Factors associated with the transmission of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 among hospital healthcare workers in Beijing,China

Background With the increase in patient activity during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, came an associated increase in occupational infections of healthcare workers (HCWs). Objectives The aim of this study was to examine factors associated with the transmission of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 among HCWs. Methods A 1:4 matched case–control study by hospital, ward, age, and gender was conducted in HCWs from hospitals in Beijing during February 2010. Cases were diagnosed with pandemic (H1N1) 2009, and controls had neither influenza‐like illness nor diagnosis with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 during August 2009 to January 2010. Information during 7 days before symptom onset of case was collected, and controls were queried about the same period. Results A total of 51 cases identified via National Notifiable Infectious Disease Surveillance System participated in this study. Controls were matched to cases for a total of 255 individuals. About 19·6% (10/51) of cases and 26·0% (53/204) of controls recalled they had conducted a high‐risk procedure on a patient with pandemic (H1N1) 2009. 72·5% (37/51) of cases and 71·6% (146/204) of controls stated they wore medical masks in ≥80% of working time. Only 5·9% (3/51) and 36·3% (74/204) of cases and controls, respectively, reported receiving pandemic vaccination. Participants receiving pandemic vaccination had a significantly lower risk of infection during the pandemic (OR = 0·150, 95% CI: 0·047–0·479, P = 0·001). The estimated vaccine effectiveness was 85·0%. Conclusions We showed a high vaccine effectiveness of the pandemic vaccine and that vaccination was the only factor significantly associated with risk of infection in HCWs.     

Social support and amphetamine-type stimulant use among female sex workers in China

Background: Existing research has suggested a positive role of social support in reducing drug use among female sex workers (FSWs). However, there is limited research on the role of social support in amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) use among FSWs in China. This study explored the present situation of ATS use among FSWs in Guangxi, China and examined the associations of different types of social support from different sources with ATS use.

Method: A sample of 1022 FSWs was recruited from 56 commercial sex venues in Guangxi Autonomous Region in China. Bivariate comparison was used to compare demographic characteristics and source of emotional or tangible social support across frequency of ATS use among FSWs. The relationship between social support and ATS use was examined using multiple ordinal logistic regression models controlling for the potential confounding effects of demographic variables.

Results: The multiple ordinal logistic regression indicated that FSWs who were from younger age groups (aOR?=?10.88 for age group <20; aOR?=?2.80 for age group 20–23), and from all higher-income venues (aOR?=?1.96 for venue level 1; aOR?=?2.28 for venue level 2; aOR?=?1.81 for venue level 3) tended to use ATS more frequently. They also tended to use ATS more frequently when they depended on their boyfriends (aOR?=?1.08) for emotional support or on their co-workers for tangible support (aOR?=?1.17).

Conclusions: Different types of social support from different sources can be either positively or negatively associated with ATS use among FSWs, therefore, the future intervention efforts should differentiate and target different types and different sources of social support in response to the living and work conditions of FSWs.     

社区医生通过外展服务开展AIDS/STD预防干预的效果分析

目的探讨社区医生通过外展服务,对娱乐场所女服务员开展艾滋病/性病（AIDS/STD）预防干预的效果。方法北京市朝阳区社区卫生服务中心的社区医生,利用外展服务形式,向辖区内6家娱乐场所的288名女服务员提供AIDS/STD预防宣传教育。通过对干预前后女服务员问卷调查结果的比较,评价干预活动的效果。结果通过干预活动,女服务员性病和艾滋病知识的知晓率,分别由24.7%和14.6%提高到67.0%和68.9%;对待艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者的态度有了明显好转,表示“尽量躲开”或“断绝来往”者由20.9%减为10.5%;最近一个月在商业性性行为中“每次都用安全套的比例”由25.2%增至49.0%,最近一次商业性性行为“使用安全套的比例”由66.4%7增至86.7%;69.6%的人对此次干预活动表示“满意”。结论社区医生通过外展服务向女服务员提供AIDS/STD预防干预具有一定的效果,有一定的推广意义。     

Role ambiguity: Older workers in the demographic transition

This paper presents recent empirical evidence to support the argument that policies designed to increase workforce participation of older workers have been unsuccessful because they have not recognized the contradictory attitudes towards older workers of employers, government, and older workers themselves. Qualitative and quantitative research with Australian employers, employees, and older job seekers were used to test two hypotheses, about the low success rate of mature-aged job seekers and about the worth of older workers with regards to the work-related attributes required in the new world of work. It was concluded that currently employed older workers are valued for their task- and organization-specific skills which, however, count for little when competing for a new job. The paper concludes by suggesting that a radical change in attitudes towards the training and trainability of older workers is required of all parties. A strong emphasis on training should be a cornerstone of policies aimed at increasing mature-aged workforce participation, which will be increasingly essential in coming decades. His publications in social gerontology include papers on well-being, productive aging, mature aged employment, retirement, fear of crime, and indigenous aging.     

Low uptake of HIV testing among male clients of female sex workers in China

Male client of female sex workers (MCFSW) is a sizable population transmitting HIV from high-risk population to female general population in China. This study was to investigate the prevalence of taking up any forms of HIV testing in lifetime and in the past year among MCFSW in Hong Kong. Factors associated with uptake of any forms HIV testing in the past year were also investigated. A cross-sectional survey was conducted. Participants were Hong Kong Chinese males aged ≥18 years, and self-reported had patronized at least one female sex workers (FSW) in the last six months. A total of 303 MCFSW recruited online (n?=?160) or from venues (n?=?143) completed the self-administered questionnaire. Logistic regression was used for data analysis. The prevalence of taking up any forms of HIV testing in lifetime and last year was 49.2% and 23.8%, respectively. Adjusting for these background variables, scale scores representing perceived severity of HIV infection (AOR: 1.17), perceived benefits of HIV testing (AOR: 1.18) and perceived self-efficacy in taking up HIV testing (AOR: 1.36) were significantly and positively associated with uptake of any forms of HIV testing in the last year, while negative associations were found for the Perceived Psychological Barrier Scale (AOR=?0.88) and the Perceived Logistical Barrier Scale (AOR: 0.78). MCFSW in Hong Kong reported low uptake of HIV testing. Health promotion is urgently needed. Modifying perceptions related to the Health Belief Model are potential useful strategies. The potential of using HIV self-testing to increase HIV testing coverage among MCFSW should also be considered.     

Protective efficient comparisons among all kinds of respirators and masks for health-care workers against respiratory viruses: A PRISMA-compliant network meta-analysis

Background:There is no definite conclusion about comparison of better effectiveness between N95 respirators and medical masks in preventing health-care workers (HCWs) from respiratory infectious diseases, so that conflicting results and recommendations regarding the protective effects may cause difficulties for selection and compliance of respiratory personal protective equipment use for HCWs, especially facing with pandemics of corona virus disease 2019.Methods:We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, medRxiv, and Google Scholar from initiation to November 10, 2020 for randomized controlled trials, case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies that reported protective effects of masks or respirators for HCWs against respiratory infectious diseases. We gathered data and pooled differences in protective effects according to different types of masks, pathogens, occupations, concurrent measures, and clinical settings. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO (registration number: 42020173279).Results:We identified 4165 articles, reviewed the full text of 66 articles selected by abstracts. Six randomized clinical trials and 26 observational studies were included finally. By 2 separate conventional meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials of common respiratory viruses and observational studies of pandemic H1N1, pooled effects show no significant difference between N95 respirators and medical masks against common respiratory viruses for laboratory-confirmed respiratory virus infection (risk ratio 0.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.86–1.13, I² = 0.0%), clinical respiratory illness (risk ratio 0.89, 95% CI 0.45–1.09, I² = 83.7%, P = .002), influenza-like illness (risk ratio 0.75, 95% CI 0.54–1.05, I² = 0.0%), and pandemic H1N1 for laboratory-confirmed respiratory virus infection (odds ratio 0.92, 95% CI 0.49–1.70, I² = 0.0%, P = .967). But by network meta-analysis, N95 respirators has a significantly stronger protection for HCWs from betacoronaviruses of severe acute respiratory syndrome, middle east respiratory syndrome, and corona virus disease 2019 (odds ratio 0.43, 95% CI 0.20–0.94).Conclusions:Our results provide moderate and very-low quality evidence of no significant difference between N95 respirators and medical masks for common respiratory viruses and pandemic H1N1, respectively. And we found low quality evidence that N95 respirators had a stronger protective effectiveness for HCWs against betacoronaviruses causative diseases compared to medical masks. The evidence of comparison between N95 respirators and medical masks for corona virus disease 2019 is open to question and needs further study.     

Threats during sex work and association with mental health among young female sex workers in Hong Kong

Young female sex workers (YFSWs) are confronted with significant threats during sex work. The present cross-sectional study examined different levels of threats (i.e., threats to life and health, threats to humanity, threats to control of work and financial security, and the threats to future) experienced by 87 YFSWs (age 16–25) in Hong Kong, and identified their association with mental health (i.e., psychological well-being) together with other factors, including childhood trauma, self-efficacy, hope, and social support. Results showed that the participants encountered a significant number of threats. More than half reported that they had a condom removed by clients during sex (51.7%); or have been humililated by clients (51.7%). Because of sex work, about a quarter (25.3%) have had sexually transmitted disease, and respectively 10.3% and 12.6% have had abortion and unplanned pregnancy. The majority have had friends found out that they engaged in sex work (72.4%). They also showed a high level of worry about the various threats. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that childhood trauma (β?=??.26) and worry about threats during sex work (β?=??.22) were significantly negative predictors, while self-efficacy (β?=?.20) and hope (β?=?.27) were significantly positive predictors of mental health. Future services should improve YFSWs' skills to minimize potential threats during female sex work, address the structural correlates and relieve their worries, and empower them with more hope and self-efficacy in choosing clients.     

A pedigree-based proxy measure of genetic predisposition of drinking and alcohol use among female sex workers in China: a cross-sectional study

Scientific evidence has suggested that genetic factors accounted for more than half of the vulnerability of developing alcohol use problems. However, collecting genetic data poses a significant challenge for most population-based behavioral studies. The aim of this study was to assess the utilities of a pedigree-based proxy measure of genetic predisposition of drinking (GPD) and its effect on alcohol use behaviors as well as its interactions with personal and environmental factors. In the current study, cross-sectional data were collected from 700 female sex workers (FSW) in Guangxi, China. Participants provided information on a pedigree-based proxy measure of GPD and their alcohol use behaviors. Chi-square and independent t-test was applied for examining the bivariate associations between GPD and alcohol use behaviors; multivariate and ordinal regression models were used to examine the effect of GPD on alcohol use. This study found that women with a higher composite score of GPD tended to have a higher risk of alcohol use problem compared to their counterparts (p?p?相似文献   

山东省医务人员艾滋病防治知识调查

目的　了解山东省医务人员掌握艾滋病知识的现状 ,为进一步做好医务人员的艾滋病知识培训工作提供依据。方法　抽取省、市、县级医疗机构的 10 80名医务人员进行艾滋病知识的问卷调查。结果　医务人员艾滋病知识综合知晓率为 72 8% ;对艾滋病的一般知识回答正确率均 >88% ;对专业性较强的艾滋病知识 ,如艾滋病病人的诊断、病原体的消毒措施等掌握较差 ;有关艾滋病的法律法规知识严重缺乏 ,只有 2 7 1%的人能正常回答“责任疫情报告人”的概念 ;医务人员知识水平的高低与所在医疗机构的级别及他们的专业、文化程度相关 (P <0 0 1) ,与年龄、性别和专业技术职称无关。结论　医务人员对艾滋病一般知识掌握较好 ,对艾滋病专业知识掌握不够 ,应加强艾滋病专业知识的培训。     

Demographic and behavioral correlates of HIV/STI among Vietnamese female sex workers in southwest China

Previous literature has suggested high rates of HIV/STIs among Chinese FSWs. However, limited data were available regarding HIV-related risks among Vietnamese FSWs – a rapidly increasing, vulnerable population in southwest China. The current study examined the demographic and behavioral factors associated with the infection rates of HIV, syphilis, and Hepatitis C (HCV) among Vietnamese FSWs in Guangxi, China. We conducted a secondary data analysis of a cumulative sample of 1026 Vietnamese FSWs (aged 14–66) recruited over five years (2010–2014) from 35 National Sentinel Surveillance sites in Guangxi. Analyses included Fisher’s exact chi-square test, t-test, and binary logistic regression. The overall prevalence of HIV, syphilis, and HCV infections among the cross-border women were 3.2%, 6.9%, and 2.6%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that greater lengths of sex work and low paying work venues were significant risk factors for HIV infection; for syphilis infection, older age, drug use experience, and forgoing condom use were significant risk factors; for HCV infection, drug use experience was the only significant risk factor. Our findings suggest that elevated HIV-related risks among the Vietnamese FSWs are closely related to their financial disadvantages and that drug use is a prominent risk factor for cross-border women in the sex trade. Furthermore, culturally tailored and linguistically accessible HIV prevention and intervention initiatives that target cross-border FSWs, with a close international collaboration between China and Vietnam, are urgently needed.     

中华麦饭石防治大鼠肝炎,肝硬化和肝癌时微量元素作用

目的：本文旨在探讨中华麦饭石防治大鼠肝炎、肝硬化和肝癌时微量元素的作用方法：给ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠食用二甲基奶油黄饲料，同时饮用１０％中华麦饭石浸液共２６周。用ＩＣＰ法检测肝炎、肝硬化和肝癌大鼠全血１０种微量元素。结果：肝炎时实验组仅Ｍｎ显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜００５）。肝硬化时实验组Ｍｎ、Ｓｉ、Ｂａ、Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ和Ｓｅ均显著高于对照组，Ｃｕ显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜００５～０．００１）。肝癌时实验组Ｍｎ、Ｓｉ、Ｂａ、Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ、Ｓｅ和Ｍｏ继续高于对照组，Ｃｕ和Ｃｒ低于对照组（Ｐ＜０００１）。除Ｓｉ外，实验组和正常对照组微量元素差异无显著意义（Ｐ＜００５）。结论：１肝病越重，微量元素变化越明显。２中华麦饭石能维持机体微量元素的正常状态，对大鼠肝炎、肝硬化和肝癌防治具有重要作用。     

乌鲁木齐市医用放射工作人员防护意识调查与分析

目的了解新疆乌鲁木齐市医用放射工作人员防护意识及行为,为制订放射工作人员放射卫生监测和健康监护管理提供依据。方法采用白行设计的《医用放射工作人员防护意识调查表》,现场自填问卷的方法,对乌鲁木齐市医用放射工作人员进行调查。结果放射工作人员放射防护知识的掌握与文化程度、累积放射工龄密切相关（Х^2=8．63,P〈0．01;Х^2=11．75,P〈0．01）,参加过放射培训的工作人员答题正确率高于未参加人员（Х^2=5．97,P〈0．05）;部分放射工作人员自身防护意识不足,对受检者及陪护人员防护不到位。结论针对新参加工作及低学历放射工作人员的放射防护培训是今后培训的重点,同时在日常工作中应重点加强对受检者及陪护人员防护。     

对城市娱乐场所小姐开展性病干预服务模式探讨

目的探讨在中国城市娱乐场所小姐中开展性病干预服务模式并进行评估。方法每月由性病门诊医务人员以外展服务形式，向福州市18家娱乐场所的149名小姐提供性病预防治疗服务，全部现场监服阿奇霉素和灭滴灵，连续3个月。结果61．7％的小姐干预前有生殖道感染症状，干预后下降到43．6％。衣原体和滴虫感染检出率从干预前27．5％和3．4％，下降到干预后5．9％和1．0％。91．1％的小姐希望在开展宣传教育的同时提供方便、规范的性病服务。结论医务人员走出门诊为娱乐场所小姐提供以性病预防治疗为主的健康服务受到欢迎。其中采用给所有小姐定期口服阿奇霉素的方法，对控制娱乐场所小姐的衣原体感染有较好效果，但有一定局限性。今后应探索将性病预防治疗与行为干预(健康教育、咨询和安全套促进)相结合的综合干预模式。     

医护人员肺炎衣原体呼吸道感染的暴发流行

目的研究肺炎衣原体（CP）呼吸道感染暴发流行的临床特征及胸部影像学表现。方法15例暴发流行的CP呼吸道感染住院患者（1例为原发病例，14例为医护人员）痰和咽拭子标本，应用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测CP的DNA，使用微量免疫荧光技术（MIF）检测CP的IgG和IgM抗体，同时对胸部X线和CT表现进行分析。结果本组暴发流行的CP感染患者均有发热，头痛，全身肌肉酸痛，干咳，声音嘶哑，咽痛等症状。咳嗽剧烈时伴有胸痛，其中痰中带血3例（3／15，20％），肺部呼吸音减低或细湿哕音5例（5／15，33％）。PCR检测CP阳性13例（13／15，87％），出现明显肺部影像学表现10例（10／15，67％）。主要影像学表现是：一侧和（或）两侧肺部单发或多发腺泡结节状阴影9例，斑片状阴影2例，片状阴影合并局限性肺气肿1例，无肺门及纵隔淋巴结增大、胸腔积液。结论医护人员CP呼吸道感染的暴发流行具有群体发病，发热、头痛、干咳、咽痛和单发或多发腺泡结节状阴影相同的特征。早期CT检查更能真实地反应病变大小，多少和分布范围。诊断时应与严重急性呼吸综合征（SARS）进行鉴别。     

中华麦饭石对诱癌大鼠γ-干扰素和脾NK细胞活性的作用

为了探讨中华麦饭石对诱癌大鼠γ-干扰素和NK细胞活性的作用,给Wistar大鼠皮下每周注射二甲肼20mg/kg体重共15周诱导大肠癌,同时饮用10％中华麦饭石浸液27周,在实验第8周、16周和27周分别用常规微板法和同位素释放法检测大鼠血中γ-干扰素滴度和脾NK细胞活性。结果显示,中华麦饭石不仅能升高大鼠大肠癌发生前期和早期的γ-干扰素滴度和脾NK细胞活性(P<0.001),而且能升高大肠癌晚期大鼠的γ-干扰素滴度和脾NK细胞活性。其作用机制可能与其富含的微量元素有关。     

Response to Vaccination against Mumps in Medical Students: Two Doses Are Needed

Mumps is a vaccine-preventable infectious disease diffuse worldwide. The implementation of mumps vaccination reduced largely the spread of infection. On 11,327 Medical School students the prevalence of mumps positive antibodies was evaluated according to dose/doses of vaccine, year of birth and sex. Compliance to mumps vaccine was low in students born before 1990 but increased consistently after this year, above all compliance to two doses, due to the implementation of the vaccine offer. Positivity of mumps antibodies is significantly (p < 0.0001) lower in students vaccinated once (71.2%) compared to those vaccinated twice (85.4%). In addition, students born after 1995, largely vaccinated twice, showed a seropositivity near to 90%. Further, females had a significantly (p < 0.0001) higher proportion of positive antibodies after vaccination than males, both one (74.6% vs. 64.7%) and two doses (86.8% vs. 82.9%). Finally, seropositivity after two vaccine doses remains high (86.1%) even 15 years after the second dose. In conclusion, the research highlighted that vaccination against mumps reaches a good level of coverage only after two doses of vaccine persisting at high levels over 15 years and induces a more significant response in females.