High- and Intermediate-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection in Sexually Active Adolescent Females

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of high- and intermediate-risk type human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical dysplasia in an urban Swiss adolescent population attending the local Adolescent Clinic, using a liquid-based Pap test combined with risk type HPV DNA testing. To determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in the same study population. DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING: The Adolescent Clinic of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the University Clinic, Geneva, Switzerland. PARTICIPANTS: 134 women between 14 and 20 years of age were enrolled in the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A standardized patient file on demographic and sexual history information was compiled and completed by physical examination, including a Pap test with adjunct high- and intermediate-risk type HPV DNA detection. RESULTS: Of the 134 specimens analyzed for HPV, 115 patients were negative and 19 (14.2%) were positive for HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, or 68. A significant association between HPV infection and having had more than one lifetime sexual partner was found (P <.05). Six (31.6%) of the HPV-positive and three (2.6%) of the HPV-negative specimens had a low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) by cytology. Abnormal Pap test was related to HPV infection (odds ratio, 46.2; 95% confidence interval, 7.4 to 287.4) and, inversely, to age at first sexual intercourse (odds ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval,.97 to 1.0). CONCLUSION: High- and intermediate-risk type HPV infection is a frequent finding in our study group and is linked to having had more than one lifetime sexual partner. No association was found between HPV infection and other potential risk factors such as patient's age, age at first intercourse, frequency of intercourse during the three months prior to the investigation, smoking habits, or alcohol consumption.     

Human papillomavirus infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in a cohort of low-risk women

Objective

This study was a prospective examination of the incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in a low-risk female population and an assessment of the risk of development of LSIL with HPV infection.

Study design

In a longitudinal study, women aged 19–60 years – non-smokers, and married or living with a constant partner, who presented for cervical cancer screening at an outpatient clinic – were invited to participate in a prospective study of cervical HPV infection, and were examined every 3 months.

Results

Of the 464 women at risk, 20 presented with HPV infections during the follow-up. Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) event developed in 18 women. Among these women, 13 were HPV-positive (10 high-risk and 3 low-risk types). The average duration of new LSIL was 20.1 months (95% CI: 13.9–26.3) and 55.3 months (95% CI: 45.7–64.9) in the HPV-positive and negative groups, respectively, the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001).With the use of Cox proportional hazard regression, we estimated the relative risk as 90.0 for a first instance of LSIL among women testing positive for HPV as compared with women testing negative for HPV.

Conclusion

This study has provided evidence that HPV infection is associated with an increased risk of LSIL.     

Risk factors for cervical cancer in China: a case-control study

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of human papillomavirus types and investigate the risk factors for cervical cancer in Hubei, China. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study to investigate risk factors. RESULTS: HPV DNA was detected in 94.55% of patients with cervical carcinoma, and 23.64% of control subjects. The most common HPV type in cervical cancer was HPV type 16 (81.82%), followed by HPV 58 (6.36%). HPV infected patients have a higher risk of developing cervical carcinoma, which is 75.79 times more than non-infected people. The other risks were age at first intercourse (p = 0.017) and number of live births (p = 0.032). A history of previous cytologic screening was associated with a substantial reduction in risk (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The three principal reasons that Hubei has a high rate of women developing cervical carcinoma are HPV infection, age at first sexual intercourse and number of live births. Cervical cytology screening provides efficacious protection.     

Cofactors in human papillomavirus infection and cervical carcinogenesis

Objective

This study aimed to identify the effect of various risk factors as the promoters of HPV infection, and to identify which HPV-positive women may have an increased risk of developing cervical cancer.

Methods

Smear preparations were examined and classified according to the Bethesda system. HPV-DNA detection and genotyping was carried out using polymerase chain reaction combined with reverse hybridization line-probe assays. Age, smoking habit, age at first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, number of term births, contraceptive method, progesterone therapy, history of sexually transmitted diseases, history or existence of warts and existence of cervical infection were recorded.

Results

642 women (96 women with abnormal cervical cytology and 546 women with normal cytology) provided cervical samples. Smoking habit, number of sexual partners, number of term births, history of sexually transmitted diseases, history or existence of warts and existence of cervical infection were identified as the promoters of HPV infection. History of sexually transmitted diseases, history or existence of warts and existence of cervical infection were identified as cofactors affecting progression from HPV infection to cervical cancer. Neither of contraceptive methods studied was related to HPV infection or coexistence with malign transformation to cervical cancer.

Conclusion

Information gathered from this study could be used to prioritize limited screening and treatment services to woman who have specific characteristics that may put them at an increased risk of HPV infection. Additionally, by identifying which women have a higher risk of cervical cancer; it may be possible to reduce the number of unnecessary colposcopies.     

Dominant human papillomavirus 16 infection in cervical neoplasia in young Japanese women; study of 881 outpatients

OBJECTIVE: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is reported to be related to carcinogenesis in the uterine cervix. In Japan, screening for cervical cancer by cytology is performed in women over 30 years old. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is an association between patient age and cervical neoplasia or HPV infection in Japanese women. METHODS: Specimens from 881 randomly selected patients who came to our clinic were tested for HPV DNA by using Hybrid Capture II, whereas specimens from a 204-patient randomly selected subset diagnosed with cervical neoplasia were tested for HPV DNA by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HPV typing was performed in all the PCR-positive cases. RESULTS: The HPV-positive rate in the 20- to 29-year-old patients (29.0% in the normal cytology/histology group and 85.5% in the abnormal group) was higher than in the 30- to 59-year-old patients, and the rate declined until age 60 when age increased. While HPV 18, HPV 52, other HPV types, and HPV types as a whole were frequently detected in 30- to 49-year-old patients, HPV 16 was detected more frequently in the younger group than the other HPV types (P = 0.03). Among the HPV 16-positive patients with cervical neoplasia, the proportion of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 3 cases was high (44%) in the 20- to 29-year-old group. CONCLUSIONS: Screening for cervical neoplasia by cytology should also be performed in women under 30 years old in Japan. The HPV typing could be a tool to strictly follow-up younger women who were diagnosed with CIN.     

西藏自治区妇女子宫颈人乳头状瘤病毒感染现状调查及相关因素分析

目的 了解我国西藏自治区妇女宫颈人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)感染率和亚刑分布及与HPV感染相关的因素.方法 于2007年8月,采用整群抽样的方法对西藏自治区拉萨、日喀则和那曲3个地区的3036例妇女进行流行病学问卷调查和HPV DNA分型检测,并对与HPV感染相关的因素进行单因素及多因素分析.结果 3036例妇女中,HPV感染患者为279例,总感染率为9.19%(279/3036),其中高危型HPV、低危刑HPV和HPV复合感染率分别为7.05%(214/3036)、2.14%(65/3036)和1.32%(40/3036);不同年龄、民族、地区妇女间HPV感染率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).HPV感染的亚型中,HPV16(1.52%)最常见,其次为HPV33(1.42%)、58(1.22%)、52(1.15%)和31(1.05%);不同年龄妇女巾,HPV感染的亚型分布也略有不同.单因素分析显示,婚姻状态、初次性生活年龄和妊娠次数为影响HPV感染的危险因素(P<0.05).多凶素分析表明,吸烟(P=0.027)、性伴侣数(P=0.198)和初次性生活年龄(P=0.237)为影响HPV感染的独立危险因素.结论 两藏自治区妇女官颈HPV感染率低于国内外平均水平,其最常见的亚型为HPV16.影响HPV感染的独立危险因素为吸烟、性伴俏数和初次性牛活年龄.     

Genital human papillomavirus screening by gene chip in Chinese women of Guangdong province

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are associated with cervical cancer. There were only a few reports and detailed data about epidemiological research of HPV infection in general population of China. AIMS: To determine the prevalence of genital HPV infection in Chinese women of Guangdong province. METHODS: A total of 1705 women were screened by gene chip. All HPV-positive women were further examined by ThinPrep liquid-based cytology test (TCT), and the cervical biopsies of those women with positive HPV-DNA and abnormal TCT were collected for pathological diagnosis. RESULTS: The overall HPV prevalence was 9.03% (154 of 1705), and 72.3% (126 of 154) of total positive samples were high-risk types, with higher prevalence of types 52, 58, 16, 18 and CP8304. For women aged 51 years or older, the overall high-risk HPV prevalence was 12.2% (24 of 179), which was obviously higher than those of other age groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that the HPV prevalence in Guangdong is very similar to the world level. Unlike most previous studies, our findings suggest that HPV prevalence increased with age, and that the predominant genotypes in this area were HPV 52 and 58.     

Frequency of HPV infection of the uterine cervix among perimenopausal women in Wielkopolska Region

OBJECTIVES: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the main causes of cervical neoplasia. There is now consistent evidence that Human Papillomavirus (HPV) has a causal role in the etiology of cervical cancer and that sexual habits and reproductive/hormonal factors are associated with the risk of invasive cervical cancer. In our investigation we estimated the frequency of HPV infection in uterine cervix in women gathered in perimenopausal and postmenopausal groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We screened 90 women in western Poland to obtain cytological smears, and tested all smears for 33 types of HPV with a polymerase chain reaction-based system. All women were classified according to age into three groups. RESULTS: HPV infections peaked in the group of 45 to 49 year old (48.5% using universal starters) and decreased in 56 year or olders (26.1% using universal starters) with predominantly non-cancer-associated types of HPV and uncharacterized HPV types. CONCLUSIONS: We confirm the decline of HPV infection with age. But note increased prevalence after menopause, which could be related to a second peak of HSILs, an observation that warrants further investigation. At least 80% of HPVs involved in cervical carcinogenesis in this population have been characterized. Polyvalent vaccines including the main cancer-associated HPV types may be able to prevent most cases of cervical disease in this region.     

22234例子宫颈高危型HPV感染及亚型分布研究

目的:分析17种型别的高危型人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)在22234例子宫颈癌筛查中的感染率及亚型分布特点。方法:回顾性分析2018年1月1日至2019年1月1日22234例于华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院行子宫颈癌筛查患者高危型HPV感染率及感染亚型。结果:22234例接受子宫颈癌筛查患者中,一种或以上高危型HPV阳性者3574例(16.1%),其中HPV16或(和)HPV18阳性者703例(3.2%)。在3574例高危型HPV阳性女性中,最常见的高危HPV感染是HPV52(24.4%),其次为HPV58(16.5%)、HPV16(14.0%)、HPV53(12.6%)和HPV39(8.6%)。与HPV16阴性患者相比,在HPV16阳性的患者中,除HPV31、HPV35、HPV45、HPV26和HPV82以外的12种高危型HPV的感染风险均显著降低约2~5倍(OR 0.169~0.530,P<0.05);与HPV18阴性患者相比,HPV18阳性的患者中HPV16、HPV33、HPV39、HPV51、HPV52、HPV58和HPV53的感染风险均显著下降(P<0.05)。结论:女性高危型HPV感染率较高,最常见的高危型HPV是HPV52和HPV58感染,并且HPV16、18感染对多个其他型别高危型HPV感染有保护作用。     

心肌炎所致小儿完全性房室传导阻滞17例临床分析

目的分析感染性心肌炎所致小儿完全性房室传导阻滞(CAVB)的临床特点及治疗，以提高对该病的认识。 方法对1984-08—2005-03上海市交通大学附属儿童医院收治的感染性心肌炎所致CAVB17例进行回顾性分析。 结果17例CAVB患儿出现阿斯综合征者8例，心功能不全者5例。17例胸片检查心影增大13例。13例心脏超声检查示均有左心室增大。心电图示平均心室率为(528±104)/min。急重症心肌炎6例，均予甲基泼尼松龙静脉冲击和营养心肌治疗，3例安置临时起搏器进行治疗;其余患儿都以改善传导、增快心室率药物治疗。治愈6例，好转5例，仍为CAVB 5例，死亡1例。 结论急重症心肌炎发生CAVB可以是致命的，如果能早期诊断、及时应用大剂量肾上腺皮质激素及给予急诊临时起搏器处理，将会取得较好的预后。在随访心肌炎所致房室传导阻滞患儿时，如并有束支传导阻滞者、QRS波增宽、结性逸搏时要高度警惕其可能进展为CAVB。     

Human papillomavirus DNA in women without and with cytological abnormalities: results of a 5-year follow-up study.

To determine the prevalence of HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18 in a population without cytological or histological abnormalities, the cervical smears of women attending three clinics in Germany were screened over the past 5 years. The filter in situ hybridization method was used throughout. A total of 20,161 smears, taken from 11,667 women, were tested. When the results of only the first examination are considered, 8.8% (950/10,778) of women with normal cytology were positive for HPV DNA. If we divide the latter into age groups, 11% (852 HPV positive/7716) were below the age of 55 years and 3.2% (98 HPV positive/3062) were above this age. When the samples from patients who had undergone at least two examinations and remained cytologically negative during the 5-year period were examined (total, 2709 women), the HPV DNA positively increased to 34.7% (640/1862) for the sexually active age groups and to 9.0% (76/847) for those above 55 years of age. This study reveals that, although papillomaviral production is most pronounced in younger women, these infections are quite common in all age groups. During the period of investigation, 19 (0.65%) patients, who were diagnosed as cytologically negative at the first examination, progressed to carcinoma in situ or invasive carcinoma. Of these, 63.2% revealed a detectable HPV infection during the study period. The progression of HPV-positive women from normal cytology to CIN or cancer occurred at an annual frequency of 0.082%. With an infected lifespan of 45 years assumed, this results in a lifetime risk of 3.7%.     

The evaluation of human papillomavirus DNA testing in primary screening for cervical lesions in a large Japanese population

To examine the utility of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing for the screening of cervical cancer and its precursors, a prospective cohort study was performed in which a total of 8156 women with a median age of 36 years were enrolled. Two smear samples scraped from the uterine cervix were served for Papanicolaou test and HPV DNA testing (Hybrid Capture-II system). HPV-positive samples were further examined for HPV subtype using a DNA microarray chip. Women with cytologic abnormality or those with high-risk HPV DNA were further examined by colposcopy to determine histologic diagnosis. High-risk HPV DNA was detected in 11% of the general population, with higher prevalence of specific types, including 52, 16, 58, 51, 56, and 18. As expected, younger women were likely to have increased frequency of HPV infection. Notably, HPV DNA testing detected all 45 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 3, while cytologic findings were negative in 6 of these cases. It is of particular interest that CIN was commonly associated with multiple HPV types, while invasive cancers had a single type of HPV. In terms of both sensitivity and positive predictive value in detecting the CIN, HPV DNA testing is superior to cytology. However, most importantly, HPV DNA testing in combination with cytology significantly improved the efficacy to CIN screening.     

妊娠晚期HPV潜伏感染对妊娠结局的影响

目的:探讨妊娠晚期HPV潜伏感染是否改变了阴道内酸性环境及阴道菌群,进而对妊娠结局产生不良影响;了解妊娠晚期HPV潜伏感染的高危因素。方法:选取我院产检的孕妇312例,孕28～30周。进行问卷调查,取阴道分泌物及宫颈分泌物检测滴虫、念珠菌性阴道炎、细菌性阴道病及HPV;检测阴道pH值,按照HPV DNA是否阳性分研究组与对照组,追踪孕妇不良妊娠结局的发生情况。结果:妊娠晚期HPV DNA阳性发生率45.51%(142/312),感染高危型23.08%(72/312),低危型16.67%(52/312),高危型与低危型混合感染18例,发生率5.77%(18/312);妊娠合并念珠菌性阴道炎患病率15.06%(47/312);妊娠合并滴虫性阴道炎患病率1.28%(4/312);妊娠合并细菌性阴道病患病率29.81%(93/312)。研究组孕妇阴道pH值明显高于对照组,差异有显著性(P<0.05);研究组与对照组细菌性阴道病发生率有显著差异(P<0.05);而两组间念珠菌性阴道炎、滴虫性阴道炎的发生率无显著差异(P>0.05);妊娠晚期HPV潜伏感染与低文化水平、吸烟因素及首次性生活年龄小有关(P<0.05);研究组与对照组间分娩方式相似。结论:妊娠晚期HPV潜伏感染与阴道内酸性环境改变相关,增加了妊娠合并细菌性阴道病的发生率且可增加胎膜早破发生。对围生期妇女行生殖道感染筛查,尤其是HPV、BV检测很有必要。     

The prevalence and significance of high-risk human papillomavirus DNA test in southern Malaysia and Singapore

Aim of Study: To investigate the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) and its associated cytological abnormalities among women attending cervical screening clinics in southern Malaysia and Singapore.
Method: Laboratory results of Hybrid Capture-II (Digene) HPV DNA and liquid-based cytology tests of consecutive women who had screening performed between January 2004 and December 2006 were studied retrospectively.
Results: Of 2364 women studied, the overall prevalence of high-risk HPV DNA detection rate was 25.6%. The prevalence peaked at 49.1% for women between 20 and 24 years old and declined to 23% among women between the age of 30 and 49 years. A small second peak of prevalence rate of 30% was observed among women above the age of 50 years old. 76.1% of the high-risk HPV infection regressed within the study period. An incidence infection rate of 16% was noted among a small group of women who had a second HPV DNA test. A total of 1153 women had both the HPV DNA and the cytology tests. Cytological abnormality (ASCUS or more) was detected in 8.9% in HPV DNA-positive group and in 3.1% in HPV DNA-negative group ( P  < 0.001). The risk ratio for HSIL was 9.8 for HPV-positive women compared to HPV-negative women. The prevalence of cytological abnormalities increased with increasing age of the women.
Conclusion: The epidemiology and clinical impact of high-risk HPV infection for women in Southern Malaysia and Singapore were indistinguishable from experience elsewhere. The apparent moderately high incidence of cervical cancer was explainable by suboptimal screening program.     

肾移植术后免疫抑制剂治疗对人乳头瘤病毒感染及宫颈癌发生率的影响

目的:通过肾移植术后接受免疫抑制治疗的女性患者的人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染及宫颈癌发生率与同期我院妇科女性患者的对比,探讨肾移植术后免疫抑制治疗对女性高危型HPV感染及宫颈癌发生率的影响,为肾移植术后患者高危型HPV感染和宫颈癌的早期诊断和防治提供依据。方法:选取在我院行肾移植术的女性患者中,无其他器官移植,移植前无HPV感染、宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)及宫颈癌的患者865例作为研究组,选取我院妇科同期未进行器官移植的患者作为对照组,比较分析2组高危型HPV感染和宫颈癌发病情况。结果:研究组患者的高危型HPV感染率、CINⅢ及宫颈癌发生率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.001);而研究组中高危型HPV感染、CINⅢ及宫颈癌的平均发病年龄与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论:肾移植术后免疫抑制治疗不会使患者HPV感染及宫颈癌的发病年龄提前,但可能导致发生率增高。     

HPV detection and genotyping as an earlier approach in cervical cancer screening of the female genital tract

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the leading risk factor for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer. More than 100 virus genotypes have been identified so far, some of them strongly associated with the development of neoplasia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of the different HPV genotypes in women presenting no cytological alterations in cervical cells, in women presenting light alterations, and in women presenting severe alterations at routine gynecological examination. We retrospectively analyzed 97 HPV results of women submitted to cervical cancer screening compared to their Papanicolaou and colposcopy examinations. Data were analyzed individually and within groups to correlate the HPV genotypes identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the respective alterations in cervical cells. Among the nine cases diagnosed as CIN I (9.3%), two were positive for low-risk HPV genotypes (22%), and the other seven were negative for HPV by PCR (78%). CIN II or CIN III diagnoses were associated with positive HPV results by PCR in four cases (36%), for high-risk as well as low-risk genotypes. There were two patients with severe cytological alterations in cervical cells, but with an indeterminate HPV genotype (18%), and one case with a negative HPV result (9%). Among the 57 cases without cytological alterations, seven were positive for low-risk HPV (12%) and two for high-risk HPV genotypes (3.5%). In the 48 remaining cases, we observed one with an indeterminate HPV genotype (2%), and the other 47 were negative for HPV by PCR (47%). Our study demonstrates an important prevalence of high- and low-risk HPV genotypes in our population, including those not present in the commercially available vaccine, even in patients with no evidence of cytological alterations in cervical cells. These results highlight the usefulness of HPV detection and typing as an early approach for cervical cancer screening and prevention.     

Prevalence of human papillomavirus in cervical swabs in the Okinawa Islands,Japan

Although human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main risk factor for invasive cervical cancer, the mechanisms of developing carcinoma are not entirely understood. In particular, the biology and natural history of HPV infection are still unknown. Therefore, we have investigated the incidence of human papillomavirus infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in cervical swabs obtained from women who had cervical cancer screening in three separate areas of the islands of Okinawa. The prevalence of HPV in women aged between 30 and 85 years in the three local areas, Yonashiro-town, Naha-city, and Hirara-city, was consistent (9 to 10%). HPV of various oncogenic types, including HPV16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 35, and 58, were identified in HPV-positive swabs and the prevalence of these types varied in the three areas. Received: 21 August 2001 / Accepted: 18 November 2001 Correspondence to T. Maehama     

Prevalence and risk factors for human papillomavirus DNA in cervical cytology

Objectives

This study aimed to detect the presence and prevalence of HPV-DNA in the cervical swab samples obtained from patients with cervical cancer, premalignant cervical lesions and benign cervical smear results, and to identify the potential risk factors influencing this prevalence.

Study design

Smear preparations were examined and classified according to the Bethesda system. HPV-DNA detection and genotyping was carried out using polymerase chain reaction combined with reverse hybridization line-probe assays. Age, smoking habit, age at first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, number of term births, contraceptive method, progesterone therapy, history of sexually transmitted diseases, history or existence of warts, existence of cervical infection and the history of circumcision of male sexual partners were recorded.

Results

Six hundred and forty-two women (96 women with abnormal cervical cytology and 546 women with normal cytology) provided cervical samples. Multiplex PCR testing revealed that prevalence of HPV-DNA was 38.9% in our study population. HPV-DNA was detected in 78.3% of the women with cervical cancer and 76.9% of the women with HGSIL. Abnormal cervical cytology was observed in 30% of HPV-DNA positive cases and in 5.4% of HPV-DNA negative cases. Our findings also indicate that smoking habit, number of sexual partners, history of sexually transmitted diseases, and abnormal cervical cytology were associated with HPV infection. With respect to parity, there was a decreased risk of HPV infection with the increase in the number of births.

Conclusions

Estimates of the prevalence of HPV infection vary greatly around the world, so the factors that contribute to the rare occurrence of cervical cancer after HPV infection might also differ from country to country. Information gathered from this study could be used to prioritize limited screening and treatment services given to woman who have specific characteristics that may put them at an increased risk of HPV disease.     

Association between DQB1 and cervical cancer in patients with human papillomavirus and family controls

OBJECTIVE: The role of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQB1 alleles and human papillomavirus (HPV) as contributing factors to invasive cervical cancer was investigated. To overcome problems of misleading causal inferences common in traditional case-control studies, a family-based test, the transmission/disequilibrium test, was used. METHODS: Ninety-six patients with pathologically confirmed invasive cervical cancer were ascertained. Human papillomavirus types were determined in 80 patients, of whom 81.25% were HPV-positive, and 18.75% were HPV-negative. Deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted from samples, taken from patients and their parents, and sequenced to determine DQB1 genotypes. Nuclear family data were used to test whether the DQB1 locus is associated with invasive cervical cancer while controlling for high-risk HPV-positive patients. The transmission/disequilibrium test evaluates whether the frequency of transmission of parental marker alleles to their affected offspring deviates from the expected Mendelian frequency of 50%. RESULTS: The HLA DQB1 locus showed evidence for allelic association with invasive cervical cancer in high-risk HPV-positive patients (P = .006). The transmission/disequilibrium test showed that the DQB1*0303 allele was transmitted to high-risk HPV patients more often than expected by chance, chi2(1) = 8.0, P = .005 (P = .035 when correcting for multiple tests). Tests of association were negative when applied to all 96 patients, irrespective of HPV status. No significant differences were found in the distribution of the DQB1 alleles among HPV-positive patients compared with those who were HPV-negative, indicating that HLA alleles are not associated with susceptibility to HPV infection. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the DQB1*0303 allele increases the risk for invasive cervical cancer in women who are HPV-positive.     

Human papillomavirus type 18 and other risk factors for cervical cancer in Jakarta, Indonesia

Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) has now been established as a necessary cause of cervical cancer. Indonesia is a country with a high cervical cancer incidence and with the world's highest prevalence of HPV 18 in cervical cancer. No information exists about the prevalence of HPV 18 or other HPV types in the Indonesian population. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study in Jakarta, Indonesia. A total of 74 cervical carcinoma cases and 209 control women, recruited from the gynecological outpatient clinic of the same hospital, were included. All women were HPV typed by the line probe assay, and interviews were obtained regarding possible risk factors for cervical cancer. HPV was detected in 95.9% of the cases and in 25.4% of the controls. In the control group, 13.4% was infected with a high-risk HPV type. HPV 16 was detected in 35% of the case group and in 1.9% of the control group and HPV 18 was identified in 28% of the case group and in 2.4% of the control group, suggesting that the oncogenic potentials of HPV 16 and HPV 18 in Indonesia are similar. In addition to HPV infection, young age at first intercourse, having a history of more than one sexual partner, and high parity were significant risk factors for cervical cancer. Within the control group, we did not identify determinants of HPV infection. We hypothesize that the high prevalence of HPV 18 in cervical cancer in Indonesia is caused by the high prevalence of HPV 18 in the Indonesian population.