唤醒麻醉下直接电刺激语言区定位在切除语言区胶质瘤中的作用

目的探讨皮质直接电刺激（DES）在语言区胶质瘤切除术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析91例大脑语言区胶质瘤病例的临床资料,均在唤醒麻醉下以皮质DES测定脑功能区,并最大程度切除肿瘤。结果直接电刺激结果：88例（125个阳性刺激点）病人出现运动发作（面部或手）,91例（112个阳性点）出现语言障碍（包括数数中断、命名错误或不能命名）。肿瘤全切除53例（58.2%）,次全切除31例（34.1%）,部分切除7例（7.7%）。术后无神经功能障碍42例（46.2%）,短暂神经功能障碍并恢复48例（52.7%）,出现永久性神经功能障碍1例（1.1%）。结论皮质DES是一种可靠、精确、安全的脑功能区定位方法,可在保留术后语言功能的前提下,最大程度切除语言区胶质瘤。     

术中功能定位切除辅助运动区低级别胶质瘤

目的 探讨辅助运动区低级别胶质瘤的手术方法.方法 回顾性分析14例辅助运动区低级别胶质瘤患者的临床资料和随访结果.术前应用功能磁共振进行评价.应用术中超声确定解剖边界,在唤醒麻醉下应用皮质电刺激定位功能边界,根据解剖-功能边界切除肿瘤.评价患者术前、术后功能结果.结果 术后24h复查MRI显示肿瘤全切12例,大部切除2例.术后病理显示星形细胞瘤5例,少枝细胞瘤6例,少枝-星形细胞瘤3例.术后2例出现典型的辅助运动区综合征,3例出现部分辅助运动区综合征.随访12个月所有患者预后良好.结论 唤醒麻醉下应用术中皮质电刺激,确定肿瘤切除的功能边界.根据解剖-功能边界切除肿瘤,能够最大程度切除辅助运动区低级别胶质瘤,同时保护正常的运动功能.     

脑功能区胶质瘤的手术策略

目的探讨唤醒麻醉状态下切除脑功能区胶质瘤的手术方法及意义。方法13例脑功能区胶质瘤经神经导航病灶定位术中唤醒麻醉,皮层诱发电位及皮层电刺激定位脑功能区,在清醒状态下切除脑功能区病变。结果全部病例均在术中获得安全可靠的麻醉唤醒,清醒状态下脑功能区的定位和最大限度地肿瘤切除,其中6例获得皮层体感诱发电位检测确定中央沟;9例经皮质刺激术明确运动区;4例通过皮质刺激术基本确定语言运动中枢。肿瘤全切11例,次全切除2例。术后出现暂时性神经功能障碍或功能障碍加重有11例,神经功能完全恢复正常10例。1例术中出现癫痫发作,1例在唤醒过程中出现一过性脑肿胀;全部患者术后无痛苦回忆。结论对脑功能区胶质瘤运用唤醒麻醉,神经导航病灶定位,皮层电刺激和皮层诱发电位定位脑功能区技术能较为可靠地明确脑功能区与肿瘤切除范围的关系,在清醒状态下切除肿瘤实时监测脑功能状态,能够最大限度地切除脑功能区病变和最大程度地保护脑功能。     

术中唤醒配合神经电生理监测中央沟定位运动区胶质瘤的手术治疗

目的 通过对运动区胶质瘤患者实施术中唤醒配合中央沟定位胶质瘤切除术,初步探讨该技术对运动功能的保护作用.方法 对56例运动区附近胶质瘤患者进行喉罩插管、全麻下无头皮夹快速开颅、术中唤醒,通过皮质诱发电位进行中央沟定位,在保护脑功能的同时最大程度切除肿瘤,最后在唤醒状态或全麻下快速关颅.结果 所有患者均顺利完成手术,4例患者出现新发神经功能障碍,52例患者术后神经功能障碍无明显加重或改善.肿瘤全切除29例,次全切除20例,大部分切除7例.无出血、围手术期死亡等严重并发症,术后患者均无痛苦回忆.结论 唤醒状态配合神经电生理监测中央沟定位切除运动区胶质瘤,能够在保护患者脑功能的前提下最大程度地切除肿瘤,改善患者预后.     

全麻术中唤醒状态下定位切除额叶功能区致痫灶(附8例报道)

目的 初步探讨全麻唤醒状态下精确定位切除额叶功能区致痫灶的方法,为外伤性迟发性癫痫的微侵袭外科手术提供经验.方法 对8例明确由额叶功能区病灶引起的外伤性迟发性癫痫病人进行气管(或喉罩)插管、全麻下神经导航解剖定位开颅,术中麻醉唤醒,在清醒状态下,通过皮质脑电图及皮质电刺激等方法进行额叶运动区和(或)语言区定位,在保护脑功能区的前提下切除致痫灶,然后在全麻下关颅.结果 8例病人均顺利经过气管(或喉罩)插管下全麻-术中唤醒-再全麻手术过程,唤醒后额叶功能区均采用神经电生理技术得到精确定位,额叶致痫灶得到最大程度切除,无明显的术后神经功能障碍发生,外伤性癫痫得以治愈或显著改善.无手术并发症,病人术后无痛苦回忆.结论 全麻唤醒状态下进行皮质脑电图及皮质电刺激定位额叶功能区手术有助于安全准确地切除致痫灶,提高外伤性迟发性癫痫病人术后生活质量.     

脑功能区低级别胶质瘤切除后神经功能的恢复：大脑代偿机制假说

目的报告脑功能区低级别胶质瘤手术切除及术后神经功能恢复的临床经验,并探讨了脑功能代偿的可能机制。方法对77例侵犯脑功能区低级别胶质瘤病人行开颅手术切除肿瘤。术前仅3例有轻度语言困难,余无明显神经功能缺失症状、体征。术前MRI解剖定位及术中脑皮质和皮质下电刺激功能定位,确定肿瘤累及运动、感觉或语言等功能区。结果肿瘤累及运动前区31例,岛叶28例,感觉区8例,运动区4例,Broca区4例,优势半球颞叶语言区2例。全部病人手术后即出现相应神经功能受损的症状、体征。除4例外,其余病人3个月内神经功能均完全恢复正常。术后MRI检查确认…     

3.0T 术中磁共振实时影像功能导航联合术中神经电生理监测技术在岛叶胶质瘤手术中的应用

目的评价3.0 T术中磁共振成像(intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging,iMRI)联合弥散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)锥体束示踪导航及术中神经电生理监测(intraoperative neurophysiologicalmonitoring,IONM)技术在各种累及岛叶的胶质瘤切除手术中的应用价值。方法 2010年9月至2011年6月以3.0 T iMRI数字一体化神经外科手术中心为平台,在iMRI功能导航结合IONM下对18例累及岛叶的胶质瘤实施切除手术。其中对10例主侧半球肿瘤采用唤醒麻醉下术中直接皮质电刺激进行语言区定位。对所有18例岛叶胶质瘤,术中均采用DTI导航结合术中连续经皮质刺激运动诱发电位和皮质下电刺激进行锥体束定位。结果通过iMRI实时扫描,18例患者中有13例发现肿瘤残留,其中6例在iMRI实时影像导航下获得了进一步切除,使肿瘤的影像学全切除率从5/18提高至9/18。经Fisher检验,iMRI前、后的肿瘤切除率(包括全切除及次全切除)具有统计学意义(P=0.046)。9例因DTI导航或IONM提示切缘临近功能皮质或深部锥体束,而未强求全切除。10例主侧半球肿瘤患者中,术后近期(1周内)出现一过性语言功能障碍5例,随访至术后1个月,语言功能均恢复到术前水平或以上;18例患者中3例术后近期出现肢体运动功能障碍,随访至术后1个月,其中2例完全恢复。总体术后1个月的神经功能障碍仅1例。无iMRI及IONM相关的并发症发生。结论应用3.0 T iMRI术中实时影像导航联合DTI锥体束示踪成像技术及IONM技术有助于最大程度地安全切除岛叶胶质瘤。     

唤醒麻醉和术中功能定位切除语言区胶质瘤

目的探讨语言功能区胶质瘤的手术策略。方法回顾性分析手术治疗30例语言功能区胶质瘤。在唤醒麻醉下应用术中直接皮质电刺激确定语言区,根据功能边界切除肿瘤。评价患者的功能结果及切除程度。结果术中语言功能区监测成功20例;未监测到4例;因麻醉或术中高颅压不能进行监测6例。随访3个月,3例患者存在中度语言功能障碍。全切14例,近全切12例,大部切除4例。结论术中皮质电刺激确定语言功能区准确、安全、可靠。唤醒麻醉下进行术中皮质电刺激结合术前神经功能影像技术,确定切除肿瘤的功能边界,能够最大程度切除肿瘤,同时保护正常的语言功能,使术后语言障碍的风险降到最低。     

脑功能区胶质瘤的现代手术策略

目的 探讨切除脑功能区胶质瘤手术新技术与方法.方法 112例胶质瘤患者在术中全麻唤醒状态下,通过术中B超或神经导航定位病灶,直接电刺激定位脑功能区结构,并在清醒状态下切除病变.术后随访时间3～84个月.结果 107例唤醒良好,术中有99例定位出运动区,61例定位出语言相关的功能区皮质,18例定位出感觉区.病变全切6...     

超高场磁共振功能成像辅助切除躯体感觉区胶质瘤(附5例报告)

目的应用超高场磁共振功能成像技术进行手术前后研究脑躯体感觉功能区肿瘤与功能区的定位,辅助切除躯体感觉功能区胶质瘤。方法5例邻近或累及躯体感觉功能区的胶质瘤患者,术前行双手持物对接刺激策略,在3.0T磁共振采用血氧水平依赖(BOLD)原理进行图像采集,经工作站(Leonardo syngo 2003A,Siemens)提供的BOLD功能图像分析软件包进行分析获得脑运动功能区的激活图像,参与神经外科手术方案的制定。所有患者均在唤醒麻醉下进行显微外科手术,在术前脑功能磁共振图像指导下利用皮质直接电刺激定位感觉区与运动区。在保护脑功能区功能不受损的前提下,最大程度地切除胶质瘤。术前、术后均行KPS评分,判断患者的状态。结果(1)5例躯体感觉功能区胶质瘤,通过此项技术获得了较好的BOLD功能磁共振成像感觉功能区激活图像,定位躯体感觉功能区。(2)患者在唤醒麻醉下,在术前脑功能磁共振图像指导下利用直接皮质电刺激快捷、准确进行中央后回定位,两者具有良好的一致性。结论应用3.0T MRI可以于术前更好地利用BOLD技术显示躯体感觉功能区与脑胶质瘤的解剖关系,以指导唤醒麻醉下直接皮质电刺激定位躯体感觉功能区的手术,实现最大程度保护患者重要的功能并最大程度地切除肿瘤。     

唤醒麻醉结合皮层电刺激下切除皮层语言区病变21例临床分析

目的探讨唤醒麻醉结合皮层电刺激开颅手术切除语言功能区病变的价值。方法回顾性分析21例唤醒麻醉结合皮层下电刺激开颅手术术前准备、术中过程、术后康复等临床资料,所有病变均位于或紧邻语言功能区,病人均实施唤醒麻醉,术中先用双极电刺激器确定语言功能区,在确定的语言功能区外1cm,最大范围切除病变。结果病变全切17例(80.95%),次全切4例(19.05%)。术后短期运动性失语1例(4.76%),术中癫痫1例(4.76%),术后颅内血肿1例(4.76%)。远期复发2例,均为胶质瘤次全切除病人(9.52%),余患者恢复良好。结论唤醒开颅结合皮层电刺激手术可最大范围切除语言功能区病变,保护患者言语功能。     

脑功能区胶质瘤手术中的新技术

目的探讨切除脑功能区胶质瘤手术新技术与方法。方法48例脑功能区胶质瘤经术前常规MRI、弥散张力成像(DTI)和fMRI定位大脑皮层功能区及功能投射纤维束,以神经导航为前导,在术中全麻唤醒状态下,通过术中B超定位脑内病灶,皮层体感诱发电位(Co-SEP)及皮层直接电刺激术(Co-ST)脑功能区定位,并在清醒状态下切除病变。术后随访时间3-42个月。结果16例Co-SEP确定中央沟,42例Co-ST明确运动区,16例Co-ST确定语言运动区;肿瘤全切35例,次全切除9例,部分切除4例。术后1个月神经症状好转44例,术后出现暂时性局部神经症状36例;长期局部神经症状加重4例,无手术死亡。全部患者无手术痛苦回忆。结论术中全麻唤醒、皮层-皮层下电刺激术和脑超声技术是切除功能区胶质瘤必备的三项基本技术;术前fMRI与DTI为脑功能区手术提供十分重要信息,神经功能导航为术中功能区定位提供重要前导,综合使用这些现代技术能够在术中明确脑功能区与肿瘤切除范围的关系,做到最大限度地切除脑功能区病变和保护脑功能。     

Awake craniotomy and electrophysiological mapping for eloquent area tumours

Objective

An awake craniotomy facilitates radical excision of eloquent area gliomas and ensures neural integrity during the excision. The study describes our experience with 67 consecutive awake craniotomies for the excision of such tumours.

Methods

Sixty-seven patients with gliomas in or adjacent to eloquent areas were included in this study. The patient was awake during the procedure and intraoperative cortical and white matter stimulation was performed to safely maximize the extent of surgical resection.

Results

Of the 883 patients who underwent craniotomies for supratentorial intraaxial tumours during the study period, 84 were chosen for an awake craniotomy. Sixty-seven with a histological diagnosis of glioma were included in this study. There were 55 men and 12 women with a median age of 34.6 years. Forty-two (62.6%) patients had positive localization on cortical stimulation. In 6 (8.9%) patients white matter stimulation was positive, five of whom had responses at the end of a radical excision. In 3 patients who developed a neurological deficit during tumour removal, white matter stimulation was negative and cessation of the surgery did not result in neurological improvement. Sixteen patients (24.6%) had intraoperative neurological deficits at the time of wound closure, 9 (13.4%) of whom had persistent mild neurological deficits at discharge, while the remaining 7 improved to normal. At a mean follow-up of 40.8 months, only 4 (5.9%) of these 9 patients had persistent neurological deficits.

Conclusion

Awake craniotomy for excision of eloquent area gliomas enable accurate mapping of motor and language areas as well as continuous neurological monitoring during tumour removal. Furthermore, positive responses on white matter stimulation indicate close proximity of eloquent cortex and projection fibres. This should alert the surgeon to the possibility of postoperative deficits to change the surgical strategy. Thus the surgeon can resect tumour safely, with the knowledge that he has not damaged neurological function up to that point in time thus maximizing the tumour resection and minimizing neurological deficits.     

Surgical treatment of insular tumours with tractography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, transcranial electrical stimulation and direct subcortical stimulation support

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Surgical treatment of insular tumours carries significant risks of limb paresis or speech disturbances due to their localization. The development of intraoperative neuromonitoring techniques that involve evoked motor potentials induced via both direct and transcranial cortical electrical stimulation as well as direct subcortical white matter stimulation, intraoperative application of preoperative tractography and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in conjunction with neuronavigation resulted in significant reduction of postoperative disabilities that enabled widening of indications for surgical treatment. The aim of this study was to present the authors' own experience with surgical treatment of insular gliomas. MATERIAL AND METHODS : Our cohort comprises 30 patients with insular gliomas treated at the Department of Neurosurgery in Sosnowiec. Clinical symptoms included sensorimotor partial seizures in 86.6%; generalized seizures in 23.3%; persistent headaches in 16.6% and hemiparesis in 6.6%. All the patients were operated on with intraoperative neuromonitoring that included transcranial cortical stimulation, direct subcortical white matter stimulation as well as tractography and fMRI concurrently with neuronavigation. The analysis in-cluded postoperative neurological evaluation along with the assessment of the radicalism of resection evaluated based on postoperative MRI. RESULTS: Postoperatively, four patients had permanent hemiparesis (13.3%); importantly, two out of those patients had preoperative deficits (6.6%). Persistent speech disturbances were present in four patients (13.3%). Partial sensorimotor seizures were noted in two patients (6.6%). Seizures in the other patients receded. Intraoperative transcranial electrical stimulation as well as direct subcortical white matter stimulation along with tractography (DTI) and fMRI facilitated gross total resection of insular gliomas in 53.5%, subtotal in 13.3% and partial resection in 33.1%. CONCLUSIONS : Implementation of TES, direct subcortical white master stimulation, DTI and fMRI into the management protocol of the surgical treatment of insular tumours resulted in total and subtotal resections in 66% of cases with permanent motor disability in 6.6% of patients. Poor prognosis for independent living after surgery mainly affects patients with WHO grade III or IV.     

Pediatric awake craniotomy and intra-operative stimulation mapping

The indications for operating on lesions in or near areas of cortical eloquence balance the benefit of resection with the risk of permanent neurological deficit. In adults, awake craniotomy has become a versatile tool in tumor, epilepsy and functional neurosurgery, permitting intra-operative stimulation mapping particularly for language, sensory and motor cortical pathways. This allows for maximal tumor resection with considerable reduction in the risk of post-operative speech and motor deficits. We report our experience of awake craniotomy and cortical stimulation for epilepsy and supratentorial tumors located in and around eloquent areas in a pediatric population (n = 10, five females). The presenting symptom was mainly seizures and all children had normal neurological examinations. Neuroimaging showed lesions in the left opercular (n = 4) and precentral or peri-sylvian regions (n = 6). Three right-sided and seven left-sided awake craniotomies were performed. Two patients had a history of prior craniotomy. All patients had intra-operative mapping for either speech or motor or both using cortical stimulation. The surgical goal for tumor patients was gross total resection, while for all epilepsy procedures, focal cortical resections were completed without any difficulty. None of the patients had permanent post-operative neurologic deficits. The patient with an epileptic focus over the speech area in the left frontal lobe had a mild word finding difficulty post-operatively but this improved progressively. Follow-up ranged from 6 to 27 months. Pediatric awake craniotomy with intra-operative mapping is a precise, safe and reliable method allowing for resection of lesions in eloquent areas. Further validations on larger number of patients will be needed to verify the utility of this technique in the pediatric population.     

直接皮层电刺激在运动语言区胶质瘤手术中的应用

目的研究直接皮层电刺激在大脑功能区手术中应用的意义。方法回顾性分析了直接皮层电刺激在35例大脑功能区胶质瘤手术中的应用情况,判断功能区的位置和肿瘤的关系。结果在唤醒麻醉下,利用直接皮层电刺激可以准确定位初级运动功能区和语言功能区,术后的Kamofsky生活状态评分（KPS）结果较术前明显好转。结论在唤醒麻醉下,利用直接皮层电刺激可以检测到患者的运动和语言功能区,并可判定与肿瘤的关系。可以最大限度的切除病变,最大限度的保护脑功能区。     

多模态技术联合术中唤醒麻醉在Broca区胶质瘤患者语言功能区定位中的作用

目的探讨多模态技术联合术中唤醒麻醉在Broca区胶质瘤患者语言功能区定位中的作用和手术疗效。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2017年12月复旦大学附属华山医院神经外科行手术切除的Broca区胶质瘤患者的临床资料,共42例。术前采用功能磁共振成像和弥散张量成像技术重建语言皮质激活区域和皮质下传导通路,术中在唤醒麻醉下通过直接电刺激技术定位语言皮质和皮质下传导通路,并在术中磁共振、实时神经影像导航系统引导下行肿瘤切除。根据肿瘤是否侵犯中央前回腹侧部(vPMC)将患者分为未侵犯vPMC(仅侵犯额下回后部)组24例,侵犯vPMC组18例,评估并比较两组患者语言功能区定位情况和疗效。结果42例患者均完成术中语言功能区定位,34例(81.0%)至少有1个阳性定位点;3例(7.1%)在定位过程中出现癫痫局灶性发作。25例患者肿瘤为全切除,17例为非全切除。术后病理学证实世界卫生组织(WHO)肿瘤分级Ⅱ级者23例,Ⅲ级者14例,Ⅳ级者5例。术后1个月内(近期)16例(38.1%)患者有语言功能障碍,其中12例3个月内恢复,4例(9.5%)未恢复。术后所有患者随访6~84个月(中位数为24个月),14例出现肿瘤进展,其中11例死亡。与未侵犯vPMC组比较,侵犯vPMC组肿瘤的WHO级别高(P=0.011),术后近期语言功能障碍的发生比率高[分别为10/18、25.0%(6/24),P=0.044],无进展生存期[分别为(28.4±5.2)个月、(80.7±3.2)个月]和总生存期[分别为(38.8±5.8)个月、(80.8±3.2)个月]均短。差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001)。结论多模态技术联合术中唤醒麻醉治疗Broca区胶质瘤有助于在最大化切除肿瘤的同时,保护患者的语言功能。其中肿瘤侵犯vPMC比仅侵犯额下回后部者引起近期语言功能障碍率更高,预后更差。