TBK1 Mediates Innate Antiviral Immune Response against Duck Enteritis Virus

Duck enteritis virus (DEV) can infect several types of waterfowl can cause high mortality and huge economic losses to the global waterfowl industry. Type I interferons (IFN) are important for host defense against virus infection through induction of antiviral effector molecules. TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is a key kinase required for the induction of type I IFNs; however, the role of TBK1 on DEV infection remains unclear. Here, we observed that the expression levels of TBK1 and IFN-β were upregulated during DEV infection in vivo and in vitro. Thus, the function of TBK1 on DEV infection was determined. The results showed that overexpression of TBK1 reduced DEV infection and knockdown of TBK1 resulted in the increased of DEV infection. Additionally, TBK1 overexpression upregulated the expression of IFN-β and a few interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), which thus inhibited the synthesis of DEV glycoprotein B. On the other hand, the TBK1 inhibitor Amlexanox down-regulated the expression levels of IFN-β and IRF3. Interestingly, the expression levels of MAVS and GSK-3β were decreased in the cells treated with Amlexanox. Furthermore, overexpression of TBK1 activated the expression of upstream molecules MAVS and GSK-3β. Whereas, the expression of TBK1, IRF3 and IFN-β was inhibited by the GSK-3β inhibitor SB216763. Our findings suggest that DEV–stimulated TBK1 may be involved in defense against DEV infection.     

Avian IRF1 and IRF7 Play Overlapping and Distinct Roles in Regulating IFN-Dependent and -Independent Antiviral Responses to Duck Tembusu Virus Infection

Avian interferon regulatory factors 1 and 7 (IRF1 and IRF7) play important roles in the host’s innate immunity against viral infection. Our previous study revealed that duck tembusu virus (DTMUV) infection of chicken fibroblasts (DF1) and duck embryo fibroblasts (DEFs) induced the expression of a variety of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), including VIPERIN, IFIT5, CMPK2, IRF1, and IRF7. IRF1 was further shown to play a significant role in regulating the up-expression of VIPERIN, IFIT5, and CMPK2 and inhibiting DTMUV replication. In this study, we confirm, through overexpression and knockout approaches, that both IRF1 and IRF7 inhibit DTMUV replication, mainly via regulation of type I IFN expression, as well as the induction of IRF1, VIPERIN, IFIT5, CMPK2, and MX1. In addition, IRF1 directly promoted the expression of VIPERIN and CMPK2 in an IFN-independent manner when IRF7 and type I IFN signaling were undermined. We also found that non-structural protein 2B (NS2B) of DTMUV was able to inhibit the induction of IFN-β mRNA triggered by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection or poly(I:C) treatment, revealing a strategy employed by DTMUV to evade host’s immunosurveillance. This study demonstrates that avian IRF7 and IRF1 play distinct roles in the regulation of type I IFN response during DTMUV infection.     

登革热病毒外膜蛋白基因的克隆、表达

目的　在大肠杆菌中表达登革热病毒外膜抗原基因 ,获得能作为检测抗原的重组蛋白。方法　登革热 2型病毒NGC株感染C6/ 36细胞后 ,抽提病毒RNA ,经逆转录和套式PCR扩增出E基因片断 ,扩增片段经酶切、连接、克隆 ,构建重组表达质粒。并转化大肠杆菌DH5α。结果　重组质粒经诱导后表达外膜抗原的部分肽链。经过免疫印迹证实其具有免疫反应性。结论　截断的部分E蛋白基因在大肠杆菌中表达成功 ,重组的蛋白可作为血清学检测抗原使用     

表达幽门螺杆菌UreA和KatA双价抗原的鼠伤寒菌疫苗株的初步构建

目的　构建表达幽门螺杆菌 (Hp)尿素酶A亚单位 (UreA)和过氧化氢酶 (KatA)的减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌疫苗株 ,对研制抗Hp感染重组疫苗的可行性进行探讨。方法　PCR方法从Hp基因组中扩增出ureA和katA片段 ,将其插入pGSTag表达载体中 ,重组质粒再转入减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌。结果　对重组质粒进行限制酶切分析和PCR检测 ,证实两种基因已被克隆入pGSTag ,并转入减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌。结论　本研究成功地将表达HpureA和katA融合基因的重组质粒转入减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌中 ,构建了UreA/KatA双价口服活疫苗 ,为进一步研究其在预防Hp感染中的作用奠定了基础     

Development of the second generation Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine

Recent analysis of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus genome RNA, especially its nucleotide sequence, revealed the localization of virion envelope glycoprotein (E) gene on the virus genome. Since the E protein is the major protective antigen related with the virus neutralization, attempts have been made to produce the second generation JE vaccine by expressing the E protein using recombinant DNA technologies. These studies will eventually lead to control JE by mass-vaccination in several Asian countries where JE is one of the major public health problems.     

结核分支杆菌Ag85 B分泌蛋白基因疫苗的构建和免疫原性的研究

目的：构建编码结核分支杆菌（MTB）Ag85B分泌蛋白的重组真核表达质粒,并研究其免疫原性。方法：采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）方法从结构分支杆菌H37Ra基因组DNA中扩增出Ag85B分泌蛋白基因,用HindⅢ和EcoRⅠ消化后,与同样酶消化的pcDNA3连接,转化大肠杆菌JM109,阳性克隆用酶切鉴定;重组表达质粒肌注免疫小鼠4周后,分别用dot blotting和ELISA方法检测抗体的产生和滴度,结果：酶切监定重组表达质粒pTB30s构建成功,dot blotting检测免疫小鼠血清抗Ag85B特异性抗体阳性,ELISA检测抗体几何平均滴度为1：120。结论：应进一步研究pTB30s刺激机体的细胞免疫应答,以用于结核病（TB）的防治研究。     

Site-specific insertion of DNA into a pseudorabies virus vector.

A simple, efficient method for introducing recombinant DNA into a herpesvirus vector and retrieving it at a later time has been developed. By using the Cre-lox site-specific recombination system of coliphage P1, DNA can be readily inserted in vitro into a pseudorabies virus (PRV) vector containing the lox recombination site. The vector PRV42 contains a lox site within the nonessential gIII gene, which encodes a virion envelope glycoprotein. Incubation in vitro of PRV42 DNA with Cre protein and a circular plasmid containing a lox site generates approximately 5% recombinant molecules having the plasmid integrated into the PRV genome at the lox site. Transfection of the reaction mixture into cultured cells allows recovery of the infectious recombinant virus, which is readily identified by a nondestructive "black-plaque assay" using a gIII-specific monoclonal antibody. PRV42 plaques stain black when treated with the gIII monoclonal antibody and a peroxidase-linked second anti-antibody because the lox site placed within the gIII gene of PRV42 does not destroy the gIII epitope. However, Cre-mediated integration of heterologous DNA at the lox site disrupts the gIII epitope so that the resulting recombinant virus produces white plaques. The recombinant virus is infectious, stable, and grows as well as the parental PRV42 vector. The inserted plasmid can be efficiently excised (greater than 50%) from viral DNA by Cre and recovered by transformation of Escherichia coli.     

优化构建UreB/HpaA双价幽门螺杆菌减毒活菌疫苗的免疫保护作用

目的 以减毒鼠伤寒沙门菌为载体，通过在UreB和HpaA间引入由3个甘氨酸残基组成的三肽柔韧接头，构建成UreB／HpaA双价抗幽门螺杆菌(Hp)活疫苗，并对照相应单价疫苗和空白载体研究其对C57BL／6小鼠的免疫保护效果。方法 用序列重叠延伸聚合酶链反应扩增带3个甘氨酸残基柔韧接头的融合基因UreB／HpaA，进一步以减毒鼠伤寒沙门菌SL3261为载体构建UreB／HpaA双价活疫苗，观察其在小鼠体内的稳定性。用双价活疫苗株免疫Ⅱ级C57BL／6小鼠1次，对照单价活疫苗和空白载体观察其在体内诱导的特异抗体反应和对小鼠的免疫保护作用。结果 测序结果显示，3个甘氨酸残基的编码序列GGTGGAGGC已成功地插入UreB／HpaA融合基因中。双价疫苗灌喂小鼠后，至少能在脾脏和回肠末段存留10d。双价疫苗在小鼠体内诱导血清特异性IgGl和IgG2a水平明显升高。UreB／HpaA双价疫苗的免疫保护率为77．3％(17／22)，而UreB疫苗和HpaA疫苗的免疫保护率分别为50．0％(12／24)和43．5％(10／23)。结论 引入柔韧接头，优化构建表达UreB和HpaA的双价抗Hp活疫苗。UreB／HpaA双价活疫苗对Ⅱ级C57BL／6小鼠有更好的免疫保护作用。     

A self-recombining bacterial artificial chromosome and its application for analysis of herpesvirus pathogenesis

A self-recombining bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) containing the 142-kb pseudorabies virus genome was constructed such that the viral genome is rapidly excised from the BAC vector backbone on delivery into mammalian cells. The recombination is mediated by loxP sites in the plasmid and Cre recombinase encoded within the BAC vector. A synthetic intron inserted in the middle of the cre ORF completely inhibits recombination in Escherichia coli, but is spliced out after delivery of the plasmid into mammalian cells. Recombination is efficient, and pure virus lacking the BAC vector backbone is immediately isolated from transfected mammalian cells without the need of serial passage or plaque purification.     

4种血清型登革病毒外膜蛋白重组抗原的表达

摘要 目的 在大肠杆菌中表达重组1－4型登革病毒外膜蛋白,为研制登革病毒抗体快速检测试剂提供原材料。方法 根据基因序列设计、合成引物并经PCR方法扩增1－4型登革病毒部分外膜蛋白基因片段,克隆至表达载体pET30a(+)并在大肠杆菌中诱导表达。小量表达以及纯化后的重组蛋白做SDS-PAGE分析并经WB实验验证其免疫活性。结果 酶切消化及电泳结果表明4种重组质粒均构建成功。经IPTG诱导后,4种重组大肠杆菌均可表达相应的重组蛋白。纯化前后的重组蛋白经WB实验表明,4种重组蛋白均能与对应型别的病毒感染者血清反应。结论 利用大肠杆菌表达系统,成功表达重组1－4型登革病毒外膜蛋白,4种型别的重组蛋白可被各自血清型的抗体结合,均具有免疫反应活性。     

Duck hepatitis B virus and liver diseases

The presence of duck hepatitis B virus in serum was studied in 61 ducks (24 from Chi-tung county, China, 20 from Changchun, China, and 17 from Chiba, Japan) with relation to liver disease. None of the 37 ducks from Chiba and Changchun was positive for duck hepatitis B virus as assayed by electron microscopy, endogenous deoxyribonucleic acid-polymerase activity, and hybridization with duck hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid. No liver disease was seen in these ducks. In contrast, viruslike particles were present in the serum of 12 of 24 (50%) ducks from Chi-tung, China. The presence of duck hepatitis B virus in serum was indicated by the hybridization spot test and deoxyribonucleic acid-polymerase activities. A variety of liver diseases including chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis were seen in the livers of a majority of the ducks from Chi-tung. One duck hepatitis B virus-positive duck had multicentric hepatocellular carcinoma with underlying cirrhosis. Comparison of serum duck hepatitis B virus markers and liver disease in the affected flock revealed a tendency for seronegative ducks to have advanced liver diseases. Duck hepatitis B virus infection may be used as an experimental model to test various hypotheses concerning the pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus-associated liver disease in humans.     

以人乳头瘤病毒16 L1为载体的流感通用疫苗初步研究

目的 构建以人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)16 L1为载体的甲型流感病毒M2基因胞外区(M2e)通用疫苗杆粒,利用昆虫细胞杆状病毒表达系统,进行初步的蛋白表达.方法 利用PCR技术将甲型流感病毒M2e基因序列与HPVl6 L1相连.经酶切、酶联将融合基因插入pFastBacHTA载体,在DH10Bac细胞中进行同源重组,经测序鉴定后构建M2e-HPV16 L1杆粒,脂质体转染sf9昆虫细胞,收获并扩增含有M2e-HPV16 L1的杆状病毒,经扩增后获得高效价的重组杆状病毒,用SDS-PAGE、免疫荧光法和电镜检测目的蛋白的表达.结果 构建了以HPV16 L1为载体的M2e通用疫苗杆粒,通过转染sf9昆虫细胞得到初步M2e-HPV16 L1融合蛋白表达.结论 成功构建了HPV16 L1与甲型流感病毒M2e融合蛋白的病毒样颗粒,为流感通用疫苗的研制奠定了基础.     

Rescue, propagation, and partial purification of a helper virus-dependent adenovirus vector.

Adenoviral vectors are widely used as highly efficient gene transfer vehicles in a variety of biological research strategies including human gene therapy. One of the limitations of the currently available adenoviral vector system is the presence of the majority of the viral genome in the vector, resulting in leaky expression of viral genes particularly at high multiplicity of infection and limited cloning capacity of exogenous sequences. As a first step to overcome this problem, we attempted to rescue a defective human adenovirus serotype 5 DNA, which had an essential region of the viral genome (L1, L2, VAI + II, pTP) deleted and replaced with an indicator gene. In the presence of wild-type adenovirus as a helper, this DNA was packaged and propagated as transducing viral particles. After several rounds of amplification, the titer of the recombinant virus reached at least 4 x 10(6) transducing particles per ml. The recombinant virus could be partially purified from the helper virus by CsCl equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation. The structure of the recombinant virus around the marker gene remained intact after serial propagation, while the pBR sequence inserted in the E1 region was deleted from the recombinant virus. Our results suggest that it should be possible to develop a helper-dependent adenoviral vector, which does not encode any viral proteins, as an alternative to the currently available adenoviral vector systems.     

乙型脑炎病毒膜蛋白B区多肽抗原的表达、纯化及血清学评价

目的在原核表达系统中对乙型脑炎病毒包膜糖蛋白(E蛋白)的B区多肽抗原进行高效表达、纯化及血清学评价。方法利用PCR技术从乙脑减毒活疫苗中扩增编码B区的DNA片段,酶切消化后连接到表达载体pET22b上,用此连接产物转化大肠埃希菌BL21(DE3)并表达B区多肽抗原,表达产物经液相层析纯化;用乙脑病人血清对纯化后的B区多肽抗原进行评价。结果重组质粒pET22b-JEB经双酶切,其插入的外源基因片段为372 bp,与预期DNA片段大小一致。将纯化前与纯化后的蛋白作SDS-PAGE电泳,均可见一条约16kD的外源基因蛋白带,与计算的相对分子质量相符。经WB和ELISA血清学评价,表明重组B区多肽抗原具有较高的灵敏性及特异性。结论成功构建了表达载体pET22b-JEB,在原核系统中表达的B区多肽抗原具有良好的血清学检测价值。     

Induction of neutralizing antibodies and partial protection from viral challenge in Macaca fascicularis immunized with recombinant dengue 4 virus envelope glycoprotein expressed in Pichia pastoris

A recombinant vaccine that expresses the envelope (E) gene of dengue virus type 4 was tested for immunogenicity and protection in Macaca fascicularis. One hundred micrograms of semipurified recombinant E protein (E4rec) expressed in Pichia pastoris was used to immunize three animals. Neutralizing antibodies to dengue 4 virus with a titer of 1:30 were detected in all immunized monkeys prior to challenge. Animals were challenged with 10(5) plaque-forming units of dengue 4 virus. One vaccine-immunized monkey was protected from viremia, while the other two were partially protected. Monkeys immunized with E4rec elicited the highest neutralizing antibody titers (P < 0.05) ranging from 1:85 to 1:640 at day 30. In both immunized and control animals, the longest duration of viremia correlated with earliest and highest level of IgM antibody to dengue virus. The vaccinated animals showed anamnestic antibody responses upon virus challenge, indicating successful priming by the recombinant vaccine. Our results suggest that E4rec expressed in P. pastoris can provide partial protection against viremia. However, the results were not effective enough to use it as a vaccine candidate. Further work is required to improve the quality of the immunogen.     

A Recombinant Turkey Herpesvirus Expressing the F Protein of Newcastle Disease Virus Genotype XII Generated by NHEJ-CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre-LoxP Systems Confers Protection against Genotype XII Challenge in Chickens

In this study, we developed a new recombinant virus rHVT-F using a Turkey herpesvirus (HVT) vector, expressing the fusion (F) protein of the genotype XII Newcastle disease virus (NDV) circulating in Peru. We evaluated the viral shedding and efficacy against the NDV genotype XII challenge in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. The F protein expression cassette was inserted in the unique long (UL) UL45–UL46 intergenic locus of the HVT genome by utilizing a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 gene-editing technology via a non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair pathway. The rHVT-F virus, which expressed the F protein stably in vitro and in vivo, showed similar growth kinetics to the wild-type HVT (wtHVT) virus. The F protein expression of the rHVT-F virus was detected by an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), Western blotting, and a flow cytometry assay. The presence of an NDV-specific IgY antibody was detected in serum samples by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in SPF chickens vaccinated with the rHVT-F virus. In the challenge experiment, the rHVT-F vaccine fully protects a high, and significantly reduced, virus shedding in oral at 5 days post-challenge (dpc). In conclusion, this new rHVT-F vaccine candidate is capable of fully protecting SPF chickens against the genotype XII challenge.