expression level of NF-?B holds close correlation with the process of periapical periodontitis indicating that NF-?B may participate in the inflammatory reaction of periapical periodontitis.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程     

类风湿关节炎模型大鼠滑膜组织中证实有髓样细胞诱发受体2的表达

背景：髓样细胞诱发受体2在类风湿关节炎活动期患者滑膜组织呈高表达,但其在类风湿关节炎发病机制中发挥的作用,目前并不清楚。 目的：观察髓样细胞诱发受体2在牛源性Ⅱ型胶原诱导的关节炎大鼠模型滑膜组织中的表达。 方法：制备胶原诱导关节炎模型大鼠,动态观察大鼠各项关节炎的活动指标和滑膜组织的病理学改变,RT-PCR法检测滑膜组织中髓样细胞诱发受体2、肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素10 mRNA的表达,Western blot及免疫组织化学法分别检测关节滑膜组织中髓样细胞诱发受体2的蛋白表达及定位。 结果与结论：模型组大鼠免疫13 d后出现足爪红肿,关节炎指数评分逐渐升高(P < 0.01),炎症高峰期在19-25 d,苏木精-伊红染色可见诱导性关节炎大鼠滑膜组织增生及炎性细胞浸润、软骨骨质破坏。与对照组相比,模型组大鼠关节滑膜髓样细胞诱发受体2的mRNA和蛋白的表达、肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β mRNA表达均明显升高(P < 0.05或P < 0.01),白细胞介素10 mRNA表达显著降低(P < 0.05)。结果证实,髓样细胞诱发受体2可能是类风湿关节炎模型大鼠发病过程中一个重要的炎症调节递质,其反应性升高在类风湿关节炎模型大鼠发病中发挥着重要作用。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程全文链接：     

股骨头坏死模型动物血清降钙素基因相关肽水平的变化

背景：降钙素基因相关肽是肽能神经分泌的一种神经肽,具有多种重要的生理功能,在骨组织的正常代谢、骨缺损的修复及重建过程中起着重要的作用。 目的：观察股骨头坏死模型动物血清降钙素基因相关肽水平的变化。 方法：选用新西兰大白兔45只,随机分为3组,分别为激素建模组,液氮建模组,正常对照组,并于造模后第4,6,8,9,10周测定血清降钙素基因相关肽水平,于造模后第9,10周进行病理学检测。 结果与结论：激素造模组、液氮造模组在实验8周后病理检测出现明确的骨坏死区且血清降钙素基因相关肽水平明显高于正常对照组,表明股骨头坏死可能与血清降钙素基因相关肽水平的变化具有高度相关性。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程全文链接：     

构建颈动脉损伤模型大鼠早期生长反应因子1及组织因子的表达

背景：脱氧核酶ED5可通过特异性抑制早期生长反应因子1的表达来阻遏下游靶基因的表达。 目的：构建颈动脉损伤模型大鼠,观察早期生长反应因子1的脱氧核酶ED5对大鼠颈动脉损伤后血浆组织因子水平的影响及防治血管内膜增生的机制。 方法：实验采用左颈总动脉内膜剥脱构建颈动脉球囊损伤模型大鼠,分别将ED5,MgCl2和FuGene6注入大鼠损伤的血管节段内。 结果与结论：病理学检查、免疫荧光染色、免疫组织化学染色、ELISA检测结果显示,建模后3,7,14,21 d,与MgCl2组和FuGene6组相比,经损伤动脉局部转染ED5后的大鼠血管组织早期生长反应因子1的表达和血浆组织因子的表达水平明显减少(P < 0.01),且建模后7,14,21 d内膜增生程度明显减轻(P < 0.01)。结果证实,早期生长反应因子1特异脱氧核酶ED5可能通过抑制组织因子的表达,从而抑制损伤颈动脉内膜的增生。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程     

大鼠脑缺血模型中基质金属蛋白酶2/9活化增加及紧密连接蛋白逐渐降解

背景：在脑卒中后急性期脑损伤过程中,基质金属蛋白酶破坏血管基膜的完整性,促进中性粒细胞和炎性因子的迁移,引起继发性脑损伤。 目的：观察大鼠局部脑缺血模型中不同缺血时间下基质金属蛋白酶2/9活性及紧密连接蛋白的降解规律。 方法：将39只雄性SD大鼠随机均分为3组,采用改良线栓法建立大脑中动脉缺血(脑卒中)模型,即分离颈外动脉,采用经颈外动脉插入线栓进入颈内动脉最终到达大脑中动脉的方法,3组缺血时间分别为3,5,7 h,再灌注后2 h,测试各组Zea-Longa和Ludmila Belayev神经功能学评分,脑组织梗死面积、基质金属蛋白酶2/9活性及紧密连接蛋白5的降解。 结果与结论：随着缺血时间的延长,脑梗死面积逐渐增大,组间两两比较差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05);随着缺血时间的延长,中枢神经系统损伤逐渐加重,组间两两比较差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05);随着缺血时间的延长,基质金属蛋白酶2/9的活性逐渐增强,组间两两比较差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05);随着缺血时间的延长,紧密连接蛋白5的表达逐渐减少。说明长时间缺血后,脑组织的进行性损伤引起基质金属蛋白酶2/9活化的逐渐增加及紧密连接蛋白5的逐渐降解。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程     

构建双基因共表达腺病毒载体转染关节炎模型大鼠的意义

背景：淋巴细胞异常激活以及核因子κB依赖非特异性的炎症反应是类风湿关节炎关节组织炎症损害的两个重要方面。共刺激信号CD40/CD40L是T细胞识别、活化中最重要的共刺激分子。IκBα有效的抑制核因子κB的途径,可以在中心环节上抑制炎症反应的产生,抑制炎症因子滑膜组织的损害。 目的：采用CD40LIg-IRES2-IκBα双基因表达的腺病毒载体转染到关节炎动物模型,探索双基因共表达腺病毒载体转染对免疫性关节炎的治疗效果。 方法：构建pAdCD40LIg-IRES2-IκBα双基因共表达腺病毒载体。采用含1 g/L Ⅱ型胶原蛋的完全弗氏佐剂皮下多点注射构建关节炎Wistar大鼠模型。将20只构建成功的关节炎大鼠模型分为未处理组和转染组,分别给予2组大鼠四肢末端关节腔注射生理盐水和pAdCD40LIg-IRES2-IκBα腺病毒载体。 结果与结论：转染14 d后,与未处理组相比,转染组大鼠关节炎评分、关节液中淋巴细胞CD40L表达水平、关节滑膜组织中核因子κB p65表达水平、关节液内白细胞介素2、白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α、间质金属蛋白酶3和间质金属蛋白酶9的水平降低。提示共表达CD40LIg和IκBα腺病毒载体局部转染可有效抑制关节炎大鼠关节炎症状,降低关节腔内炎性细胞因子及炎性分子在滑膜组织中的表达,取得良好的治疗效果。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程全文链接：     

1型糖尿病模型大鼠股骨骨代谢紊乱及唑来膦酸的影响

背景：糖尿病引起的骨质疏松作为常见的继发性骨质疏松,近年来越来越受到重视;唑来膦酸作为新型治疗骨质疏松的药物,其对体内成骨细胞的作用尚未完全清楚。目的：观察1型糖尿病大鼠股骨干骺端骨形态发生蛋白2与Noggin的表达变化,以及唑来膦酸的干预作用。方法：随机取130只Wistar大鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素建立1型糖尿病模型,3 d后连续3次血糖> 16.7 mmol/L鼠为造模成功鼠,共120只,随机等分为模型组、预防组和治疗组。后2组大鼠分别在造模后当天和2周后一次性静脉给予唑来膦酸(0.1 mg/kg)。另取40只大鼠注射柠檬酸缓冲液作为对照组。结果与结论：与对照组相比,模型组大鼠股骨骨密度、血清碱性磷酸酶水平、股骨骨形态发生蛋白2 mRNA表达水平明显降低(P < 0.05),Noggin mRNA表达水平显著升高(P < 0.05)。与模型组相比,预防组和治疗组大鼠骨密度和骨形态发生蛋白2 mRNA表达水平显著升高(P < 0.05),Noggin mRNA表达水平显著降低(P < 0.05),血清骨碱性磷酸酶水平也逐渐恢复。提示1型糖尿病大鼠骨代谢紊乱在病程早期即出现,而应用唑来膦酸可以促进骨形成,增加骨密度,改善骨代谢。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程     

利塞膦酸钠干预骨质疏松模型大鼠髁突软骨Bcl-2、Bax及Caspase3的表达

BACKGROUND:Bisphosphonates are a kind of traditional antiresorptive drugs, which may influence the growth and development of cartilage tissue. In recent years, there are many data describing how bisphosphonates affect joint cartilage of long bone, but their effects on condylar cartilage remain unclear. OBJECTIVE:To clarify the effects of the third-generation bisphosphonate risedonate on the expression of Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic), Bax (pro-apoptotic) and caspase-3 in the condylar cartilage of osteoporosis rats. METHODS:Thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups. In the sham operation group, ovary was exposed but not resected. The model group received a bilateral ovariectomy to establish the models of osteoporosis, and then received saline solution treatment (2.4 μg/kg) subcutaneously every 3 days, once a day, from 3 days pre-surgery. The treatment group received a bilateral ovariectomy to establish the models of osteoporosis, and then received risedronate treatment (2.4 μg/kg) subcutaneously every 3 days from 3 days pre-surgery. Three months after the operation, the condylar cartilages of all animals were harvested. Apoptosis, the expression of Bcl-2, BAX and Caspase3 were observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) The number of apoptotic cells in rat condylar cartilage and subcondylar region: the sham operation group < the treatment group < the model group (all P < 0.05). (2) Expression of Bcl-2: The trend of the model group was lower than that in the sham operation group, although there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups; Bcl-2 expression in the treatment group was statistically higher compared to the model group (P < 0.05). (3) Expression of Bax and Caspase-3: The expression levels of Bax and Caspase-3 were higher in the model group than in the sham operation group (all P < 0.05), while Bax and Caspase-3 expression was lower in the treatment group than that in the model group (all P < 0.05). The results suggested that bisphophonates can regulate apoptosis in condylar cartilage from osteoporosis rats by changing the expression of Bcl-2, Bax and Caspase-3.     

保留残端与不保留残端重建前交叉韧带腱骨愈合情况比较

BACKGROUND: Reconstruction with remnant preservation can enhance tendon-bone healing. However, the study limits on the histological level, and there is a lack of research based on the modular biological level. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with remnant preservation can enhance tendon-bone healing. METHODS:Seventy-two New Zealand rabbits were randomly allocated to three groups (n=24 per group), followed by cruciate ligament reconstruction without remnant (group A), with remnant preservation (femoral tensioning and augmented suture) (group B) and with remnant preservation (graft passing remnant anterior cruciate ligament sheath) (group C), respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that the tendon-bone healing in the groups B and C surpassed that in the group A, and group B was better than group C. Real-time PCR revealed that the expression level of osteoprotegrin mRNA and the osteoprotegrin/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) ratio were greater in the groups B and C than in the group A, and highest in the group C, while the expression levels of RANKL mRNA in the groups B and C were lower than that in the group A. In conclusion, these two kinds of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction methods with remnant preservation can enhance tendon-bone healing, which have obtained most obvious achievements in the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the graft passing anterior cruciate ligament remnant sheath that may be related to the up-regulation of osteoprotegrin mRNA and down-regulation of RANKL mRNA. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

前交叉韧带断裂和重建的临床流行病学分析

BACKGROUND: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is the primary treatment method for ACL rupture. Currently, studies on ACL reconstruction involve histology and embryology, anatomical structure, biomechanics, reconstruction materials, operating technology, and rehabilitation after reconstruction. However, clinical epidemiological studies describing ACL rupture and reconstruction remain scarce. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical epidemiological characteristics of ACL rupture and reconstruction to provide guidance for prevention and treatment of ACL rupture. METHODS: Data of 352 patients for age, gender, cause and mechanism of injury, treatment time, and the impact of ACL rupture on menisci and articular cartilage were gathered. Meanwhile, the events during surgery, operation methods and reconstruction materials were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: ACL rupture mostly occurred in young men, and happened more often to the left knee; male patients got hurt in basketball, football and accidental injuries, while female patients got hurt in the accidental injuries, badminton and skiing injuries, internal rotation with valgus stress accounted for the predominant injury mechanism. The ACL reconstruction was mostly performed within 1-3 months after ACL rupture, often accompanied by meniscal and articular cartilage damage. Lateral meniscus injury incidence was relatively stable, medial meniscus injury incidence increased significantly over the half year after ACL rupture. Most articular cartilage injury occurred to patellar cartilage. A significant increase in medial condylar cartilage damage over 1 year after ACL rupture was often observed. Anatomic single-bundle ACL reconstruction was the primary surgical approach, the resident ridge and the lateral bifurcate ridge could be used to position bone tunnel and autogenous semitendinosus and gracilis tendon were the most commonly used reconstruction materials. Our results indicate that anatomic ACL reconstruction should be performed as early as possible in restore knee joint stability and prevent secondary injury of the medial meniscus and cartilage of medial femoral condyle. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

可吸收挤压螺钉关节镜下置入固定自体腘绳肌重建前交叉韧带

BACKGROUND: Arthroscopic reconstruction is a common method in the treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injury, in which tendon fixation is an important part. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effect of absorbable screw fixation with autologous hamstring for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction under arthroscopy. METHODS: Totally 47 cases of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were included, containing 27 male patients and 20 female patients, aged from 18-48 years old, and all patients underwent the absorbable screw fixation with autologous hamstring implantation. After12-month follow-up, patients underwent Lysholm, Tegner, and IKDC scoring before treatment and after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively. Additionally, anterioposterior lateral X-ray and MRI reexamination were performed, and adverse reactions were recorded at 12 months after treatment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Postoperative knee instability symptoms such as “weak legs” walking gait recovered to normal levels, and the wound all reached the primary healing. Moreover, the Lysholm, Tegner and IKDC scores at 3, 6 and 12 months after treatment were significantly higher than those before treatment (P < 0.05). There were no incision infection, nerve injury, deep vein thrombosis and other adverse events except hemarthrosis of the knee joint in one case. After 12 months of treatment, the imaging examinations showed that there was no enlargement of the bone tunnel, and no significant change in the joint space. In conclusion, the absorbable screw fixation with autologous hamstring for the reconstruction of anterior cross ligament has good fixing effect and little trauma, and significantly improves the extremity function of patients.      

Transphyseal reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament using hamstring autograft in skeletally immature adolescents

Eleven skeletally immature adolescents underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a transphyseal tibial and femoral tunnel. An autologous quadrupled hamstring tendon was used in all cases and the average follow-up was 77.7 months. Clinical results were evaluated using Lysholm knee scores and a return to pre-injury sports activities. Radiological results were evaluated using side-to-side differences of instrumented laxities and growth disturbances compared with the uninjured side on final follow-up orthoroentgenograms. The mean Lysholm score was 97.8 (range 94-100) and mean side-to-side laxity difference was 2.4 mm (range 1-4). Ten of 11 patients returned to pre-injury sports activity. No patient had a leg length discrepancy of over 1 cm or a significant abnormal angular deformity of the knee joint. Therefore, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the transphyseal tunnel and hamstring autograft in skeletally immature adolescents is believed to be a reliable treatment method, which is not associated with significant leg length discrepancy or abnormal angular deformity of the knee joint.     

前交叉韧带重建股骨隧道悬吊固定方式对骨道及移植物变化的近期影响

BACKGROUND: Femoral tunnel suspensory fixation device for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has a certain clinical comparison. However, there are a few fixture researches on the expansion of bone tunnel and graft changes.     

膝前交叉韧带损伤后垂直起跳能力评价：运动力学指标的有效性

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of vertical jumping ability is usually only limited to height measurements. The measurements of parameters that describe kinetic factors may provide a better assessment of a patient’s jumping ability. OBJECTIVE:To determine the deficit in one-legged vertical jumping ability and to clarify the relationships between the maximum jumping height and the maximum power, force and velocity during one-legged vertical jumps after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. METHODS: Twenty-five healthy subjects (10 males and 15 females) and 25 anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed patients (10 males and 15 females) participated in this study. The isokinetic quadriceps femoris strength and one-legged vertical jumping ability were evaluated by the height, power, force and velocity in all subjects. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) The maximum height of the one-legged vertical jumps was only significantly correlated with the maximum force in the healthy subjects (P < 0.05). (2) However, for the reconstructed and unreconstructed legs in anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed patients, the maximum jumping height was significantly correlated with the maximum power, force and velocity during one-legged vertical jumps (P < 0.05). (3) These findings suggest the importance of a knee strategy during one-legged vertical jumps for rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Assessment of the jumping ability after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction may be determined by the maximum power instead of the maximum jumping height. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

同种异体肌腱重建膝关节前交叉韧带：效果及免疫排斥反应

BACKGROUND: Problems can occur at the donor site where the autologous tendon graft is taken. Allogenic tissue has become an important graft option for the reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament.     

Immunohistochemical analysis of the neural structures of the posterior cruciate ligament in osteoarthritis patients submitted to total knee arthroplasty: an analysis of thirty-four cases

OBJECTIVES:

Many authors recommend posterior cruciate ligament-retaining arthroplasty with the intention to maintain the proprioception properties of this ligament. Preservation of the neuroreceptors and nervous fibers may be essential for retaining the proprioception function of the posterior cruciate ligament. The present study was thus developed to evaluate the presence of neural structures in the posterior cruciate ligament resected during posterior stabilized arthroplasty in osteoarthritis patients. In particular, clinical, radiographic and histological parameters were correlated with the presence or absence of neural structures in the posterior cruciate ligament.

METHODS:

In total, 34 posterior cruciate ligament specimens were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Gomori trichrome. An immunohistochemical analysis using antibodies against the S100 protein and neurofilaments was also performed. The presence of neural structures was correlated with parameters such as tibiofemoral angulation, histological degeneration of the posterior cruciate ligament, Ahlbäck radiological classification, age, gender and the histologic pattern of the synovial neurovascular bundle around the posterior cruciate ligament.

RESULTS:

In total, 67.5% of the cases presented neural structures in the posterior cruciate ligament. In 65% of the cases, the neurovascular bundle was degenerated. Nervous structures were more commonly detected in varus knees than in valgus knees (77% versus 50%). Additionally, severe histologic degeneration of the posterior cruciate ligament was related to neurovascular bundle degeneration.

CONCLUSIONS:

Severe posterior cruciate ligament degeneration was related to neurovascular bundle compromise. Neural structures were more commonly detected in varus knees. Intrinsic neural structures were detected in the majority of the posterior cruciate ligaments of patients submitted to knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis.     

Proprioceptive deficits of the lower limb following anterior cruciate ligament deficiency affect whole body steering control

The role of lower limb proprioception in the steering control of locomotion is still unclear. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether steering control is altered in individuals with reduced lower limb proprioception. Anterior cruciate ligament deficiency (ACLD) results in a decrease in proprioceptive information from the injured knee joint (Barrack et al. 1989). Therefore the whole body kinematics were recorded for eight unilateral ACLD individuals and eight CONTROL individuals during the descent of a 20° incline ramp followed by either a redirection using a side or cross cutting maneuver or a continuation straight ahead. Onset of head and trunk yaw, mediolateral displacement of a weighted center of mass (COM_HT) and mediolateral displacement of the swing foot were analyzed to evaluate differences in the steering control. Timing analyses revealed that ACLD individuals delayed the reorientation of body segments compared to CONTROL individuals. In addition, ACLD did not use a typical steering synergy where the head leads whole body reorientation; rather ACLD individuals reoriented the head, trunk and COM_HT in the new direction at the same time. These results suggest that when lower limb proprioceptive information is reduced, the central nervous system (CNS) may delay whole body reorientation to the new travel direction, perhaps in order to integrate existing sensory information (vision, vestibular and proprioception) with the reduced information from the injured knee joint. This control strategy is maintained when visual information is present or reduced in a low light environment. Additionally, the CNS may move the head and trunk segments as, effectively, one segment to decrease the number of degrees of freedom that must be controlled and increase whole body stability during the turning task.     

富血小板血浆与透明质酸钠修复兔膝骨关节炎

 背景：研究表明,透明质酸钠可抑制膝骨关节炎对软骨的破坏,加速软骨细胞的再生,达到稳定和修复关节软骨的目的。目的：观察富血小板血浆与透明质酸钠治疗兔膝骨关节炎的疗效。方法：将40只新西兰大白兔随机均分为5组,联合组、玻璃酸钠组、富血小板血浆组与模型组制作右侧膝骨关节炎模型,造模后分别向膝关节腔内注射透明质酸钠联合自体富血小板血浆、玻璃酸钠、自体富血小板血浆与生理盐水进行治疗,1次/周,连续5周;对照组不做任何处理,为正常对照。治疗完成1周后,ELISA法检测血液中白细胞介素1、白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α水平,光镜下观察关节软骨的变化。结果与结论：与对照组比较,其余4组白细胞介素1、白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α水平均升高(P < 0.01);联合组、透明质酸钠组、富血小板血浆组白细胞介素1、白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α水平均低于模型组(P < 0.01或P < 0.05),且以联合组下降最显著。模型组关节软骨破坏明显,联合组、透明质酸钠组、富血小板血浆组关节软骨破坏程度轻于模型组,且以联合组破坏程度最轻。表明透明质酸钠配合自体富血小板血浆关节内注射可降低膝骨关节炎的炎症反应,保护关节软骨,效果优于单一药物注射。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程