纳米羟基磷灰石复合聚酰胺66材料修复早期股骨头坏死

背景：纳米羟基磷灰石复合聚酰胺66材料具有良好的材料-细胞界面,拥有三维孔洞网络结构,在植入人体后还可以随着时间的推移逐渐降解。目的：观察纳米羟基磷灰石复合聚酰胺66材料修复早期股骨头坏死的效果。方法：纳入62例早期股骨头坏死患者,其中男32例,女30例,年龄34-51岁,均分为2组治疗,观察组进行纳米羟基磷灰石复合聚酰胺66材料植入联合髓芯减压植骨治疗,对照组进行钽棒置入联合髓芯减压植骨治疗。对比两组治疗后1 d疼痛情况,治疗后随访12个月,对比两组髋关节功能Harris评分。结果与结论：治疗后1 d,两组疼痛目测类比评分比较差异无显著性意义。观察组治疗后3,12个月的髋关节功能Harris评分高于对照组(P < 0.05),两组均未发生与修复材料相关的不良反应。表明利用纳米羟基磷灰石复合聚酰胺66材料修复早期股骨头坏死具有良好的生物相容性,并可促进患者肢体功能恢复。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

钛质外科网和纳米仿生骨在颈椎前路减压融合中的应用

背景：纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺作为新型植骨材料,应用于颈椎前路减压融合中,不仅可以减少患者取骨带来的并发症,而且具有稳定的植骨融合率。 目的：比较钛网和纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺应用于颈椎前路减压融合治疗脊髓型颈椎病的临床效果。 方法：对确诊的48例脊髓型颈椎病患者行颈前路椎体次全切减压融合钛板内固定。其中26例行钛网植骨,22例行纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺仿生骨植骨,采用JOA评分法评价神经功能的恢复,测量cobb角评价融合节段曲度。 结果与结论：48例患者均获得随访,随访时间6~14个月。置入后3个月JOA评分较置入前明显改善,两组对比JOA评分差异无显著性意义;置入后3,6个月钛网组及仿生骨组融合节段cobb角相对于置入后即刻变化差异有显著性意义,两组对比差异无显著性意义;置入后3个月钛网组2例患者出现钛网沉降,融合节段椎间高度丢失。结果表明纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺仿生骨作为颈椎前路融合植骨材料,融合率高,可以有效保持颈椎生理曲度及椎间高度,长期效果有待进一步观察。     

比较纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66人工椎体与自体髂骨在颈椎前路减压融合中的应用

背景：目前用于颈椎前路重建的材料较多,如自体髂骨、同种异体骨、钛网等,但各种材料均存在一定的不足。纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66人工椎体具有良好的生物相容性及生物安全性,是一种比较理想的椎体植骨替代材料。 目的：评估纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66人工椎体应用于颈椎前路减压融合治疗脊髓型颈椎病的临床效果,并与自体髂骨进行对比。 方法：2009-01/2010-03对40例脊髓型颈椎病患者行颈前路椎体次全切减压融合钛板内固定。22例行纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66人工椎体植骨,18例行自体髂骨块植骨,采用JOA评分法评价神经功能的恢复情况,测量Cobb角评价融合节段曲度以及融合节段椎体前缘、后缘高度。 结果与结论：患者均获得 6~14个月随访,JOA评分较治疗前明显改善。人工椎体组及自体髂骨组融合节段后缘高度和前凸Cobb角治疗后3个月与治疗后即刻差值、治疗后6个月与治疗后3个月差值差异均有显著性意义(P < 0.01)。根据融合标准,治疗后6个月两组融合情况差异无显著性意义(P  > 0.05)。提示纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66人工椎体作为颈椎前路植骨材料,融合率同自体髂骨相似,可以有效保持颈椎生理曲度及椎间高度,长期效果有待进一步观察。     

纳米人工骨在颈前路植骨融合中的应用

背景：纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺人工骨具有良好的生物相容性与较强的组织结合力,在恢复神经功能方面具有显著作用。目的：探讨颈前路植骨融合中应用纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺人工骨代替自体髂骨治疗的临床效果。方法：采用随机数字表法将96例颈椎病和颈椎创伤脱位患者均分为观察组和对照组,两组患者均进行颈前路植骨融合治疗,观察组植入纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺人工骨,对照组植入自体髂骨。比较两组手术情况、植入后不同时间随访的日本骨科协会(JOA)脊髓功能评分、椎体高度丢失及植骨融合率。结果与结论：两组手术时间、术后下床活动时间、术后住院时间比较差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05),观察组术中出血量显著低于对照组(P < 0.05)。两组随访3,6个月及末次随访的JOA评分均高于治疗前(P < 0.05),但两组间不同时间点JOA评分比较差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);两组随访6个月及末次随访的椎体高度丢失程度、植骨融合率比较差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05);两组均未发生与植骨材料相关的不良反应。表明颈前路植骨融合中应用纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺人工骨具有与自体髂骨相当的临床效果。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

n-HA／PA66生物活性人工Cage植骨融合术治疗腰椎退变61例

目的探讨纳米羟基磷灰石／聚酰胺66（n-HA／PA66）生物活性人工Cage植骨融合术治疗腰椎退变的临床疗效。方法从2007年6月～2012年2月,对腰椎退变失稳定性疾患,需要后路手术＋椎间植骨融合的患者,采用n-HA／PA66复合生物活性椎间Cage植骨融合、经椎弓根钉棒系统内固定,共61例70个椎间隙。用M-JOA评分的症状改善率评价患者治疗效果;术前、术后1周及3月、6月、12月分别摄x射线片及CT,观察椎体间高度、融合节段前凸弧度及植骨融合情况。结果随访6～48个月（平均28个月）,术后3-4个月开始产生骨融合,术后12月69个节段得到骨性融合（98．57％）,椎间隙高度无降低,症状无复发。结论纳米羟基磷灰石／聚酰胺66（n_HA／PA66）复合椎间Cage植骨融合内固定术,可有效重建退变腰椎的稳定性,Cage内外的植骨可与相邻椎体有效融合并形成完整整体,是一种理想的椎间植骨融合方式。     

n-HA/PA66复合生物活性融合器在颈椎病前路减压融合术中的初步应用研究

分析52例颈椎病行前路减压、n-HA/PA66复合生物活性融合器植骨、钛钉板系统内固定颈椎前路重建手术患者的临床资料,探讨自行研制的纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66(n-HA/PA66)复合生物活性融合器在颈椎病前路减压固定融合手术中的初步临床疗效。所有术后均获得6～25个月(平均13个月)的随访。患者术前症状均得到改善,JOA评分术前平均为10.4分,术后为15.7分。n-HA/PA66复合生物活性融合器于术后3～6个月骨性融合。颈椎生理曲度、椎间高度、颈椎稳定性均维持良好。无融合器下沉、塌陷、移位发生,无感染、内固定物松动、脱落、断裂等并发症。n-HA/PA66复合生物活性融合器能有效重建和维持颈椎体的结构和高度,可能是一种理想的颈椎植骨替代材料。     

纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66骨支撑材料与钽棒置入修复早期股骨头坏死:近期效果比较

背景:有研究将纳米羟基磷灰石复合聚酰胺66材料用在早期股骨头坏死的治疗中取得了很好的疗效,可显著降低疼痛、延缓股骨头塌陷。目的:比较髓芯减压植骨合并纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66复合生物支架的置入、髓芯减压植骨合并钽棒置入治疗早期股骨头缺血性坏死的临床效果。方法:将60例早期股骨头坏死患者随机分入观察组和对照组,观察组采用髓芯减压植骨合并纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66生物支架置入治疗,对照组采用髓芯减压植骨合并钽棒置入治疗。比较两组手术时间、术后引流量、住院天数、住院费用、术后疼痛发生情况;随访12个月,比较两组Harris评分、影像学疗效评判情况和综合疗效。结果与结论:观察组术后引流量、住院时间、住院费用低于对照组(P0.05),两组手术时间、术后发生疼痛例数比较差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。Harris评分中,观察组仅行走辅助评分明显优于对照组(P0.05),两组影像学疗效评判情况、综合疗效评判比较差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。结果表明对于早期股骨头坏死患者,髓芯减压植骨合并钽棒置入和髓芯减压植骨合并纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66置入在改善患者临床症状方面疗效相当。     

纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66复合材料的研究及应用

背景：纳米羟基磷灰石在骨修复替代材料中有明显优势,但骨诱导活性低、力学性能差等缺陷限制了其临床应用。为克服弊端,国内外学者从仿生学等角度出发,以纳米羟基磷灰石为基础,掺杂、复合有机或无机材料,得到多种仿生复合材料。 目的：综述纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66复合材料的研究及应用进展。 方法：应用计算机检索1987年1月至2012年12月PubMed数据库相关文章,检索词为“nano,hydroxyapatite ,polyamide 66”。同时,计算机检索1987年1月至2012年12月中国期刊网全文数据库相关文章,检索词为“纳米,羟基磷灰石,聚酰胺66”。共检索到文献93篇,最终纳入符合标准的文献56篇。 结果与结论：纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66复合材料具有良好的热稳定性、生物力学性能及生物相容性。目前,纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66复合材料研究及引用主要集中于人工椎体、人工椎板及椎间融合器等,并取得了良好临床治疗效果,但仍有很多问题尚需要解决,如诱导成骨、降解情况都缺少长期而详尽的随访资料,而且目前主要是通过细胞学、组织学等方面来评价其生物安全性,尚未涉及到分子水平。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

新型人工生物活性接骨板治疗犬股骨骨折*◆

背景：研究表明纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66是一种具有良好的生物相容性、生物安全性、生物活性和骨传导能力的高强度高韧性复合材料。 目的：分析转染LIM矿化蛋白1基因的骨髓间充质干细胞复合纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66接骨板治疗犬股骨骨折的可行性和效果。 方法：收集犬骨髓间充质干细胞,经LIM矿化蛋白1转染后与纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66接骨板复合制备新型生物活性接骨板。48只杂交犬建立右侧股骨中段横形骨折模型,分别用转染/未转染LIM矿化蛋白1基因的骨髓间充质干细胞复合纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66接骨板、单纯纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66接骨板和钢板螺钉进行修复。 结果与结论：修复后8周及修复后12周转染组内固定失败率均低于未转染组和单纯接骨板组(P < 0.05),与钢板螺钉修复比较差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。转染组骨折愈合时间明显短于其他组。修复后12周转染组接骨板与犬股骨外侧皮质完全融合,骨干间有明显新骨生成。未转染组和单纯接骨板组未见或少量骨组织生成。说明新型生物活性接骨板能促进骨折愈合并与自体骨融合,不需要二次手术取出,但该新型接骨板的强度有一定的局限性,用于犬股骨骨折的治疗时必须辅加外固定。      

骨修复用纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66的体内外生物相容性(英文)

背景:采用基于纳米羟基磷灰石溶胶新方法制备纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66复合材料,该材料提高了纳米羟基磷灰石在聚酰胺66基体中的均匀分布和二者的有效键合,进而有利于改善材料的生物性能,有望成为新型骨修复材料。目的:评价纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66复合材料体内外生物相容性。方法:①将原代培养的成骨细胞与纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66及聚酰胺66材料复合培养,使用倒置相差显微镜和场发射扫描电子显微镜观察材料周围及表面的细胞形态。②将纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66复合材料植入兔右侧胫骨,将聚酰胺66作为对照组材料植入兔左侧胫骨。在术后2,8周,取材料周围骨组织进行病理组织切片观察。结果与结论:①纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66和聚酰胺66未表现出明显的细胞毒性,纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66材料周围细胞形态好于聚酰胺66,且纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66表面细胞数量多于聚酰胺66,在复合培养的第3天差异尤其显著(P0.01)。②在植入早期,与纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66相接的骨组织成骨细胞活跃且该组材料周围的骨形成过程较对照组更快。结果说明纳米羟基磷灰石/聚酰胺66复合材料较聚酰胺66有更好的生物相容性。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.