Severe hemoptysis of pulmonary arterial origin: signs and role of multidetector row CT angiography

BACKGROUND: Hemoptysis of pulmonary arterial origin is a diagnostic challenge in patients admitted to a respiratory ICU (RICU) for treatment of hemoptysis. Its early accurate recognition and treatment reduce morbidity and prevent mortality. Multidetector row CT angiography (MDCTA) is an accurate method for imaging the systemic vascular network. Our aim was to assess the MDCTA signs and role in managing hemoptysis of pulmonary arterial origin. METHODS: We performed a retrospective clinical and radiologic analysis of all consecutive patients who were referred for severe hemoptysis to our RICU and were treated by endovascular means between January 2004 and December 2006. We reviewed all of those cases with hemoptysis of pulmonary arterial origin. RESULTS: Of 272 patients who were referred for severe hemoptysis to the RICU, 189 patients were treated by endovascular means. Thirteen patients (nine men, four women; mean age, 45 years) had hemoptysis of pulmonary arterial origin. Signs of pulmonary arterial hemoptysis seen on MDCTA were of the following three types: pseudoaneurysm (n = 5); aneurysm of the pulmonary artery (n = 3); or the presence of a pulmonary artery in the inner wall of a cavity (n = 5). Hypertrophy of the bronchial arteries seen on MDCTA associated with any of these signs predicted the necessity to treat both the bronchial and pulmonary arteries. Pulmonary artery vasoocclusion was performed as a first treatment in eight patients with such an association (n = 1) or without such an association (n = 7) along with bronchial artery embolization. The remaining five patients were treated with systemic artery embolization, followed by surgery (n = 1), pulmonary artery vasoocclusion (n = 3), and death from massive hemoptysis (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS: MDCTA performed prior to endovascular treatment allows the correct identification and early appropriate management of severe hemoptysis of pulmonary arterial origin.     

介入栓塞治疗肺动脉假性动脉瘤伴大咯血的临床疗效分析

目的 探讨体肺双途径栓塞治疗肺动脉假性动脉瘤(pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysms,PAPs)伴大咯血的临床疗效及安全性.方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年2月海南医学院第二附属医院收治的经CT血管造影(CT angiography,CTA)/数字减影血管造影(digital subtractive angiography,DSA)证实为PAPs伴大咯血的15例肺结核患者的临床资料.记录相关影像学表现、介入治疗技术和临床止血成功情况,随访1年内咯血复发状况.结果 共发现15个PAPs,肺CTA发现14个,血管造影发现1个.术中仅支气管动脉造影发现6个,仅肺动脉造影发现4个,支气管动脉及肺动脉造影均发现4个,1个体肺动脉造影均未发现.介入栓塞术后咯血有效止血14例,1例患者术中因大咯血窒息导致死亡.患者随访12个月,其中1例患者术后2周复发大咯血行外科切除术;1例咯血术后3个月余复发,再次行介入栓塞后咯血停止.结论 经体肺双途径栓塞治疗肺结核患者PAPs伴大咯血的临床疗效确切,方法可行,但仍有一定风险.     

Diagnostic value of bronchoscopy in diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: bronchial aspirate, bronchial washing and transbronchial lung biopsy

The diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis is confirmed by the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum. Bronchoscopy has been used for diagnosis of various pulmonary diseases. The value of bronchoscopy such as bronchial aspirate, bronchial washing and transbronchial lung biopsy in diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis was evaluated, and the results were as follows: 1) One hundred ninety cases were investigated bronchoscopically due to suspicion of pulmonary tuberculosis with sputum negative smear and 92 cases were confirmed to be pulmonary tuberculosis. 2) Out of 91 cases examined by bronchial aspirate and 46 cases by bronchial washing, smear positivity was 20.9% and 23.9% and culture positivity was 58.2% and 84.8%, respectively. Transbronchial lung biopsy showed positive findings of tuberculosis in 75.8% out of 33 specimens. 3) Out of 88 sputa taken before bronchoscopy and 50 sputa after bronchoscopy, smear positivity was 0% and 12%, and culture positivity was 54.5% and 40% respectively. Gastric lavage culture positivity was 29.4% in 17 cases examined. 4) Diagnosis of tuberculosis was made rapidly in 28 cases (30.4%) by smear positive results of bronchial aspirate, bronchial washing and sputa after bronchoscopy, and relatively rapidly in 20 cases (21.7%) by transbronchial lung biopsy.     

Observation of bleeding sites by fiberoptic bronchoscopy in a case of vasculo-Beh?et's disease with pulmonary involvement

A 45-year-old man complained of fever and bloody sputum. Chest X-ray films showed a round opacity in the left hilum. He developed massive hemoptysis (500 ml) and emergency embolization of the bronchial artery was performed. Pulmonary artery aneurysm and thrombosis were detected angiographically, and fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed a reddish irregular eminence of the left main bronchus and lingulate++ ++ bronchus. These sites could have been the bleeding sites. Because of recurrent hemoptysis, left pneumonectomy was performed 26 days after the massive hemoptysis. Pathological findings showed panarteritis, luminal thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery and markedly dilated vessels of the bronchial wall. He developed genital ulceration after the operation and these findings suggested incomplete vasculo-Beh?et's disease with rare pulmonary involvement. The disease is now well-controlled by corticosteroid therapy 27 months after the operation.     

支气管动脉栓塞治疗肺结核大咯血31例

目的回顾性分析支气管动脉栓塞治疗肺结核合并大咯血。方法对31例肺结核大咯血在影像监视下行选择性支气管动脉造影后用明胶海绵颗粒进行栓塞。结果31例中右侧支气管动脉出血15例,左侧12例,还有4例为两侧支气管动脉共干。结论对肺结核合并大咯血内科保守治疗效果不佳又无条件进行外科手术者,应尽早行支气管动脉造影并栓塞。     

重视肺动脉瘤性大咯血的诊断与介入治疗

肺部高压的支气管动脉与肺静脉构成体循环,低压的肺动脉与肺静脉构成肺循环,支气管动脉、肺动脉和肺静脉三种血管构成肺部两套循环系统。体循环的高压动脉形成动静脉畸形包括支气管动脉-肺静脉畸形和支气管动脉-肺动脉畸形,动静脉畸形的供养动脉、畸形血管团和引流静脉极易形成动脉瘤,动脉瘤破裂引发大咯血。而肺动脉瘤少见,易被漏诊,肺动脉瘤的血供可单独来源于肺循环或体循环,也可同时累及肺循环和体循环,肺动脉瘤破裂大咯血单纯体循环动脉栓塞难以控制。因此,要重视大咯血患者肺动脉瘤的诊断与介入治疗。     

Moderate hemoptysis of unknown etiology.

The underlying cause and treatment of hemoptysis should be addressed promptly to avoid potentially life-threatening complications. We report on a previously healthy 11-year-old white boy who presented with acute hemoptysis. On bronchoscopy, bleeding was noted from the right upper and lower lobes. Right bronchial arteriography revealed multiple regions of abnormal "blushing" throughout the right bronchial arterial distribution which was successfully controlled by right bronchial arterial embolization. In spite of an extensive work-up, we were not able to determine the cause of bleeding. The patient has been followed for 18 months without any recurrence and without evidence of any systemic disease. Our patient does not fit any diagnostic category of pulmonary bleeding and further case reports are needed to delineate this entity.     

Old pulmonary embolism causing intrabronchial bleeding

A 51-year-old man was admitted because of hemoptysis. Physical examinations and chest XP revealed no abnormal findings. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy showed pulsatile bleeding at the orifice of right B6. Right bronchial arteriography showed a markedly dilated and tortous bronchial artery and shunting to the pulmonary arterial system in the middle and lower lobes. Pulmonary arteriography showed complete obstruction of the right middle lobar and lower lobe segmental arteries (A6, 9, 10). The hemoptysis was thought to be due to increased blood flow of the right bronchial artery, which compensated for reduced right pulmonary arterial flow. Right middle and lower lobe resection was done to prevent further hemoptysis. The resected specimen revealed old thromboemboli in the right middle and lower lobe pulmonary arteries. In this case old pulmonary embolism should be considered as a cause of intrabronchial bleeding.     

Pathologic bronchial vasculature in a case of massive hemoptysis due to chronic bronchitis

The cause of bleeding in a patient with recurrent massive hemoptysis was not apparent after bronchoscopy and gross examination of the lobectomy specimen. Histologic submission of all major bronchi uncovered dilated, tortuous bronchial arteries just below the bronchial mucosa with sites of both current and healing arterial rupture. This bronchial arterial abnormality is common to several chronic pulmonary diseases, but is rarely diagnosed as a cause of massive hemoptysis. Careful pathologic examination of major bronchi in the setting of hemoptysis of unknown causation is recommended.     

支气管动脉栓塞术后肺结核再咯血的综合治疗

目的探讨肺结核大咯血行支气管动脉栓塞术(BAE)后再次出现咯血的综合治疗方法。方法总结1997年8月至2006年2月间289例肺结核大咯血行BAE治疗失败后再次出现咯血的42例患者,根据咯血量的多少,采用不同的治疗措施,20例小量咯血应用云南白药和止血芳酸治疗,22例中至大量咯血患者联合应用蛇毒血凝素和人工冬眠治疗。结果20例小量咯血经云南白药和止血芳酸治疗后,有效止血率95.0%,22例中至大量咯血联合应用蛇毒血凝素和人工冬眠治疗,有效止血率为86.4%。结论肺结核大咯血行BAE后再次出现小量咯血可以采取常规治疗,中至大量咯血联合应用蛇毒血凝素和人工冬眠不失为有效的治疗手段。     

Bronchoscopic and angiographic comparison of bronchial arterial lesions in patients with hemoptysis

In seven patients with nonmalignant disease, we bronchoscopically observed various types of bronchial arterial lesions that may have caused hemorrhage. Five of the seven showed a bulging lesion, and the other two demonstrated an intrabronchial mass. We also examined these seven patients using selective bronchial arteriography. Herein we report our comparative study of the bronchoscopic findings and the bronchial arteriograms of these bronchial arterial lesions. The bulge observed in bronchoscopy corresponded either to an aneurysm or to a hypervascular area in the bronchial arteriogram. The mass lesions corresponded to a hypervascular area or a focal dilatation in the bronchial arteriogram. The intrabronchial lesions observed bronchoscopically either disappeared or were significantly diminished by bronchial arterial embolization for management of the hemorrhage. A histologic examination in two patients who underwent surgery revealed vascular lesions corresponding to the intrabronchial lesions in bronchoscopy. The results of this comparative study have important application in the bronchoscopic examination of bronchial arterial lesions in patients with hemoptysis.     

频咳肺结核患者支气管镜检查的临床分析

目的为探讨频繁咳嗽肺结核患者与合并支气管结核的关系。方法对185例肺结核病人行气管镜检查,发现病变后同时进行刷检、活检的病理学及细菌学检查,比较频咳组和对照组的差异。结果具有频繁咳嗽症状的96例患者中合并支气管结核86例,合并率为89.6%,而对照组为14.6%。结论具有频繁咳嗽症状的肺结核患者应当常规行气管镜检查,以便早期发现支气管结核,早期治疗。     

纤维支气管镜诊断菌阴肺结核的意义

目的 探讨纤维支气管镜对疑似肺结核的诊断价值.方法 对胸部影像学表现疑似结核病变特点的59例痰菌阴性患者行支气管镜检查,镜下观察病变,同时行活检、刷片及灌洗液等检查,通过病理及细菌学检查,分析结果.结果 59例患者经支气管镜检查确诊结核49例,2例确诊为肺癌,其中刷片找到抗酸杆菌者32例,活检确诊结核的34例.结论 支气管镜检查是结核病诊断和鉴别诊断的重要方法.     

Interventional occlusion of the aneurysm of the pulmonary artery: treatment of a rare complication when applying the Swan-Ganz catheter

Dissecting aneurysm of the pulmonary artery is a rare (1 : 3000) but life threatening complication of the use of Swan-Ganz catheters. The most typical clinical manifestation is hemoptysis, even a asymptomatic aneurysm causes pathognomonic X-ray findings. The eventually long free intervall between catheterisation and formation of the dissecting aneurysm requires thorough follow up of the concerning patients, e. g. chest roentgenograms and thorax CT-scans. The endovascular therapy of this lesion has replaced surgery due to a much better risk profile. The aim of the endovascular treatment is a coil-occlusion of the parent artery immediately proximal to the aneurysm. The success of this procedure will be instantaneously evident.     

Bronchial artery–pulmonary artery malformation as a cause of cryptogenic hemoptysis

A 12‐year‐old girl with two episodes of massive hemoptysis was found to have a localized pulmonary hemorrhage on bronchoscopy. Multiple investigations including a computed tomography (CT) angiogram failed to identify the cause. Catheterization of the pulmonary and bronchial vessels uncovered a bronchial artery to pulmonary artery fistula, which was embolized by interventional radiology. This is the first pediatric case of this type of anomaly and it illustrates the importance of angiography in the investigation of cryptogenic hemoptysis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:930–933. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

支气管结核继发于肺结核的因素分析

目的探讨支气管继发于肺结核的因素。方法纤支镜检查肺结核患者224例,分为肺结核继发支气管结核组128例和单纯肺结核组96例,比较两组患者临床表现和纤支镜检查结果等方面特点。结果两组在性别、年龄、肺结核类型、胸部X线、CT表现、纤支镜下支气管树变化、PPD皮试和痰涂片抗酸杆菌阳性率等方面有差别P<0.01或P<0.01。结论支气管结核继发于肺结核主要与内分泌、咳痰效果、纵隔淋巴结结核浸润邻近支气管、痰排菌量、变态反应等因素有关。行纤支镜检查对支气管肺结核的诊治有决定意义。     

330例菌阳初治肺结核支气管镜检查结果分析

目的 探讨痰菌阳性初治肺结核患者行支气管镜检查的必要性.方法 分析我院2007年1月～ 2010年12月住院的330例行支气管镜检查的痰菌阳性初治肺结核患者的临床资料.结果 在菌阳初治肺结核患者中,支气管结核的发生率明显高于文献报道的肺结核患者.结论 重视痰菌阳性初治肺结核患者的支气管镜检查,可减少EBTB的误诊与漏诊.     

选择性支气管动脉双重栓塞治疗肺结核咯血的远期疗效及影响因素分析

目的　了解选择性支气管动脉双重栓塞术治疗肺结核咯血的远期疗效 ,探讨术后咯血复发、影响该治疗技术疗效的主要原因。方法　对 5 0例行支气管动脉造影 双重栓塞术的肺结核咯血患者进行为期 2年的疗效追踪观察 ,其中男 37例、女 2 3例 ;年龄 8～ 75岁 ,平均 4 7 6岁。对其中咯血复发病例确定复发原因并予病因治疗及疗效观察。结果　 5 0例肺结核咯血患者术后 2年治愈31例 ,治愈率为 6 2 % ,总止血有效 4 7例 ,有效率为 94 %。术后短期内咯血复发 9例 ,咯血复发的主要原因是肺结核持续不愈、合并支气管扩张感染 ,漏栓和肺外体循环参与肺内病灶供血导致血管难以彻底处理等技术上的因素也是原因之一 ;中、长期咯血复发 10例 ,咯血复发的主要原因则是肺结核好转后空洞内继发真菌感染 (主要是曲菌球 )及肺结核再次复发。结论　选择性支气管动脉双重栓塞术在治疗肺结核咯血时远期疗效明显 ,可防止大咯血引发的危险 ,为治愈肺部结核病变争取时间 ,有利于患者安全好转。血管栓塞是一种非常有效的止血方法 ,但去除引起慢性炎症刺激的感染病因才能真正治愈肺结核咯血。     

支气管-肋间动脉联合栓塞治疗肺结核大咯血

目的探讨支气管-肋间动脉联合栓塞治疗肺结核大咯血的临床价值。方法19例肺结核大咯血患者,行选择性支气管动脉和肋间动脉造影并对病变血管用2 mm手术丝线段进行栓塞。结果19例咯血患者,共栓塞58支出血血管。其中行支气管动脉-肋间动脉联合栓塞17例,单独栓塞支气管动脉和肋间动脉各1例。17例联合栓塞患者24h内咯血停止16例,即刻止血率94.2%（16/17）;1周内咯血停止1例;近期有效率100%（17/17）。2例单独栓塞支气管动脉或肋间动脉者止血无效。36个月内复发2例。无严重栓塞相关并发症发生。结论支气管-肋间动脉联合栓塞是治疗肺结核大咯血的有效手段,具有止血迅速、复发率低及安全性高的优点。     

Diagnostic usefulness of transbronchial aspiration and bronchial lavage for pulmonary tuberculosis

Fiberoptic bronchoscopy is a well established methods as a useful tool in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis with smear negative cases. In order to get the early and definite diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis, we performed transbronchial aspiration and bronchial lavage by a fiberoptic bronchoscope in 97 patients. All patients (1) were clinically suspected of having active tuberculosis; (2) showed abnormal chest roentgenogram suggesting tuberculosis; (3) showed negative sputum smears of acid-fast bacilli, or had no sputum. The results of the study were summarized as follows: 1) Final diagnosis of study subjects were 90 patients of active pulmonary tuberculosis, and 7 patients of pulmonary atypical mycobacteriosis. 2) Sputum culture of acid-fast bacilli was positive in 22 out of 90 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. 3) Smear and culture examination of acid-fast bacilli of transbronchial aspirates were positive in 9 and 28, respectively out of 90 patients. 4) Smear and culture examination of acid-fast bacilli of bronchial lavage were positive in 12 and 39, respectively out of 90 patients. 5) A rapid and definite diagnosis was made in 16 out of 90 patients by transbronchial aspirates or bronchial lavage. 6) Atypical mycobacteria were detected in 7 out of 97 patients by transbronchial aspirates or bronchial lavage. 7) There were no serious complications such as pneumonia and exacerbation of pulmonary tuberculosis. These results suggested that transbronchial aspiration and bronchial lavage were useful procedures for rapid and definite diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.