乳腺X线摄影与超声检查乳腺导管原位癌临床价值分析

目的探讨乳腺X线摄影与超声检查乳腺导管原位癌的临床价值。方法对经手术病理确诊的42例乳腺导管原位癌患者进行乳腺X线摄影,并于病理分型与分级结果进行对照分析,从乳腺X线表现对乳腺导管原位癌患者进行诊断及亚型估计,以手术病理结果作为金标准,与彩色多普勒超声进行对比分析。结果 42例患者经乳腺X线摄影检查后,表现为单纯钙化点24例,占57.14%;钙化点伴肿块8例,占19.05%;钙化点伴结构紊乱6例,占14.29%;单纯结构紊乱2例,占4.76%;结构紊乱伴肿块2例,占4.76%。以手术病理结果为金标准,对比乳腺X线摄影与彩色多普勒超声两种检查方法的诊断效果,结果显示乳腺X线摄影诊断正确率明显高于彩色多普勒超声,且差异具有统计学意义(X~2=4.11,P0.05)。结论乳腺X线摄影与超声检查乳腺导管原位癌是有效检查方法。     

乳腺导管原位癌及其微浸润的磁共振成像评价

目的与X线片、超声检查比较，评价MPd对乳腺导管原位癌及其微浸润诊断的正确率和界定病灶范围的准确性。方法经手术病理证实、术前行乳腺MR检查的乳腺导管原位癌及导管原位癌伴微浸润连续病例17例，其中13例同时行X线检查、16例行超声检查。以病理资料作为金标准，作对照分析。结果（1）MR检查14例病灶有强化，11例表现为非块状强化，其中6例呈段样强化，2例呈区域性强化，导管样强化、多灶性局灶性强化、双乳大致对称的弥漫性强化各1例。这11例中有2例伴病变侧增强前的乳头后大导管扩张，其中1例增强后大导管强化，这2例均以乳头滴血为临床症状。2例块样强化表现为信号均匀、形态不规则的肿块。混合有肿块和非块样强化的1例，为信号均匀、边缘光整的卵圆形肿块伴肿块周围线样强化。（2）13例行X线检查，2例阴性；单纯钙化表现6例；钙化伴其他征象2例；非钙化病灶3例。8例含钙化的病灶中，恶性钙化5例，交界性钙化3例；钙化簇状分布5例，区域性分布2例，弥漫分布1例。（3）16例行超声检查，4例阴性，1例诊为良性病变，其余11例作出了正确的术前诊断，表现为不规则的低回声区内伴有点状的强回声改变。（4）以病理检查测量的大小作为金标准，对病灶范围界定方面MRI符合13例（13／17），高估2例；X线诊断符合7例（7／13），高估3例，低估1例；超声符合7例（7／16），高估2例，低估3例。差异无统计学意义（P=0．161）。结论乳腺导管原位癌及原位癌伴微浸润MRI表现具有特征性，联合X线和MR检查能提高其正确诊断。     

乳腺包被性乳头状癌的临床及影像分析

目的：探讨乳腺包被性乳头状癌的临床及影像表现。方法：回顾性分析经手术及病理证实的8例乳腺包被性乳头状癌的临床及影像表现。结果：8例患者均为女性,年龄50～78岁,平均年龄为61．13岁。临床表现为乳房肿块者6例,2例仅有影像学异常者,平均病程约为10年。术后病理均为乳腺包被性乳头状癌。8例患者中6例行乳腺 X 线检查,其中4例表现为肿块,1例表现为局灶性团片状密度增高影,1例为阴性。8例患者超声表现主要为：①水平位生长（8例）;②不规则形4例及椭圆形4例;③混合回声4例及低回声4例、合并钙化5例;④4例无后方回声衰减,3例回声衰减,1例增强;⑤少血供4例,富血供4例。8例患者 MRI 表现主要为囊实性（5例）、分叶状（5例）、边界清楚（4例）,增强扫描呈肿块样强化（8例）,时间信号强度曲线呈流出型为主（7例）。结论：乳腺包被性乳头状癌往往病程较长,多表现为囊实性肿块,MRI 及超声较乳腺 X 线摄影有优势。     

乳腺浸润性小叶癌的MRI表现及对比超声对多发病灶检出价值的研究

【摘要】目的：分析乳腺浸润性小叶癌(ILC)的MRI表现,并与超声对照,对比两种方法对多发病灶的检出价值。方法：回顾性研究经手术病理证实的19例乳腺ILC的MRI及超声表现,并分析两种方法对多发病灶的检出情况。结果：19例乳腺ILC在MRI上表现为肿块强化15例,非肿块强化2例,两种强化类型均有的混合型1例,另有1例患者MRI结果阴性（B超、钼靶结果均为阴性）。15例肿块强化中,边缘毛刺状的不规则形肿块11例;2例非肿块强化中,局灶性、多区域性分布各1例;1例混合型表现为多区域性分布。18例阳性乳腺ILC动态增强后,TIC早期缓慢强化1例,中度强化3例,快速强化14例;延迟期上升型8例,平台型4例,流出型6例。18例行超声检查的浸润性小叶癌中,检出阳性者17例,其中12例ILC在超声上表现为不规则的不均匀低回声肿块。18例阳性乳腺ILC中,MRI诊断多灶及多中心均为4例且经病理证实,超声诊断单发4例、多灶3例、多中心1例,两种方法对病变多灶及多中心性的检出率差异具有统计学意义（P=0.026,P<0.05）。2例同侧乳房其他病灶均经MRI、超声检出,1例对侧乳房其他病变仅通过MRI检出。结论：乳腺ILC的MRI表现具有一定特征性,且对多发病灶的检出较超声有一定优势。     

乳腺黏液腺癌X线摄影表现与病理对照分析

目的探讨乳腺黏液腺癌X线摄影表现的病理学基础。方法回顾性分析30例乳腺黏液腺癌（单纯型19例,混合型11例）的X线摄影表现,并分析其病理特点。结果①乳腺黏液腺癌最常见的x线表现为肿块（25例）,伴或不伴钙化。少见征象为局部不对称性致密影伴钙化（5例）;②单纯型黏液腺癌X线表现多为边缘小分叶,混合型黏液腺癌X线摄影多表现为边缘浸润,两者差异有统计学意义;③肿块的形状、大小、密度情况在判断黏液腺癌的病理分型上无统计学意义。结论不同亚型的乳腺黏液腺癌的X线摄影表现不完全一致,单纯型黏液腺癌最常见的表现为边缘小分叶的肿块,较少伴钙化;混合型黏液腺癌最常见的表现为边缘浸润的肿块,多伴细小、多形性钙化。     

乳腺导管原位癌的钼靶X线表现与病理对照研究

目的 分析乳腺导管原位癌（DCIS）的钼靶X线表现，并分析其与病理亚型间的相关性，为临床选择治疗方法提供参考。方法 经手术、病理证实的乳腺导管原位癌21例和原位癌伴微浸润8例，观察钼靶X线表现，并与病理分型、分级对照。结果 （1）单纯簇状微钙化表现20例， 经伴块影3例，单纯软组织块影表现4例，乳头内陷伴乳头后大导管增粗和钼靶表现阴性各1例。（2）23例钙化表现者，分布呈V形7例、圆形8例，、不规则形5例、某一象限内多个分散分布的小簇状钙化3例。（3）从乳头向深部的长条状肿块1例、圆形肿块3例。（4）线样分支状钙化易出现在粉刺型（7／9）高核级（6／9）DCIS中；颗粒点状钙化易出现在非粉刺型（11／12）低核级（11／12）DCIS中。2组差异有非常显著性意义，P＝0.002和P＝0.009（x^2检验，Fisher‘s精确算法）。结论 DCIS的钼靶X线表现有一定特征，与基于分子生物改变为基础的病理分型、分级密切相关，在一定程度上可为临床治疗方法的选择提供参考。     

乳腺MRI对导管原位癌及其微浸润的诊断

目的 探讨乳腺MRI对导管原位癌及其微浸润的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的乳腺导管原位癌及导管原位癌伴微浸润病例 13例,所有病例均于术前行动态增强MRI检查,其中 10例同时行钼靶X线检查.结果 MR检查13例病灶中11例表现为非肿块样强化,10例行钼靶X线检查,1例阴性,以BIRADS分级中的4、5级为MR和X线检查的阳性指标,其正确诊断率差异无统计学意义(P=0.353).以病理结果为金标准,MRI界定病灶范围符合10例,高估2例,钼靶X线符合6例,高估2例,低估1例,差异无统计学意义(P=0.277).结论 乳腺MRI对导管原位癌及导管原位癌伴微浸润有其特征性表现,钼靶X线和MR检查相结合能提高早期导管原位癌的检出率及正确诊断率.     

乳腺原位癌MRI表现和诊断价值

目的：探讨MRI对乳腺原位癌的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析9例经病理学证实的乳腺原住癌的MRI表现,所有患者均行MRI平扫及灌注成像。结果：所有病变于T1WI呈低信号,7例T2WI呈混杂稍高信号或高信号、2例呈等信号。增强扫描示6例呈非肿块样强化,其中2例呈线样／导管样强化,3例呈斑片状强化,1例为弥漫性强化;3例呈肿块样强化。时间-信号强度曲线：平台型7例,上升型1例,廓清型1例。灌注成像测量的灌注参数包括洗进（Washin）、洗出（Washout）、达峰时间（TTP）、最大信号强度值（MIPt）及阳性强化积分（PEI）,其均值依次为756．84±48．70、-0．0856±8．99、248．51±22．52、464．51±28．43、1282．11±96．86,与正常乳腺组织各参数值比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：乳腺原位癌以局灶性强化最常见,时间-信号强度曲线以平台型为主,MRI在乳腺原位癌诊断中具有一定的价值,MR灌注成像也为原位癌的诊断提供一种新的方法。     

不典型乳腺导管原位癌的钼靶X线表现

目的 分析不典型乳腺导管原位癌(DCIS)的钼靶X线表现,以提高认识.方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的导管原位癌37例,导管原位癌伴微浸润27例共64例DCIS,观察其钼靶X线表现.结果 (1)64例不典型的DCIS中,肿块31例,非对称性致密影14例,乳腺结构扭曲6例,双乳散在良性钙化1例,假阴性12例.(2)31例肿块中,不规则形17例(其中从乳头向深部沿导管走行的长条状肿块3例),椭圆形8例,分叶形5例,星芒状1例.(3)14例非对称性致密影表现者,均为无明显边缘的局限性密度增高影;6例结构扭曲,为正常乳腺结构紊乱但无明显的肿块可见.(4)12例假阴性表现者,11例发生于致密或多量腺体型乳腺,临床有可触及肿块10例,溢液2例.结论 不典型导管原位癌的钼靶X线表现多样,以肿块最常见,联合临床体检、B超及MRI能提高其检出.     

乳腺浸润性微乳头状癌的影像特征分析

目的探讨乳腺浸润性微乳头状癌（IMPC）的临床、影像及组织病理学特点。方法回顾性分析经病理证实的9例IMPC患者的影像学资料并与临床及病理结果进行对照;X线钼靶、超声及磁共振成像结果均参照美国放射学会超声乳腺影像报告和数据系统（BI-RADS）分级标准。结果钼靶摄影最常见的征象表现为边界不清的、不规则形高密度肿块影,其中3例可见肿块内的微钙化灶;超声多表现为不规则低回声肿块,边缘毛刺状,2例可见后方回声衰减;磁共振均表现为不规则形肿块影,增强扫描可见肿块内部不均匀强化,时间-信号强度曲线为廓清型或平台型。术后病理显示7例出现淋巴管侵袭,6例腋窝淋巴结肿大,1例锁骨上淋巴结肿大,免疫组织化学显示雌激素受体（ER）阳性8例。结论乳腺浸润性微乳头状癌常见淋巴管侵袭和区域淋巴结转移,其影像学表现具有典型的恶性肿瘤特征。     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Die rechtsmedizinische Identifizierung — Bedeutung und Beweiswert —

Zusammenfassung Bei der rechtsmedizinischen Identifizierung kann die Identität im strengen Sinn allenfalls bei lebenden Personen festgestellt werden; sonst läßt sich nur von Teilen auf das Ganze (vom Untersuchungsobjekt auf die Person) schließen, wobei die verschiedenen Merkmale des Untersuchungsobjektes entsprechend der Hdufigkeit ihres Vorkommens eine unterschiedliche Beweiskraft haben. Bei der Schädelidentifizierung mit Hilfe moderner photographischer oder elektronischer Superprojektionsverfahren ergeben sich unter Berücksichtigung der Weichteildicken so viele (fiktive) Vergleichspunkte, daß bei geeignetem Vergleichsmaterial (Photographien) Identität wegen der Vielzahl übereinstimmender Bezugspunkte in den meisten Fällen evident ist.     

Imaging of abdominal nodal spread in malignant disease

This is a review of the role of imaging procedures for the assessment of abdominal and pelvic lymph nodes. The diagnosis of malignant lymphatic spread is rarely the sole purpose of imaging, because it is usually part of a general abdominal examination, most frequently with CT or US, or increasingly with MRI. These studies are often requested in order to obtain information about the situation to be encountered during surgery, or to alert the surgeon to irresectability or to unexpected metastases outside the initially planned area of exploration. In most surgically treated tumours the role of imaging for preoperative staging is limited, due either to its insufficient sensitivity or because the initial treatment is independent of the lymph node stage. Imaging is commonly used to verify treatment response to chemo- or radiotherapy and for follow-up.Correspondence to: S. Delorme     

改进的定位技术在胸部肿瘤穿刺活检中的应用

目的：探索CT-SIM三维定位系统、体模固定技术和PET-CT融合影像导引定位技术在胸部肿瘤经皮穿刺活检中的应用价值。方法：对380例胸部肿瘤患者行改进的CT定位技术下的经皮穿刺活检术。根据肿瘤的大小、深度、毗邻关系、活动度以及患者的心肺功能状态,综合运用CT-SIM系统、体模固定技术和PET-CT融合影像导引技术,为患者进行穿刺前定位。统计穿刺定位时间长度、成功率、确诊率、并发症发生情况,并与210例采用传统铅栅定位下胸部肿瘤穿刺活检的相应资料进行比较。结果：采用改进的CT定位技术的380例患者穿刺定位精确,平均定位时间（9.5 min）较传统方法（16.8 min）缩短7.3 min,活检成功率和确诊率分别是98.7%和95.3%,高于传统定位方法的93.3%和83.3%,两者差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。穿刺并发症发生率相似,气胸发生率分别为2.8%和2.9%,咯血发生率分别为11%和12.8%。结论：根据患者状态及肿瘤特点,在CT-SIM系统快速精确定位技术的基础上,综合运用体模固定技术和PET-CT融合影像导引技术,能显著缩短经皮穿刺活检的定位时间,提高活检成功率。