局灶性脑梗死出血转化模型中基质金属蛋白酶9的表达

背景：理论上来说,出血性转化可发生于任何脑梗死患者,可见于脑梗死自然演变病程的任何阶段。因此进一步从缺血时间和再灌注角度进行梗死后出血转化发病机制研究可以为临床预防和治疗梗死后出血转化提供理论依据。 目的：观察持续性脑梗死与脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑组织基质金属蛋白酶9的表达。 方法：将健康雄性成年Wistar大鼠随机分为3组：即假手术组、缺血再灌注组、持续脑梗死组。采用线栓法制成大脑中动脉闭塞模型,缺血再灌注组在相应缺血时间点(4.5,6,12,24,48 h)将线栓拔出再灌注24 h,假手术组手术过程同缺血再灌注组,但未置入栓线。持续脑梗死组制成大脑中动脉闭塞模型,但中间不取出栓线。分别于术后2 h进行模型成功评价,并于术后相应时间点进行神经功能障碍评分;TTC染色观察脑组织发生出血转化情况;用免疫组化方法测定基质金属蛋白酶9的表达。 结果与结论：脑梗死后4.5 h内血流再通神经功能评分明显提高,6 h以后尤其12 h以后血流再通将加重神经功能缺损;在缺血再灌注组内随着缺血时间的延长神经功能评分逐渐降低,缺血48 h降至最低。脑组织TTC染色可见缺血12,24,48 h再灌注大鼠均有不同程度的出血转化发生。基质金属蛋白酶9以负性因素参与再灌注损伤和出血性转化,加重缺血再灌注损伤以及促进出血性转化发病。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程      

尾静脉移植羊膜间充质干细胞治疗大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤

背景：羊膜间充质干细胞是一种理想的再生医学领域的种子细胞来源。 目的：探讨尾静脉移植羊膜间充质干细胞对脑缺血损伤的作用。 方法：线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉梗死模型,缺血2 h后进行再灌注。造模后24 h通过尾静脉移植1.0×105个人羊膜间充质干细胞,于造模后2,4周完成神经功能评分后取材。以未移植的模型大鼠为对照。 结果与结论：脑损伤后,大鼠出现神经功能评分明显增高,羊膜间充质干细胞移植1周,大鼠的神经功能评分显著降低(P < 0.05),移植2,4周时,神经功能进一步改善。免疫荧光染色显示,移植羊膜间充质干细胞的大鼠脑组织中可见较多发绿色荧光的BrdU阳性细胞,主要位于缺血区周围、皮质下和侧脑室。说明尾静脉移植羊膜间充质干细胞可迁移至大鼠脑缺血区,改善大鼠的神经功能。     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植脑梗死模型后的CT、MRI特征分析

背景：研究表明骨髓间充质干细胞可通过多种途径发挥促进脑组织功能恢复的作用。 目的：分析骨髓间充质干细胞移植脑梗死模型大鼠的CT、MRI特征。 方法：将40只脑梗死模型大鼠随机分为2组,梗死组通过尾静脉注射1 mL PBS、移植组通过尾静脉注射1 mL细胞浓度为2.0×109 L-1的细胞悬液。于移植后1,2,3周进行神经功能缺损评分(mNSS),评价神经功能恢复情况;于移植后的6 h,1,3,5,7 d对各组大鼠行CT及MRI扫描,观察脑梗死区TIWI、T2WI、FLAIR、DWI序列的信号改变特征,梗死体积大小。测量脑梗死区域T1WI、T2WI、FLAIR、DWI序列的信号强度比(SIR)及其相对变化率(?SIR),并与正常对侧相应解剖区域进行比较。 结果与结论：移植后1,2,3周,移植组的神经功能缺损评分明显低于梗死组(P < 0.05);移植后3,5,7 d时移植组脑梗死体积较梗死组显著减少(P < 0.05),移植组T1WI序列SIR均明显高于梗死组,T2WI、FLAIR序列SIR较梗死组显著降低,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05);移植后7 d时移植组DWI序列SIR较梗死组明显降低(P < 0.05)。移植组T1WI序列?SIR与梗死组比较差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05),移植组T2WI、FLAIR及DWI序列?SIR较梗死组显著增高,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。结果显示MRI可显示大脑任意角度的切面像,对骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗脑梗死的疗效评价起重要作用。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

人羊膜间充质干细胞原位移植治疗大鼠脑梗死北大核心

背景:前期实验研究发现,移植人羊膜间充质干细胞能有效改善脑梗死大鼠的神经损伤症状。目的:观察移植人羊膜间充质干细胞在大鼠脑梗死区域的存活、定植和分化情况。方法:将60只SD大鼠随机分为3组,实验组、模型组采用线栓法制作大脑中动脉闭塞模型,假手术组只结扎血管,不插入线栓;造模后1 d,实验组于受损纹状体和皮质两点原位植入10μL第3代人羊膜间充质干细胞悬液(含细胞2×106/只),模型组与假手术组于相同部位注射等体积PBS。移植后1周连续监测体质量并进行神经缺损严重程度评分;移植后2周,TTC染色观察脑梗死面积,苏木精-伊红染色观察脑组织病理学变化,免疫荧光染色检测移植大鼠大脑神经细胞标志物神经元特异性核蛋白的表达。结果与结论:(1)体质量与神经缺损严重程度评分:与假手术组比较,模型组、实验组体质量呈下降趋势,实验组降低少于模型组,但差异无显著性意义;模型组、实验组神经功能缺损评分随时间呈逐渐降低趋势,但实验组评分明显低于模型组;(2)脑梗死面积:模型组大脑皮质出现局灶性缺血坏死且范围较大,与模型组比较,实验组缺血灶面积明显缩小;(3)脑组织病理:实验组梗死病灶范围、神经细胞及炎细胞浸润均少于模型组;(4)免疫荧光染色:移植后1周,实验组脑组织可见较多的移植人羊膜间充质干细胞,2周后可见移植的人羊膜间充质干细胞向神经样细胞分化;(5)结果表明:人羊膜间充质干细胞移植可在大鼠脑梗死区域定植、存活,且在原位能分化为神经样细胞。     

人脂肪组织来源的神经干细胞移植治疗大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤

目的探讨人脂肪组织来源的神经干细胞移植治疗大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的疗效。方法 线栓法制作大鼠大脑中动脉缺血(MCAO)2 h再灌注模型。体外培养脂肪基质细胞,诱导分化为神经干细胞。移植治疗组经尾静脉移植人脂肪组织来源的神经干细胞悬液(2×106/mL)。用MNSS量表测定神经功能,TTC、HE染色观察脑梗死体积及脑组织病理变化。结果移植治疗组再灌注14、21和28 d的神经功能评分低于缺血再灌组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。移植治疗组第14天脑梗死体积(40.20±9.52 mm3)小于缺血对照组(66.60±14.24 mm3)(P<0.01)。移植治疗组的神经细胞变性、坏死数量较缺血再灌组明显减少。结论 人脂肪组织来源的神经干细胞移植治疗可改善脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠的神经功能,具有神经保护作用。     

新生大鼠神经干细胞移植对脑缺血再灌注损伤的治疗作用

目的:探讨新生大鼠神经干细胞移植治疗局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的可行性及疗效.方法:体外培养新生大鼠神经干细胞.采用改良的线栓法制作脑缺血再灌注模型,3d后用脑立体定位仪经脑室移植神经干细胞,移植时间点及再灌注1～7周对移植大鼠进行神经功能损伤程度评分(NSS).再灌注1、 2、 3、 5、 7周末麻醉处死大鼠,脑组织石蜡包埋.免疫组织化学方法观察移植后神经干细胞的存活、分布.结果:神经干细胞表达巢蛋白,在血清条件下分化为表达微管相关蛋白(MAP2)的神经元和表达胶质细胞纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的星形胶质细胞.神经干细胞移植组NSS评分在各个时间点均显著低于对照组.移植的神经干细胞分布于缺血侧皮质、纹状体,再灌注后3、 5、 7周,皮质、纹状体阳性细胞数分别较1、 2周显著增多,第3、 5、 7周之间差异无统计学意义.前3周组织结构疏松,缺损严重,而第5、 7周组织结构较前3周完整致密.结论:移植的神经干细胞能在脑缺血大鼠脑内存活、迁移,并能改善缺血后大鼠的神经功能状况.     

灯盏花素联合骨髓间充质干细胞移植促进脑梗死大鼠神经功能恢复

背景：灯盏花素治疗脑梗死疗效确切、不良反应少、远期疗效稳定、毒副作用少,能够改善脑梗死后中枢神经系统受损区的微环境。 目的：探讨灯盏花素注射液联合骨髓间充质干细胞移植对脑梗死神经功能恢复及生长相关蛋白43表达的影响。 方法：将60只大脑中动脉闭塞模型SD大鼠随机分为脑梗死组、骨髓间充质干细胞移植组和联合组。建模6 h后通过尾静脉注射1 mL PBS、1 mL骨髓间充质干细胞悬液(2.5×106)、1 mL骨髓间充质干细胞悬液(2.5× 106)+灯盏花素注射液75 mg/kg,连续注射5 d,1次/d。 结果与结论：移植后2周,免疫荧光法观察到BrdU阳性标记的骨髓间充质干细胞主要集中于梗死灶周围且联合组的BrdU阳性细胞数量多于骨髓间充质干细胞组及脑梗死组(P < 0.01);移植后1,2,3周联合组的神经功能障碍评分明显低于骨髓间充质干细胞组及脑梗死组(P < 0.05);移植后2周,与骨髓间充质干细胞组及脑梗死组比较,联合组的脑梗死面积明显减小,水肿程度明显减轻,生长相关蛋白43的表达明显增高(P < 0.05)。光镜下联合组脑梗死组织中胶质细胞明显增生,脑组织水肿有明显减轻。结果表明灯盏花素注射液联合骨髓间充质干细胞可明显减轻脑梗死面积及水肿程度,促进大鼠脑梗死后神经功能恢复及梗死灶生长相关蛋白43的表达。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

慢病毒载体介导HIF-1α基因修饰骨髓间质干细胞促进脑缺血大鼠的神经功能恢复

目的： 探讨静脉注射低氧诱导因子（HIF-1α）修饰的骨髓间质干细胞对脑缺血大鼠神经功能恢复的影响及其可能的作用机制。方法: 利用慢病毒载体介导HIF-1α基因修饰骨髓间质干细胞,获得稳定转染HIF-1α的骨髓间质干细胞,于缺血后3 h经股静脉进行体内移植。在细胞移植后的1、7、14、28 d进行神经功能检查,使用TTC染色观察缺血体积,分别通过TUNEL和pax6、DCX抗体免疫荧光双标分析缺血侧脑组织的神经细胞凋亡及内源性神经干细胞增殖、存活情况。结果: 脑缺血BMSCs-mHIF-1α治疗组在14 d和28 d大鼠神经功能评分显著低于缺血组 (P<0.05),神经功能得到明显改善;脑缺血BMSCs-mHIF-1α治疗组脑梗死灶体积小于缺血组;脑缺血BMSCs-mHIF-1α治疗组缺血侧脑组织的神经细胞凋亡在14 d和28 d明显少于缺血组 (P<0.05);细胞移植后7 d,脑缺血BMSCs-mHIF-1α治疗组在海马区域观察到pax6/DCX细胞数量明显多于缺血组（P<0.05）。结论: 静脉注射HIF-1α修饰骨髓间质干细胞能够促进脑缺血大鼠神经功能恢复;抗凋亡及激活并促进内源性神经干细胞迁移至缺血区可能是静脉注射HIF-1α修饰骨髓间质干细胞治疗脑缺血的机制。     

神经干细胞移植联用神经节苷脂对脑损伤大鼠神经学功能恢复的影响

背景：研究表明, 神经节苷脂(GM1)通过激活神经营养因子,抑制毒性产物对神经元的损害,并且能够减少兴奋性氨基酸所引起的神经细胞的死亡起到促进神经细胞修复的作用。 目的：神经干细胞移植同时应用GM1,观察两者对脑损伤大鼠恢复的影响。 方法：取健康Wistar大鼠制成重型液压颅脑损伤模型,随机分成3组：损伤组(培养液移植组),神经干细胞移植组,神经干细胞+GM1组。脑损伤后4 d用RT-PCR、Western Blot检测脑组织中AQP4基因表达和蛋白合成的变化,并于脑损伤后24 h,3 d及伤后1,2,3,4 周行动物神经学缺损评分,在脑损伤后21~28 d进行Morris水迷宫试验。4周后处死大鼠行免疫组化、苏木精-伊红染色组织学观察。 结果及结论：脑损伤后4 d脑损伤周围组织AQP4及其mRNA的表达损伤组高于神经干细胞移植组,神经干细胞移植组高于神经干细胞+ GM1组(P < 0.05);移植后1,2,3,4 周,大鼠神经学缺损评分及水迷宫测试结果显示,神经干细胞移植可明显改善重型颅脑损伤后大鼠的神经功能,联合应用GM1有协同效果。移植4周后苏木精-伊红染色神经干细胞+ GM1组出现典型的神经细胞样形态学改变且软化灶消失。免疫组化染色结果显示大鼠损伤灶脑组织中的BrdU阳性细胞数神经干细胞+GM1组高于NSCs移植组和损伤组。提示神经干细胞移植可明显改善重型颅脑损伤后大鼠的神经学功能,联合应用GM1有协同效果。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.