乳腺浸润性导管癌的早期X线诊断(附22例报告)

目的：为进一步提高早期浸润性导管癌的 Ｘ 线诊断水平。方法：作者总结了经手术病理证实２２ 例女性直径＜ ２ ｃ ｍ 早期浸润性导管癌症的 Ｘ 线表现。结果：２２ 例中,８ 例呈肿瘤结节,３ 例出现恶性钙化,５ 例局部结构紊乱,４ 例出现小灶致密影,２ 例表现为条索状改变,３ 例显示为星芒征。结论：对上述诸多特殊表现的认识,在浸润性导管癌的早期诊断中具有重要价值。     

乳腺癌X线与病理对照分析

目的：探讨钼靶乳腺癌X线影像学表现，分析其病理基础，以提高乳腺癌的诊断水平。方法：分析经手术证实的56例乳腺癌患者的X线影像学资料及其病理学资料。结果：本组乳腺癌患者56例乳腺癌中X线表现为肿块36例；微小钙化（簇样、短棒样）11例：星芒影9例；局部密度增高、结构紊乱4例；血管影增多、增粗、迂曲10例；乳晕增厚8例；乳头凹陷7例；乳后间隙结构不清或消失3例。病理为浸润性导管癌47例；单纯癌7例；大汗腺样癌1例；导管内乳头状癌1例。结论：诊断乳腺癌除了重视特征性征象：肿块影、簇样钙化、星芒征，还应重视局部致密影、局部结构紊乱、血管影增多及增粗等间接征象；乳腺癌的病理基础不同，导致了不同类型的X线表现。     

乳腺X线摄影对乳腺癌诊断的应用价值

目的 提高乳腺X线摄影对乳腺癌诊断的认识。方法 回顾1998～2001年106例经手术病理证实为乳腺癌的X线征象。结果 106例乳腺癌患，X线正确诊断为乳腺癌98例，误诊为纤维瘤2例，增生团块4例，良性病变2例，X线表现正常2例。正确率92．5％，误诊率7．5％。X线表现：肿块结节影86例；簇样钙化81例，其中47例为泥沙样钙化，34例为蠕虫样或混合钙化；间接征象：小灶致密影、结构紊乱、乳头内陷和皮肤增厚。结论 乳腺X线摄影对乳腺癌的诊断目前仍是首选的影像学检查方法。     

早期乳腺癌的X线表现（附18例报告）

目的：提高对早期乳腺癌X线征象的认识。方法：回顾性分析资料完整的18例早期乳腺癌X线表现。结果：早期乳腺癌X线征象主要有：砂砾样微小钙化12例，其中X线未见确切肿块或结节而以钙化灶为唯一征象者6例；局限性片状、结节样致密影3例；乳腺结构局部扭曲紊乱1例；血管影迂曲、增多、增粗1例；无异常X线征象1例。结论：砂砾样微小钙化是早期乳腺癌非常重要的诊断依据，甚至是唯一恶性征象；局限性密度增高，乳腺结构局部扭曲紊乱，血管影迂曲、增多、增粗等征象在排除乳腺炎和手术穿刺活检等病史后，可考虑有早期乳隙癌的可能。     

小乳腺癌的X线征象分析

目的：探讨较早期乳腺癌的X线征象特点，以提高对乳腺癌诊断水平。方法：回顾性分析了经手术病理证实的106例直径＜2cm较早期乳腺癌的X线表现。结果：在106例乳腺癌患者中，肿瘤结节91例；钙化45例。导管扩张4例，局部结构紊乱21例，小灶性密度增高8例。结论：认识上述诸多X线表现，对乳腺癌的较早期诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要价值。     

乳腺X线成像对早期乳腺癌诊断的分析

目的：提高乳腺癌的早期检出率。方法；经手术病理证实30例女性早期乳腺癌，行常规钼靶X线摄影，必要时加摄侧位或小角度斜位及放大摄影。结果：30例早期乳腺癌X线征象为：簇样钙化，乳腺局限性增厚，小致密灶和结构紊乱不对称血管升导管扩张等。乳导管造影显示，导管壁不规则浸润、僵硬狭窄，导管截断等。结论：乳腺钼靶X线摄影是早期发现乳腺癌首选方法，对乳腺癌的早期诊断及鉴别诊断有很高的价值。     

乳腺钼靶摄影及X线立体定位穿刺对早期乳腺癌的诊断价值

目的评价应用乳腺钼靶摄影结合X线立体定位穿刺活检对早期乳腺癌的诊断价值。方法经定位穿刺活检、手术及病理证实的早期乳腺癌53例,对其X线表现进行回顾性分析。结果53例早期乳腺癌X线影像中,结节肿块影23例,单纯性簇样钙化17例,结节伴钙化8例,非对称性局限性密度增高影伴结构紊乱12例,星芒征15例,血管影增多增粗18例,导管破坏、中断3例。结论乳腺钼靶摄影结合X线立体定位穿刺是目前诊断早期乳腺癌的首选而有效的方法。     

早期乳腺癌的X线表现（附40例报告）

目的 提高对早期乳腺癌X线征象的认识。材料与方法 将40例早期乳腺癌X线征象作回顾性分析。结果 早期乳腺癌X线征象有：泥沙样微细钙化30例（75％）,X线未见肿块或结节而钙化灶为唯一恶性征象者18例（45％）,与对侧乳房比较呈不对称局限性密度增高15例（37．5％）,致密小结节影14例（35％）,乳腺结构局部扭曲紊乱4例（10％）,条索状导管增粗5例（12．5％）,血管影迂曲、增多、增粗1例,无异常X线征显示1例。结论 （1）泥沙样微细钙化仍是早期乳腺癌非常重要的诊断依据,甚至是唯一恶性征象。（2）非对称性局限性密度增高,乳腺结构局部扭曲紊乱,在排除乳腺炎和手术穿刺活检病史后,应考虑早期乳腺癌可能。（3）在串珠型结节样乳腺中混杂着的恶性致密小结节影,易被忽视,须与健侧乳腺仔细对照观察,以发现小癌或微小癌。（4）对临床疑为小纤维腺瘤,如果X线征有边缘模糊或小角状突起时,应予高度重视,进行活检。     

乳腺癌不典型X线表现

目的 :进一步提高对乳腺癌早期、不典型X线征象的认识。方法 :对 97例经手术病理证实的乳腺癌不典型X线征象作回顾性分析。结果 :乳腺癌不典型X线表现分非结节型和结节型。非结节型共 49例 ,包括 :①孤立成簇、微小、多形少量钙化 16例 ;②肿瘤呈“礼花样”表现 7例 ;③乳头后导管异常改变 10例 ;④局部腺体结构不良 12例 ;⑤乳腺内无异常表现 4例。结节型共 48例 ,包括 :①单发结节 3 7例 ;②多发小结节 11例。结论 :①每平方厘米内成簇、微小多形钙化灶少于 5枚是乳腺早期癌的重要依据 ;②癌瘤呈“礼花样”改变是诊断乳腺癌的一个新的征象 ;③局部腺体结构不良、乳头后导管异常改变对乳腺癌早期、不典型X线诊断具有重要价值 ;④边缘光滑或部分光滑的单、多发小结节也是乳腺癌重要的不典型X线征象。     

乳腺癌61例X线表现及病理对照分析

目的探讨和分析乳腺癌的钼靶X线影像特点及其病理基础,提高乳腺癌的X线诊断水平。方法回顾性分析研究61例经乳腺钼靶X线摄影检查、手术及病理证实的乳腺癌患者的X线表现。结果①61例患者中,单纯肿块41例,肿块伴钙化13例,单纯钙化8例,结构扭曲5例,结构扭曲伴钙化4例,局灶性致密影5例,磨玻璃样改变1例,阴性1例。②有钙化者多见于浸润性导管癌和导管原位癌,有肿块者多见于浸润性导管癌、粘液腺癌和髓样癌,结构扭曲者和局部致密性影多见于浸润性导管癌。结论①乳腺癌常见的X线表现为单纯肿块、钙化伴肿块、单纯钙化和结构扭曲。②浸润性导管癌占乳腺癌的大部分,乳腺癌的病理基础不同,导致了不同类型的X线表现。③X线摄影对乳腺癌有很高的诊断价值,尤其对临床检查阴性的患者,但对致密性乳腺还是有一定的局限性。     

Mammographic features of "early" breast cancer

Mammographic detection of breast cancer at the earliest possible stage requires optimal radiographic technique and a full knowledge of the subtle features with which very small cancers can present. Although some early cancers are identified as characteristic clusters of calcifications or as spiculated or multinodular (knobby) masses, others demonstrate less typical and sometimes much less obvious mammographic signs: the single dilated duct, focal architectural distortion, asymmetry, and the developing density sign. Although these indirect signs are nonspecific, they provide mammographers with the important opportunity to discover breast cancer at a very early stage, when the likelihood for cure is great.     

不典型乳腺癌的X线诊断(附18例报告)

目的　为进一步提高不典型乳腺癌的诊断水平。方法　作者总结了经手术病理证实 18例不典型乳腺癌的X线表现。结果　 18例中 ,5例呈小灶致密影 ,6例出现局部结构紊乱 ,7例显示为星芒征。结论　对上述三种特殊表现的认识 ,在不典型乳腺癌的诊断中具有重要价值。     

Mammographic features of 300 consecutive nonpalpable breast cancers

The mammographic presentations of 300 consecutive nonpalpable breast cancers were analyzed to more clearly define the spectrum of radiographic signs needed to detect cancer at such an early stage. Clustered calcifications were the primary mammographic abnormality in 42% of cases, but only 23% demonstrated the rod, curvilinear, and branching shapes that are characteristic of malignancy. Of the 300 cancers, 39% presented as dominant masses, but only 16% showed spiculated or knobby margins typical of carcinoma. Almost 20% of the cancers were detected primarily by "indirect" mammographic signs of malignancy, such as focal architectural distortion, asymmetry, single dilated duct, and the developing density sign. To take full advantage of the capabilities of mammography, radiologists must search diligently not only for for the classic mammographic features of malignancy but especially for the more subtle and "indirect" signs that are less specific in predicting the presence of cancer.     

溢液性乳腺癌的乳腺导管造影表现及病理基础

目的:分析溢液性乳腺癌的乳腺导管造影表现及其病理基础,为临床提供可靠的诊断依据,以提高早期乳腺癌的诊治水平。方法:临床表现为乳头溢液并经手术、病理证实的乳腺癌患者26例,回顾性观察其乳腺导管造影表现,并与病理结果对比分析。结果:26例中,导管原位癌8例;浸润性导管癌5例;导管原位癌伴早期浸润7例;复合型癌3例,其中导管原位癌合并浸润性小叶癌2例,浸润性导管癌合并浸润性小叶癌1例;导管内乳头状瘤病癌变3例,其中乳腺X线平片未发现异常5例,毛刺或分叶状肿块2例,肿块伴钙化9例,多形性钙化灶10例。乳腺导管造影主要表现:导管内充盈缺损伴有不同程度导管扩张;导管管壁浸润破坏对比剂渗漏,形成"潭湖征";导管管壁不规则,呈"虫蚀样"改变或"断续征"。本组乳腺导管造影诊断乳腺癌的符合率为88.4%。结论:乳腺导管造影是溢液性乳腺癌诊断的安全而有效的检查方法,具有很高的定性、定位诊断价值,尤其对临床触诊阴性的早期乳腺癌能作出较准确的诊断,提高了早期乳腺癌的检出率。     

乳腺癌钼靶X线片误诊分析(附15例报告)

目的　进一步提高乳腺癌影像诊断水平。方法　收集 15例经手术病理证实乳腺癌钼靶X线误诊病例 ,回顾性分析其X线表现及临床资料。结果　 15例中 ,4例呈小纤维腺瘤样表现 ,3例发现粒数极少的微细钙化 ,3例表现为局部腺体结构不良 ,2例表现为导管增生腺体内多发小片影 ,2例为小灶致密影 ,1例无任何异常。其中 4例临床未触及肿物。结论　通过对上述几种X线影像征象的认识 ,强调触诊与影像的紧密结合 ,在提高乳腺癌钼靶X线诊断率、减少误诊中具有重要价值     

Considerations in breast imaging diagnosis

Certain points regarding breast imaging diagnosis are open to interpretation and are considered difficult to understand in the short course on mammography. For example, focal asymmetric density (FAD) may or may not include mass lesions. To assess whether FAD includes mass lesions or not, a comparison of density with equal gland volume, margins, and internal structure is important. Calcifications must be read carefully according to shape and distribution. The shapes of calcifications can be used to estimate the intra-ductal structure of breast cancer, but small round calcifications and amorphous calcifications can be interpreted as both benign and malignant lesions. Therefore, distribution brings important information to the assessment. Architectural distortion can be caused by fibrosis in both benign and malignant lesions. Lobular carcinoma and scirrhous carcinoma are the most common malignant diseases, but radial scar, inflammatory disease, and surgical scar need to be considered in the differential diagnosis. Finally, the pathological assessment of breast cancer and mammographic technology are basic, important factors in reading mammography.     

乳腺癌计算机摄影临床影像学征象分析

目的:探讨计算机摄影(CR)在乳腺钼靶X线检查中的优越性;结合计算机后处理功能,分析乳腺癌影像学特征及病理表现。方法:64例乳腺癌患者均经CR影像学检查及手术病理证实。结果:64例乳腺癌中肿块影36例,微小钙化18例,致密影12例,星芒影4例,局部结构紊乱11例,血管影增多、增粗9例。结论:致密影、星芒征、沙粒样钙化可作为乳腺癌的特征性影像学表现,局部结构紊乱、周围血管影增多及增粗是乳腺癌重要的间接征象。     

Mammographic control after quadrantectomy and radiation therapy]

The efficacy of combined surgery and radiation therapy in the treatment of breast cancer has increased the use of mammography in the follow-up to detect early recurrences. The authors report their experience in the follow-up of 43 breast cancers after treatment with local excision, axillary dissection, and irradiation. Mammography was performed at 6.12, and 24 months. The radiological findings were: 38/43 (88.3%) breasts with abnormal mammographic patterns, skin thickening in 36/43 (83.7%) cases, breast retraction in 16/43 (37.2%), architectural distortion in 17/43 (39.5%), increased parenchymal density in 33/43 (76.7%), calcifications in 6/43 (13.9%), and a mass in 10/43 (23.2%) cases. The authors describe histologic changes, corresponding to mammographic findings, and evolution of the treated breasts. Suspicious findings were microcalcifications in one case and a mass in 6 cases (4 of them at 6 months and 2 at 12). Excisional biopsy, performed in the above 7 patients, confirmed recurrence in 4 cases. In 3 cases with negative pathology, where the malignant nature of the lesion could not be demonstrated, we observed: a cluster of microcalcifications undistinguishable from neoplasm in 1 case and spiculated nodules with architectural distortion in the extant 2 cases. Further limitations of mammography were due to radiological density of the breast in one case, and to its minimal size in another--these elements delayed both correct interpretation of mammographic findings and final diagnosis. The low agreement between mammography and histology proved the difficulty of both analysis and evaluation of abnormal post-irradiation breast tissue. The authors, in agreement with literature reports, suggest the schedule for clinical and mammographic follow-up.