陈旧性前十字韧带损伤的诊断

目的评估前抽屉试验、Lachman试验、轴移试验和MRI在陈旧性前十字韧带损伤诊断中的意义。方法107例手术证实为陈旧性前十字韧带损伤患者,术前均行前抽屉试验、Lachman试验、轴移试验和MR检查。术后计算各项检查的敏感性,并分析产生假阴性的原因。结果前抽屉试验的阳性率为78.5%,Lachman试验为97.2%,轴移试验为91.6%,而MRI敏感性为93.5%。10例患者的关节镜检查显示前十字韧带近侧撕裂端再附着于后十字韧带。在此10例中,前抽屉试验的阳性率为60%,Lachman试验为80%,轴移试验为60%,而MRI敏感性为40%。本组9例轴移试验假阴性的患者中,有4例为撕裂的前十字韧带再附着于后十字韧带而替代了部分前十字韧带的功能,因此关节镜下显示胫骨外侧髁半脱位受限。2例Lachman试验假阴性的患者经关节镜证实为前十字韧带断端再附着伴有半月板桶柄样撕裂。在10例再附着患者中有3例MRI表现为韧带倾斜度变化。结论Lachman试验对诊断陈旧性前十字韧带损伤敏感性最高。MRI和轴移试验较敏感,但结果受MR检查技术和伴发损伤等诸多因素的影响。     

陈旧性前交叉韧带损伤诊治分析

[目的]探讨临床检查和MRI诊断陈旧性前交叉韧带（anterior cruciate ligament，ACL）损伤的价值。[方法]回顾分析65例陈旧性ACL损伤患者的诊治经过，进行临床检查，其中8例行MRI检查，最后关节镜手术确诊。[结果]53例ACL完全损伤，前抽屉试验、Lachman试验和轴移试验的准确性分别为：79．2％、96．2％和92．5％；12例ACL部分损伤，前抽屉试验、Lachman试验和轴移试验的准确性分别为：16．7％、50．0％和33．3％。MRI诊断ACL损伤的准确性为100％。[结论]临床检查和MRI是诊断陈旧性ACL损伤的有效方法。     

关节镜下半腱肌腱和股薄肌腱双隧道重建前十字韧带

目的探讨关节镜下联合应用半腱肌腱和股薄肌腱重建前十字韧带(anteriorcruciateligament,ACL)的方法及疗效。方法回顾自1998年4月～2000年5月在关节镜下联合应用半腱肌腱和股薄肌腱重建ACL的患者12例。于ACL前内侧束和后外侧束的附着部分别钻直径4.5mm的隧道,用半腱肌腱重建前内侧束,股薄肌腱重建后外侧束,保留半腱肌腱和股薄肌腱的附着点,在股骨隧道外口将半腱肌腱和股薄肌腱打结固定,不行内固定。所有患者术前及术后18个月行膝关节屈曲30°、60°、90°前抽屉试验,Lysholm评分方法评定膝关节功能。结果术后随访18～43个月,平均26个月。术前所有患者前抽屉试验均为阳性,术后9例阴性,2例屈膝30°位阳性,1例屈膝30°、60°位阳性。术前Lysholm评分为40～58分,平均50.5分,手术后18个月为62～92分,平均85分,总优良率为91.7%。结论应用半腱肌腱和股薄肌腱联合重建ACL,术后膝关节动态稳定性好,疗效满意。     

Diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament injury of the knee joint]

From January, 1979 to May, 1989, 107 patients with problems related to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) were treated in our hospital. 100 of the patients had anterior cruciate ligament injury confirmed by arthrotomy or arthroscopy. The remaining 7 patients were found to be normal either by arthroscopy or arthrotomy. 29 patients had fresh ACL injury and 71 old. All the patients had history of trauma of the knee joint. Swelling and pain in the affected knee joint took place in fresh cases and few of them complained of instability or deformity of the knee. On examination, floating patella test was positive in the majority of the fresh cases. It was shown that accurate diagnosis could be made by Lachman test rather than by conventional anterior drawer test in dealing with fresh injury, but with old ones, Lachman test didn't show the advantages. Examination under anesthesia or arthroscopy helped a lot in diagnosing fresh ACL injury. Anterior drawer test (ADT) was significant in determining the existence of ACL injury. When ADT was positive, ACL injury was found in the majority of the cases, however, injured ACL couldn't be ruled out by negative ADT only. Positive valgus stress test on 0 degrees position suggests possibility of ACL injury, even ADT was negative. Despite the negative anterior drawer test positive posterior drawer test on three directions indicated the injury of the posterior cruciate ligament and the anterior cruciate ligament. The positive rate of ADT was higher than that of pivot shift test in dealing with anterior cruciate ligament injury. Positive pivot shift test suggests ACL injury.     

Displaced bucket handle tears of the medial meniscus masking anterior cruciate deficiency

Traditionally, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries have been difficult to diagnose in the Casualty Department. Studies have shown that the anterior drawer test has a poor sensitivity both in acute and chronic ACL deficient knees [4, 6, 9]; thus, more emphasis has been placed on the pivot shift and Lachman tests [3]. We report four cases of proven ACL rupture where clinical examination revealed an absent pivot shift and a near normal Lachman test following a displaced bucket handle tear of the medial meniscus. This finding has been reproduced in cadaver studies, and we conclude that if the history strongly suggests an ACL injury and examination reveals a stable knee, then the dual pathology of medial meniscus tear and ACL rupture should be suspected.     

关节镜下膝前交叉韧带重建术疗效分析

目的：探讨自体中1／3骨－髌腱－骨（B－PT－B）重建前交叉韧带（ACL）的临床效果。方法：1996年9月－2000年10月对13例膝ACL损伤，其中男9例，女4例，年龄23－45岁。均采用关节镜下自体中1／3B－PT－B重建ACL，挤压螺钉固定，治疗CAL损伤后关节不稳定，术前抽屉试验13例均为阳性，轴移试验4例阳性，Lachman试验7例阳性，术后获随访5－25个月，平均15个月。结果：术后屉试验，轴移试验和Lachman试验均转阴性。按照Bosaotta的术后临床指标评价方法，优9例，良3例，可1例，所有患者均感膝关节稳定性明显改善。结论：关节镜下自体中1／3B－PT－B重建ACL损伤疗效显著。     

Editorial Commentary: The Pivot Shift and Lachman Examinations: Teammates With Distinct Roles

The pivot shift and Lachman examinations are “teammates” with complementary but distinct roles in the successful diagnosis and treatment of anterior cruciate ligament rupture and injury to the surrounding soft-tissue envelope of the knee. The Lachman test measures anterior tibial translation in response to an applied anterior tibial load. This test assesses the integrity of the native or reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament and the secondary medial restraints including the medial meniscus and medial collateral ligament. In contrast, the pivot shift exam creates coupled tibiofemoral motions in response to a complex combination of multiplanar loads. This test assesses the stabilizing role of the native or reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament and the secondary lateral restraints including the lateral meniscus and anterolateral complex. The pivot shift grade depends not only on the soft the tissue stabilizers of the knee but also on the shape of the proximal tibia and the distal femur including lateral tibial slope and femoral condylar offset. Both examinations have unique strengths and weaknesses, but when combined as diagnostic tools, they achieve far more collectively than what each can achieve alone.     

关节镜下应用Rigidfix与Intrafix系统固定异体肌腱重建前交叉韧带

目的 探讨关节镜下应用Rigidfix与Intrafix系统固定同种异体胫前肌肌腱重建前交叉韧带(ACL)的临床效果. 方法自2003年3月至2006年9月对56例在关节镜下确诊ACL断裂的患者采用深低温同种异体胫前肌肌腱进行韧带重建,应用Rigidfix与Intrafix系统对移植物进行固定,术后进行系统康复训练.随访观察患者的主观症状,并检查患膝关节活动度、前抽屉试验、Lachman试验和轴移试验,按照Lysholm膝关节评分标准评价疗效.结果 所有患者随访1.5～5.0年,平均2.3年.有2例患者在剧烈活动时伴有错动感,末次随访时膝关节活动度均可达到伸-5°～0°,屈120°～130°,前抽屉试验、Lachman试验及轴移试验均为阴性,Lysholm膝关节评分由术前(48.2±5.3)分提高至术后(91.1±4.2)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 关节镜下应用Rigidfix与Intrafix系统固定同种异体胫前肌肌腱重建ACL可获得满意的临床疗效.     

关节镜下前交叉韧带重建后内侧和外侧半月板同期移植术

目的 探讨全关节镜下前交叉韧带重建后内侧和外侧半月板同期移植的微创手术技术.方法 2008年8月对1例实施膝关节双束双通道前交叉韧带重建、内侧和外侧半月板切除的患者,在关节镜下实施内侧和外侧半月板同期移植微创手术.内侧半月板移植采用前后角骨栓固定方法,外侧半月板移植采用前后角骨桥固定方法.术后结果采用VAS疼痛评分、Cysholm评分和国际膝关节评分委员会(IKDC)分级评价.关节稳定性检查包括Lachman试验、抽屉试验和轴移试验.结果 术后随访26个月,患者膝关节屈曲、伸直和负重行走功能正常.VAS膝关节疼痛评分较术前降低2分,Lysholm评分较术前升高20分.IKDC分级由术前C级上升到B级.膝关节稳定性检查基本正常.术后1年MRI检查显示,重建前交叉韧带连续性完整,内侧和外侧移植异体半月板外形均较好,内侧半月板后角和外侧半月板前角有轻微萎缩.术后18个月关节镜复检观察到,外侧和内侧移植半月板均愈合良好,形态完整,但前角表面均有轻度磨损现象.结论 对膝前交叉韧带损伤和内、外侧半月板切除的患者,在前交叉韧带重建术后同期实施内侧和外侧半月板移植术可以尽量恢复膝关节的稳定性和力学平衡,对年轻患者是可供选择的治疗方式.术中建议采用同一供体的内侧和外侧异体半月板,制作各骨道时须注意其方向以避免骨道相互交通.

Abstract：

Objective To discuss the minimal invasive arthroscopic surgery technique and clinical results of both the medial and lateral meniscal transplantation following the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with double bundles and bone tunnels.Methods In August 2008 a minimal invasive surgery of both the medial and lateral meniscal allograft transplantation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction was preformed for 1 case with both the medial and lateral menicectomy by arthroscopic surgery.The method of two bone plugs attached on tibial plateau was employed for medial meniscal allograft transplantation and the technique the bridge in slot for lateral meniscal allograft transplantation.The VAS,Lysholm score and IKDC rating were recorded before and after operation.The stability of knee was assessed by Lachman test,drawer sign and pivot shift test.Results The patient was followed up 26 month after the operations.The degrees of knee flexion,extension and function of walk were normal.The Lachman test,drawer sign and pivot shift test were nearly normal.The VAS after operation was 2 points lower than that before operation.The Lysholm score post-operation was 20 points higher than pre-operation.The IKDC became B degree in late following-up from C degree before the operation.MRI revealed anterior cruciate ligament graft was continuous and the meniscal allograft was normal shape on year 1 after the operation.The posterior horn of medial meniscal allograft and anterior corner of lateral meniscal allograft showed slightly shrunk.The second-look arthroscopy showed that the healing occurring between meniscal allograft and the capsule and meniscal allograft was normal shape on month 18 after the operation.The anterior horn of medial and lateral meniscus was slightly worn.Conclusions Both the medial and lateral meniscal transplantation following the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in appropriately selected patients with the medial and lateral meniscus-deficient knee may recover the knee mechanic balance and stability,which is a option of treatment for that young and activity patients.It is proposed that the medial and lateral meniscal grafts harvested from a single donator.Attention should be paid to the direction of the bone tunnels fixing the horns of the meniscus in order to avoid communication with the tunnels of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.     

Clinical analysis of the pivot shift tests: description of the pivot drawer test

A clinical analysis of the pivot shift was performed by evaluating 100 patients with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) insufficiency in an office setting. Each patient was examined in a random order using the Macintosh, Losee, Hughston, Slocum, pivot drawer, and flexion rotation drawer versions of the pivot shift test. Pathologic anterior tibial displacement was estimated with the Lachman test and quantitatively measured using the KT-1000 knee ligament arthrometer. Pivot shift was graded as 0 (absent), grade I (slight), grade II (definite subluxation), and grade III (subluxation and momentary locking). The presence or absence of any degree of pivot shift was correlated with the arthroscopic finding of a torn ACL. Results indicated the "drawer type" tests were significantly more sensitive than other versions of the pivot shift because they can be performed without causing significant pain and muscle spasm, and the limb position maximizes pathologic coupled motion. A correlation between increasing displacement estimated with the Lachman test and measured displacement with the KT-1000 arthrometer revealed that as pathologic displacement increases so does the grade of the Slocum, pivot drawer, and flexion rotation drawer tests. We recommend using the pivot drawer or flexion rotation drawer as a standard method for assessing the pivot shift phenomenon.     

Evaluation of knee instability in acute ligamentous injuries

The stability on clinical examination (CE) and examination under anaesthesia (EUA) was evaluated in 350 consecutive acute knee injuries. Valgus instability in knees with a medial collateral tear was observed on CE in 62 and on EUA in 67 cases (p less than 0.05). The anterior drawer sign was positive in 55 patients on CE and in 110 patients on EUA (p less than 0.0001), the corresponding figures for the Lachman test were 66 and 126 respectively (p less than 0.0001). The pivot shift-test was positive in 13 cases on CE and in 87 under anaesthesia (p less than 0.0001). Fresh total tears of the anterior cruciate ligament (confirmed at arthrotomy, n = 79) were detected by the Lachman test in 48 per cent on CE and in 96 per cent on EUA. Of the nine fresh, total tears of the posterior cruciate ligament three were disclosed by the posterior drawer test on CE and all nine on EUA. Anteromedial rotatory instability was observed on CE in 10 patients and on EUA in 47 (p less than 0.0001). In these patients 41 medial collateral tears, 23 posteromedial capsular tears, 21 medial meniscus and 40 anterior cruciate lesions were found. On CE only one anterolateral rotatory instability was found, whereas EUA disclosed 9 cases. Posteromedial rotatory instability was not confirmed on CE, though on EUA four cases were found. CE and EUA detected 2 and 3 posterolateral instabilities respectively. In conclusion, the use of EUA with an adequate mode of stability evaluation in acute knee injuries is strongly advocated. Clinical examination is considered highly unreliable with many false negative findings.     

Injury to the anterior cruciate ligament producing the pivot-shift sign

The clinical entity termed the pivot shift was studied in cadaver specimens and its significance was evaluated. It was found to be highly correlated with a tear of the anterior cruciate ligament, and it corresponded to a sudden anterior-internal rotation subluxation-dislocation of the tibia and posterior horn of the lateral meniscus beneath the lateral femoral condyle.     

Ruptur des vorderen Kreuzbands

Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most common ligamentous knee injury. The knee is stabilized by the cruciate ligaments and the collateral ligaments. The ACL originates from the inner surface of the lateral condyle of the femur, runs in an anterior medial direction and inserts at the tibial plateau in the intercondyle area. The most common injury is an indirect knee trauma, typically a joint torsion in sports. Patients often describe a snapping noise followed by hemarthrosis. Concomitant injuries are lesions of the medial collateral ligament, the medial meniscus (unhappy triad) and chondral fractures. The age peak is between 15 and 30 years with a higher incidence in females. The cardinal symptom of the ACL rupture is the giving way phenomenon. The clinical diagnosis is provided by a positive Lachman test, a positive pivot shift test and the anterior drawer test. Fractures can be excluded by X-ray examination. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows the evaluation of the internal knee structures. ACL repair is carried out by arthroscopically assisted bone-tendon-bone or semitendinosus grafting techniques. Early rehabilitation is important for a good functional outcome.     

Arthroscopic studies of variants of the anterior horn of the medial meniscus

The objective of this study was to arthroscopically analyse the morphology and dynamics of variants of the anterior horn of the medial meniscus of the knee (VAMM) and to then consider the pathological significance of these variants. VAMM was defined as knees in which the anterior horn of the medial meniscus is not attached to the tibia. Between April 1992 and March 1995, arthroscopy was performed on 953 knees of 903 patients. At the time of this examination, observation and probing were performed to determine the condition of the synovium, the synovial plica, the cartilage in all compartments, the meniscus, the cruciate ligaments, and the popliteal tendon. In particular, detailed examination was made of the anterior horn of the medial meniscus with regard to the point of insertion to the tibia and the degree of movement in knee flexion/ extension. Cases of VAMM diagnosed on the basis of the arthroscopic findings were classified into the following four categories: the ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) type, where the anterior horn of the medial meniscus was attached to the ACL; the transverse ligament type, where the anterior horn of the medial meniscus was attached to the transverse ligament; the coronary ligament type, where the anterior horn of the medial meniscus was attached to the coronary ligament; and the infrapatellar fold type, where the anterior horn of the medial meniscus was attached to the infrapatellar synovial fold. These patients were then analyzed with regard to the arthroscopic findings and the intra-articular lesions other than VAMM. In 98 (10.9%) of the total patients, 103 knees were classified as VAMM. Classification of those 103 knees using the above criteria showed 39 ACL type knees, 51 transverse ligament type knees, 11 coronary ligament type knees, and 2 infrapatellar fold type knees. The arthroscopic findings indicated that the anterior horn of the medial meniscus was not attached directly to the tibia in any of these knees. Probing and flexion/extension of the knee revealed hypermobility at the anterior horn of the medial meniscus. In this study, anterior knee pain syndrome was diagnosed in 12 (11.7%) of the 103 VAMM knees. In addition, there was no clear history of trauma in 20 of 23 knees found to have an isolated medial meniscus tear. In these cases, even detailed arthroscopic observation proved the causes of the symptoms or injury. On the basis of these findings, we surmised that the anterior portion shows hypermobility at the time of flexion/extension of the knee, regardless of the type of VAMM. In this study, we discussed the possibility that the existence of VAMM may become the cause of pain or injury to the meniscus.     

Partial rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament. Natural course

A prospective study was done of 29 patients with conservatively treated partial ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament that were stable at the initial examination under anesthesia. The ruptures were reevaluated for stability and knee function from 12 to 60 months after injury. Many had developed signs of instability. The forward drawer sign (Lachman test) and the pivot shift tests were positive. There was also measurable sagittal instability (anterior drawer sign). In every case, knee function was almost completely restored.     

关节镜下四股腘绳肌腱重建后交叉韧带

目的 探讨关节镜下四股腘绳肌腱重建后交叉韧带及其影响因素。方法 采用开口螺旋肌腱剥离器,保留肌腱远端附着点,肌腱肌肉交界处切断肌腱,对折四股编织转移镜下重腱后交叉韧带,内口侧采用可吸收挤压螺钉固定。结果 12例术后平均随访29个月。术前后抽屉试验10例阳性,术后1例阳性;Lachman试验术前均阳性,术后1例阳性,1例弱阳性;轴移试验术前5例阳性,术后均消失。按照日本骨科协会制定的膝关节疗效评定标准,优良率为83.3％。结论 镜下四股(?)绳肌腱重建后交叉韧带,韧带两端无骨块,通过隧道较B—PT—B顺畅。可吸收螺钉在隧道内口侧固定,愈后内口消失,避免受韧带撞击使之逐渐扩大引起重建韧带松驰、关节不稳。胫骨隧道外口原附着点的牢固附着,股骨隧道外口的坚强固定,使重建后交叉韧带有足够强度。手术具有创伤小,能早期锻炼,功能恢复快的特点。     

关节镜下缝线8固定成人前交叉韧带胫骨止点骨折的疗效分析

目的探讨关节镜下缝线8字固定成人前交叉韧带（ACL）胫骨止点骨折的手术技术及疗效,为临床治疗提供参考。方法对2008年1月至2013年1月关节镜下采用缝线8字固定成人ACL胫骨止点骨折的33例患者进行回顾性分析,术后随访12-24个月（平均19个月）,对其进行临床评价,包括前抽屉试验、Lachman试验、轴移试验评价膝关节稳定性,Lysholm评分评价膝关节功能,术后X线片评价骨折复位愈合情况。结果术后X线片示骨折均为解剖复位或近解剖复位。患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合。患者前抽屉试验、Lachman试验及轴移试验均呈阴性。Lysholm评分由术前的（43.4±7.8）分,提高至末次随访时的（92.2±7.1）分,比较差异有统计学意义（t=22.3,P〈0.05）。结论关节镜下缝线8字固定成人ACL胫骨止点骨折具有操作简便易行,创伤小,复位佳,固定牢靠,康复快,功能恢复良好,同时避免二次手术,临床疗效满意。     

半月板撕裂和切除对前交叉韧带断裂力学稳定性的影响

目的探讨半月板对前交叉韧带断裂及重建术后胫骨前向稳定性的影响。 方法收集2017年1月至2018年10月期间前交叉韧带重建患者,排除前交叉韧带部分断裂和多发韧带损伤病例。所有不稳定半月板撕裂均行半月板部分切除术,根据半月板损伤部位及程度进行分组。采用KT-1000测量术前、术后3个月和6个月的胫骨前平移量(ATT)。组间对照采用独立样本t检验。 结果共纳入158例前交叉韧带断裂患者,其中半月板正常组61例,内侧半月板后角撕裂组49例(19例为撕脱<总宽度40%;30例为撕脱≥总宽度40%);外侧半月板撕裂组35例(12例为撕脱<总宽度40%;23例为撕脱≥总宽度40%);内侧半月板前角或体部撕裂组13例(6例为撕脱<总宽度40%;7例为撕脱≥总宽度40%)。术前内侧半月板后角撕裂≥总宽度40%患者的胫骨前平移量较半月板正常患者明显增加,差异有统计学意义(t＝12.141,P<0.01)。术后3个月及6个月,各个半月板撕裂组的ATT值与半月板正常患者相比均无差异(P >0.05)。 结论内侧半月板后角撕裂与前交叉韧带断裂可增加膝关节的不稳定性,半月板部分切除术对前交叉韧带重建术后患者的膝关节稳定性无影响。     

保留残端半腱肌和股薄肌双股双隧道解剖重建前交叉韧带的临床研究

目的探讨关节镜下半腱肌股薄肌保留残端双股双隧道解剖重建前交叉韧带(ACL)的疗效。方法回顾自2006年1月～2008年1月,本组在关节镜下联合应用半腱肌腱和股薄肌腱双股双隧道重建ACL患者20例其中男18例,女2例,年龄17～46岁(平均31.5岁)。取腱器分别切取半腱肌、股薄肌编织成股,保留前叉韧带在股骨、胫骨的附着点残端,于ACL前内侧束和后外侧束附着部分别钻隧道,用半腱肌腱重建前内侧束,股薄肌腱重建后外侧束,以enderbutton悬吊固定股骨端,挤压螺钉固定胫骨端肌腱。所有患者术前及术后12个月行前抽屉试验、Lachman试验、Lysholm评分方法评定膝关节功能。结果术后随访14～48个月,平均31个月。术前患者前抽屉试验均为阳性,Lachman试验阳性13例,术后前抽屉试验3例屈膝60°位阳性,1例屈膝30°位阳性,其余均转阴性。5例Lachman试验仍阳性,但患者术后无膝关节不稳。2例患者术后胫骨前伤口瘢痕红肿凸起,给予切开引流后良好愈合。用Lysholm膝关节功能评分法评定术后疗效,术前评分为38～49分,平均43.5分,术后14个月为69～92分,平均80.5分,优13例,良5例,可2例,优良率为90.0%。结论应用自体肌腱双股双隧道重建ACL,术后膝关节动态稳定性好,疗效满意。     

Evaluation of the clinical signs of anterior cruciate ligament and meniscal injuries

Background:

The diagnostic accuracy of anterior drawer (AD) sign, Lachman test and the pivot shift test for anterior cruciate ligament injury and McMurray test for medial and lateral meniscus is varied with sensitivity and specificity ranging from 2 to 100%. Generally, it is accepted that the pivot shift test is the most specific test to diagnose anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears and that the Lachman test is more sensitive than AD sign. This study was undertaken to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and efficiency for the above-mentioned diagnostic tests.

Materials and Methods:

Twenty-eight male patients with clinical ACL injury were examined in the outpatient department and under anaesthesia, the findings were compared with arthroscopy.

Result:

The sensitivity and specificity for the Lachman test, AD sign and pivot shift test performed in the outpatient setting are 78.6 and 100%, 89.3 and 100%, and 75 and 100%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for the Lachman test, AD sign, and pivot shift test performed under anesthesia are 92.9 and 100%, 92.9 and 100%, and 100 and 100%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the McMurray test for medial and lateral meniscus were 35.7 and 85.7% and 22.2 and 100%, respectively.

Conclusion:

The Lachman test, AD sign and pivot shift test are highly specific tests to diagnose ACL laxity in a non-acute setting; pivot shift test under anesthesia is the most sensitive and specific test for diagnosing ACL laxity in a non-acute setting and the McMurray test is not a sensitive test to diagnose meniscal injury in the presence of ACL injury.