乳腺导管内乳头状瘤的X线诊断

目的：分析乳腺导管内乳头状瘤的X线表现．以提高其诊断准确性。方法：分析32例导管内乳头状瘤的X线平片及导管造影表现．并与病理结果对照。结果：24例X线诊断与病理相符。乳腺钼靶平片：26例无异常发现．6例有异常改变。乳导管造影：14例导管内充盈缺损；10例导管内杯口状堵塞；3例导管扩张；2例管壁不规则狭窄；1例导管分支变细聚拢．远端有一轮廓较清的类圆形块影．2例无异常发现。结论：乳腺导管造影结合平片是诊断导管内乳头状瘤的有效方法，但应注意与导管内癌、导管扩张鉴别。     

乳腺导管内乳头状瘤的X线诊断

目的分析乳腺导管内乳头状瘤的X线特征,以提高其诊断准确性。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实80例导管内乳头状瘤的X线表现。结果乳导管造影示:24例显示类圆形充盈缺损,12例呈条柱状缺损,30例导管杯口状堵塞,48例导管显著扩张。结论乳腺导管造影是诊断导管内乳头状瘤的有效方法。     

乳腺肿瘤性病变的钼靶X线征象分析

目的 明确乳腺肿瘤性病变的钼靶X线征象,评价钼靶在乳腺肿瘤性病变的诊断及鉴别诊断中的价值.资料与方法 总结分析本院从2008年6月至2010年1月共1330例乳腺疾病钼靶X线摄影中检出并经手术和病理证实为乳腺肿瘤患者176例,其中乳腺良性肿瘤103例,乳腺癌70例,交界性叶状肿瘤3例.常规摄乳腺X线片,怀疑乳腺导管内乳头状瘤者,行溢液乳管造影.结果 (1)乳腺良性肿瘤钼靶X线多表现为圆形、椭圆形肿块,边界清楚,周边有或无透明"晕征",导管内乳头状瘤造影多表现为导管内单个或多个充盈缺损.(2)70例乳腺癌的钼靶X线征象,表现为肿块者56例(80%),砂粒状或簇状微钙化46例(66%),肿块伴微钙化42例(60%),结构扭曲、紊乱5例(7%),局灶性致密影3例(4%),血管影增粗24例(34%).(3)叶状肿瘤的钼靶X线表现为圆形或浅分叶状肿块,密度高而均匀,肿块体积较大.结论 乳腺不同良恶性肿瘤具有较为特征性的X线征象,钼靶X线在乳腺良恶性肿瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断中具有重要意义,结合临床病史,可进一步提高诊断准确率.     

乳腺导管内乳头状瘤的X线诊断(附70例报告)

目的　探讨乳腺导管内乳头状瘤的X线特征以提高其诊断水平。方法　回顾性分析经手术病理证实之 70例乳腺导管内乳头状瘤的X线表现。结果　 66例溢液性管内乳头状瘤中 ,2 9例显示圆形充盈缺损 ,7例表现为条状充盈缺损 ,1 7例呈不规则状充盈缺损 ,1 3例出现导管截断 :4例无溢液性管内乳头状瘤均显示结节影。结论　对上述诸多特殊表现的认识 ,在导管内乳头状瘤的正确诊断中具有重要价值     

乳管内乳头状瘤临床X线表现与病理对照分析

目的：探讨乳头状瘤Ｘ线平片、导管造影的Ｘ线表现及其与临床、病理的关系。材料与方法：回顾性分析２１例乳管内乳头状瘤的临床特点,乳房Ｘ线平片,导管造影表现及病理改变;并根据病变大小、形态,病变处导管形态及二者的关系,在导管造影片上进行Ｘ线分型且与病理改变进行对比。结果：２１例均有单个乳孔溢液,血性１８例,乳晕区触及肿块３例。乳房Ｘ线平片示乳晕下区肿块４例,左乳晕下区扩张导管１例。导管造影：２１例均示导管内充盈缺损,其中１９例并导管扩张。管内型９例,囊内型９例,实体型３例。Ｘ线表现与病理改变一致。结论：乳管内乳头状瘤最常见的临床表现是单个乳孔溢液,乳腺Ｘ线平片征象少;导管造影特点是管内充盈缺损,对乳头状瘤具有确诊价值。     

乳腺导管内乳头状瘤的乳导管造影X线分析

乳腺导管内乳头状瘤是发生于乳腺导管上皮的良性肿瘤，多以乳头溢液为主要临床表现，本病虽属良性肿瘤，但有一定的癌变率，因此．早期正确诊断和治疗十分重要，乳导管造影是诊断该病的最重要手段，现将我科2004-01—2004-12收集的17例乳导管造影，经手术病理证实的导管内乳头状瘤，其X线分析如下：     

乳腺导管乳头状瘤的导管造影表现

目的回顾性分析导管内乳头状瘤的导管造影表现特征,探讨乳腺导管造影检查对导管乳头状瘤的诊断价值。方法40例导管内乳头状瘤患者均行普通钼靶平片及导管造影检查,结合临床资料分析其X线影像表现,并与手术病理结果做对比。结果钼靶平片发现结节1例,1例实性肿块,其余38例正常。行乳腺导管造影后,充盈缺损38例,其中32例为类圆形、杯口样充盈缺损,6例不规则形充盈缺损。38例中,单发肿瘤者32例,多发者6例。2例导管显示正常。28例病灶近端导管扩张。导管造影诊断结果与手术病理结果做比较,准确诊断37例,符合率92.5%(37/40);误诊1例,漏诊2例。结论乳腺导管造影检查对导管内乳头状瘤具有重要的诊断价值,为临床提供了定位、定性的诊断与治疗依据。     

早期乳腺癌的X线表现（附18例报告）

目的：提高对早期乳腺癌X线征象的认识。方法：回顾性分析资料完整的18例早期乳腺癌X线表现。结果：早期乳腺癌X线征象主要有：砂砾样微小钙化12例，其中X线未见确切肿块或结节而以钙化灶为唯一征象者6例；局限性片状、结节样致密影3例；乳腺结构局部扭曲紊乱1例；血管影迂曲、增多、增粗1例；无异常X线征象1例。结论：砂砾样微小钙化是早期乳腺癌非常重要的诊断依据，甚至是唯一恶性征象；局限性密度增高，乳腺结构局部扭曲紊乱，血管影迂曲、增多、增粗等征象在排除乳腺炎和手术穿刺活检等病史后，可考虑有早期乳隙癌的可能。     

溢液性乳腺癌的乳腺导管造影表现及病理基础

目的:分析溢液性乳腺癌的乳腺导管造影表现及其病理基础,为临床提供可靠的诊断依据,以提高早期乳腺癌的诊治水平。方法:临床表现为乳头溢液并经手术、病理证实的乳腺癌患者26例,回顾性观察其乳腺导管造影表现,并与病理结果对比分析。结果:26例中,导管原位癌8例;浸润性导管癌5例;导管原位癌伴早期浸润7例;复合型癌3例,其中导管原位癌合并浸润性小叶癌2例,浸润性导管癌合并浸润性小叶癌1例;导管内乳头状瘤病癌变3例,其中乳腺X线平片未发现异常5例,毛刺或分叶状肿块2例,肿块伴钙化9例,多形性钙化灶10例。乳腺导管造影主要表现:导管内充盈缺损伴有不同程度导管扩张;导管管壁浸润破坏对比剂渗漏,形成"潭湖征";导管管壁不规则,呈"虫蚀样"改变或"断续征"。本组乳腺导管造影诊断乳腺癌的符合率为88.4%。结论:乳腺导管造影是溢液性乳腺癌诊断的安全而有效的检查方法,具有很高的定性、定位诊断价值,尤其对临床触诊阴性的早期乳腺癌能作出较准确的诊断,提高了早期乳腺癌的检出率。     

血性乳头溢液的乳腺导管造影诊断

目的 探讨乳腺导管造影在血性溢液性乳腺病中的诊断价值.资料与方法 回顾分析经临床与手术病理证实的25例血性乳头溢液患者乳腺导管造影及钼靶平片的X线表现.结果 导管乳头状瘤1l例,表现为边缘光整的圆形、类圆形充盈缺损;导管内乳头状瘤病2例,表现为末梢导管内多发"斑点"状充盈缺损;导管扩张伴炎症5例,表现为导管扩张、管壁毛糙、模糊;乳腺囊性增生2例,表现为末梢导管呈囊状扩张;乳腺囊肿伴感染1例,表现为对比剂充盈的类圆形高密度影,边缘模糊;导管内癌4例,表现为不规则充盈缺损,导管不规则变形、狭窄、扩张、中断,管壁僵硬.结论 乳腺导管造影能为血性溢液性乳腺病作出明确的病因诊断,为临床治疗方案的制定提供准确的依据.     

Stress MR imaging for evaluation of popliteal artery entrapment

The popliteal artery entrapment (PAE) syndrome has been recognized as a cause of arterial occlusion in young people. It is the result of an anomaly of the relationship between the popliteal artery and the gastrocnemius muscle. Eight young healthy volunteers (16 legs) and six patients (10 legs) with suspected PAE underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Gradient-echo images were obtained in axial planes with the leg at rest and during active plantar flexion against resistance. Imaging at rest allowed identification of PAE signs in only one leg, which had an anomalous medial course of the popliteal artery. In the other cases, only the stress technique was able to show signal loss in the popliteal artery due to muscular compression (two legs) or the presence of accessory muscle slip around the vessel (two legs), as confirmed at surgery. MR imaging is therefore a useful technique for the diagnosis of PAE because of its capability of combining information obtainable with other modalities.     

MR imaging of muscle and tender points in fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia is a syndrome manifested by chronic, diffuse muscu-loskeletal aching and soreness, palpable muscle tender points, and other symptoms. Standardized clinical diagnostic criteria have recently been developed. Skeletal muscle has been postulated as the end organ in this disease. Biochemical, histologic, electromyographic, and conventional radiographic studies have demonstrated no definitive abnormality. This study sought to establish whether magnetic resonance (MR) imaging could demonstrate any abnormality in these patients. Eighteen patients were entered in the study, 14 of whom were able to complete their examinations. T1 -weighted, T2-weighted, gradient-echo, and STIR (short-tau inversion-recovery) sequences were performed in all patients, with selected patients examined with T1weighted, gadopentetate dimeglu-mine-enhanced sequences. The trapezius and suboccipital regions were imaged in patients who, clinically, had active fibro-myalgia. No abnormalities could be detected. The authors conclude that the conventional MR imaging used in this study was unable to depict any primary skeletal muscle abnormality in fibromyalgia.     

MR angiography of congenital heart disease: Value of segmented two-dimensional inflow technique and maximum-intensity-projection display

Magnetic resonance (MR) angiography of the cardiovascular system was evaluated in 41 patients with congenital heart disease by using a two-dimensional (2D) inflow technique based on a magnetization-prepared gradient-echo pulse sequence with segmented k-space data acquisition and electrocardiographic gating at 0.5 T. Inversion and saturation prepulses were used to suppress stationary tissue and enhance intravascular signal. Presaturation slabs were applied where certain vascular structures had to be suppressed. Sequence parameters were optimized by evaluating signal intensity and contrast characteristics for various flip angles and inversion and saturation delay times. The heart and intrathoracic vasculature were encompassed with 40–50 overlapping sections. Both 2D angiograms and maximum-intensity-projection images were evaluated. Combining data sets acquired in the sagittal and transverse orientations provided the most satisfactory information about the pulmonary arteries. The highest signal-to-noise ratios were obtained with a flip angle of 65° and short prepulse delay times. Two-dimensional MR angiography can provide useful diagnostic information but requires a thorough understanding of in-plane and hemodynamically induced signal intensity changes.     

MR imaging of disorders of the brachial plexus

The authors evaluated 64 consecutive patients with suspected brachial plexus (BP) abnormalities of diverse cause with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, using the body coil and a standardized protocol. Of the 43 patients for whom follow-up was available, 25 were suspected of having neoplastic involvement of the BP, nine had sustained injuries, and nine presented with BP symptoms of uncertain cause. MR imaging was 63% sensitive, 100% specific, and 77% accurate in demonstrating the abnormality in this diverse patient population. When patients with neoplastic and traumatic disorders were considered separately, sensitivity increased to 81%, accuracy to 88%, and specificity remained unchanged. In the patients with a clinical diagnosis of idiopathic or viral plexitis, the MR imaging findings were normal, serving to exclude other structural abnormalities. It is concluded that MR imaging is valuable in the assessment of a wide range of BP disorders.     

MR imaging characteristics of noncancerous lesions of the prostate.

Radical prostatectomy specimens from 53 men with clinical stage A or B prostate cancer were retrospectively reviewed and compared with correlative axial T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images obtained just before surgery. Non-cancerous lesions were evaluated for signal intensity and location. Focal high-signal-intensity areas (n = 72) were present in 81% of patients. The 26% of lesions seen in the central gland all correlated with cystic atrophy. Of the 53 lesions seen in the peripheral prostate, 47 (89%) were cystic atrophy without associated cancer, four (7.5%) cystic atrophy with cancer, and two (3.8%) focal inflammation. Focal low-signal-intensity areas (n = 42) were present in 60% of patients. Of the 31% of lesions in the central prostate, one-fifth correlated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and four-fifths with fibrous tissue. Of the 69% of peripheral lesions, 83% corresponded to fibrous tissue, 10% to BPH, and 7% to normal tissue. Mixed lesions (n = 42) were present in 64% of patients; 86% of these were located centrally and 14% peripherally. All mixed central lesions were BPH; the peripheral lesions were areas of combined cystic atrophy and fibrosis. BPH of low or mixed signal intensity can extend into the peripheral prostate and mimic cancer. High-intensity cystic atrophy associated with cancer can mimic normal tissue.     

肾细胞癌的MRI研究进展

肾细胞癌是最常见的成人肾脏恶性肿瘤。近年来，多种功能MRI成像技术（如扩散加权成像、灌注加权成像等）、多参数MRI联合分析以及影像组学等新兴影像处理技术被证实在肾细胞癌的诊断中具有较大的价值。目前，研究热点多集中于良恶性肿瘤的鉴别、组织学亚型的区分、肿瘤分期、预测核分级及判断预后。就MRI新技术及图像处理技术在肾细胞癌中的研究进展予以综述。     

Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging assessment of vascularized free fibular grafts

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging may be a noninvasive method for assessing perfusion of vascularized bone grafts placed for treatment of avascular necrosis. One proximal femur of seven beagles was devascularized, with insertion of a vascularized fibular graft. MR imaging at 1 week (seven dogs) and 6 weeks (five dogs) after surgery included pre- and postcontrast spin-echo sequences, unenhanced twodimensional time-of-flight (TOF) vascular imaging, and dynamic gradient-echo imaging during infusion of gadolinium. Relative signal intensity values of selected regions obtained from the dynamic gradientecho images were plotted as percent enhancement versus time. In the operated hip, MR imaging did not show enhancement in six of seven femoral heads and greater trochanters at 1 week after surgery, with similar results after 6 weeks. MR imaging of fibular grafts 6 weeks after surgery showed an initial rapid increase in enhancement and a subsequent slower increase in five of five dogs, although no enhancement was seen in six of seven dogs at 1 week. These findings contrasted with a rapid initial increase in enhancement followed by slow decline in non-operated hips. Two-dimensional TOP imaging did not show the vascular pedicle of the graft in any dog. Findings of radionuclide bone scanning performed 1 week after surgery were consistent with devascularization of the operated femur and fibular graft. However, tetracycline distribution and histologic findings confirmed the viability of five of five grafts within the devascularized femurs 6 weeks after surgery. Thus, dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging at 6 weeks after surgery is valuable for assessing vascular bone graft perfusion, while similar imaging at 1 week may suggest otherwise.     

Influence of in vivo copper on MR images of the liver in rats

To investigate the effects of in vivo copper on magnetic resonance (MR) images, the authors studied Long-Evans cinnamon rats, which develop hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma as a result of abnormal copper metabolism. The livers of the rats were imaged before hepatitis developed; the absence of hepatic disease was confirmed histopathologically. The copper that accumulated in the liver of the rats was thought to exist in the form of divalent ions, which were suspected of reducing the T1 and T2 of neighboring protons. However, the signal intensities of the liver on T1- and T2*-weighted images did not change, suggesting that in vivo copper, even when accumulated abnormally, does not influence the signal intensity of MR images.     

Techniques for high-resolution MR imaging of atherosclerotic plaque

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in the United States. Investigation of atherosclerotic plaque morphology and composition is important because the findings may be useful in predicting prognosis or response to therapy. This study presents high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques developed on a 1.5-T whole-body imager with a custom-built surface coil, for characterizing the composition and morphology of plaque removed at carotid endarterectomy. The initial comparison of MR imaging and histologic results showed good correlation. In conjunction with MR angiography, these techniques could be used in in vivo imaging to define the size, location, and contents of atherosclerotic plaque at the carotid bifurcation.     

Dynamic MRI of the gallbladder lesions: Differentiation of benign from malignant

Forty-nine pathologically proven gallbladder lesions were evaluated in 45 patients using dynamic MRI with a spoiled gradient pulse sequence (SPGR), to access the ability of this technique to differentiate benign from malignant gallbladder lesions. The studies were reviewed retrospectively. Signal intensity of the lesions were measured. Twenty-one malignant and 28 benign lesions were classified into three categories: polypoid, diffuse wall thickening, and exophytic. Early and delayed enhancement patterns were evaluated. For the polypoid masses, malignant lesions (n = 9) demonstrated early and prolonged enhancements, whereas benign lesions (n = 14) had early enhancement with subsequent washout (P < .05). For diffuse gallbladder wall thickening, malignant lesions (n = 6) demonstrated early and prolonged enhancement and benign lesions (n = 14) showed relatively slow, prolonged enhancement (P < .05). The exophytic masses (n = 6) all were malignant and demonstrated early and prolonged enhancement. Dynamic MRI can help differentiate benign from malignant gallbladder lesions.