术洁碘消毒液使用稳定性及手现场消毒效果观察

目的为了解术洁碘消毒液的使用稳定性和杀菌效果。方法分别采用化学滴定法和现场消毒试验进行观察。结果在室温下连续使用7d,术洁碘消毒液的稳定性较好,含量分别为2785.50 mg/L、2810.80 mg/L、2817.20 mg/L、2823.50 mg/L、2823.50 mg/L、2829.80 mg/L和2836.20mg/L;现场试验消毒结果显示,连续使用1、5和7d,术洁碘消毒液对手部皮肤自然菌的平均杀灭率分别为98.80%、96.55%和97.78%。结论术洁碘消毒液在实际应用中可连续使用7d。     

某含碘消毒液消毒性能的实验研究

为了解某含碘消毒液消毒性能,采用化学法测定稳定性,用菌悬液定量杀菌试验和现场消毒试验观察其消毒效果.结果 显示,含有效碘4 130mg/L的该消毒液对金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌作用0.5 min,杀灭对数值各次均＞5.00;对白色念珠菌的杀灭对数值各次均＞4.00.现场试验结果表明,用含有效碘5 162 mg/L的该消毒液对志愿者前臂内侧擦拭消毒1.0min,对自然菌的杀灭对数值均＞1.00.将该消毒液原液于37℃恒温保存90d,有效碘含量下降率分别为0.68%,1.45%,1.25%.提示该消毒液杀菌效果良好,稳定性较好.     

一种复方季铵盐消毒液消毒效果与毒性评价

目的评价复方季铵盐消毒液的消毒效果和毒性强度。方法应用定量杀菌试验测定消毒效果,并开展毒理试验。结果含250mg／L季铵盐消毒液对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌作用1．5min,对铜绿假单胞菌作用3．0min,对白色念珠菌作用4．5min,杀灭对数值均〉5．00。含8000mg／L季铵盐消毒液作用10min、20min和30min对脊髓灰质炎病毒平均灭活对数值均〈1．00。含250mg／L季铵盐消毒液擦拭木质台面消毒3．0min对自然菌的杀灭对数值均〉1．00。对铜绿假单胞菌能量试验最低合格有效浓度为500mg／L。37℃存放90d,平均下降率为8．70％。样品原液对小鼠LD50为4300mg／kg体重,属低毒级;对小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞无致微核作用;含2500mg／L季铵盐水溶液对小鼠LD50〉5000mg／kg体重,属无毒级;含1250mg／L季铵盐水溶液对兔皮肤无刺激性。结论该消毒液对细菌繁殖体具有优秀杀灭性能,对以脊髓灰质炎为代表的亲水病毒几乎无作用;原液低毒,稳定,实际使用液无毒;可用于一般预防性消毒,以及细菌性传染病的疫源地消毒。     

爱尔碘Ⅱ型皮肤黏膜消毒液性能试验观察

目的了解利尔康牌爱尔碘Ⅱ型皮肤黏膜消毒液稳定性及杀菌效果。方法稳定性检测采用加速试验法;杀菌效果采用悬液定量杀菌试验和现场试验对其进行实验室观察。结果将该消毒液原液37℃存放90 d后,有效碘含量平均下降率为5.21%;以含有效碘998 mg/L该消毒液对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌作用0.5 min,杀灭对数值均5.00;以含有效碘998 mg/L该消毒液对白色假丝酵母菌作用0.5 min,杀灭对数值均4.00,现场试验结果表明,以含有效碘998 mg/L该消毒液对成年受试者手臂皮肤和手以及出生3～30 d婴儿背部皮肤擦拭消毒1 min,自然菌杀灭对数值均1.00。结论利尔康牌爱尔碘Ⅱ型皮肤黏膜消毒液杀菌效果好,稳定性较好,非常适合婴幼儿皮肤消毒。     

碘伏消毒液消毒效果的试验研究

目的探讨某碘伏消毒液的消毒效果,为使用者提供依据。方法采用悬液定量法(消毒技术规范2002年版),鉴定其对微生物的杀菌效果。结果有效碘为100 mg/L消毒液的稀释液,作用2 min,对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、白色念珠菌的杀灭对数值均>5.00;有效碘为500 mg/L消毒液的稀释液,作用2 min,对受试者手、皮肤上自然菌的杀灭对数值均>1.00。结论有效碘为500 mg/L的稀释液对微生物有良好的杀灭效果。     

复方醛基消毒剂对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞杀灭试验的观察

目的：研究复方醛基消毒剂杀菌效果。方法：采用载体定量杀菌试验等方法在实验室进行试验观察。结果：醛基含量14300mg／L，二癸基二甲基氯化铵含量20600mg／L的消毒液对载体上枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞作用4h，杀灭对数值〉3．00。对医疗器械模拟现场消毒试验表明，醛基含量14300mg／L，二癸基二甲基氯化铵含量20600mg／L的消毒液对染于医用止血钳上的枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞作用4h，杀灭对数值〉3．00；对医疗器械模拟现场灭菌试验表明，同样含量的消毒液作用染菌的医用止血钳5h，可达到灭菌效果。连续使用2周后，作用5h仍可达到灭菌要求。对不锈钢基本无腐蚀，对铝、铜有轻度腐蚀，对碳钢有中度腐蚀。结论：复方醛基消毒剂对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞的杀灭效果较杆对余属腐忡忡拧小．     

某消毒液消毒效果及毒性研究

目的了解某消毒液杀菌功效及毒性情况。方法按照《消毒技术规范》（2002年版）对该消毒液进行相关定量杀菌与毒理学试验。结果该消毒液含有效氯400mg／L的稀释液对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌作用5min（悬液法）杀灭对数值均〉5．00;含有效氯2000mg／L的稀释液对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢作用40min（载体法）杀灭对数值〉3．00。该消毒液对小鼠急性经1：21毒性试验结果为LD50〉5000mg／kg体重;微核试验结果为阴性;对家兔完整皮肤刺激强度属无刺激性。结论该消毒液可有效杀灭细菌及细菌芽孢,且毒性低,为实际无毒级。     

诗洁手消毒液消毒效果和毒性实验研究

目的 了解醋酸氯己定类洗手消毒液的消毒效果和毒性。方法 按卫生部《消毒技术规范》有关要求，对诗洁手消毒液有效成分含量、实验室和现场应用效果、毒性进行检测评价。结果 经检测，诗洁手消毒液含0.9746％醋酸氯己定，原液pH值7.09，含醋酸氯己定5000mg/L样液作用2min，对布载体大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭率达到99．90％以上，原液作用2min对布载体白色念珠菌的杀灭率达到99．93％，5min杀灭率达到l00％；30人次的现场试验结果表明，含醋酸氯己定5000mg儿样液作用1min对手上自然菌灭除率达到99．57％，消毒后残留菌落数符合CBl5982规定的I类环境医护人员手消毒要求；毒性检测结果表明属实际无毒类，对皮肤无刺激，无蓄积毒性和致突变性。结论 诗洁手消毒液可用于医疗卫生机构诊疗活动中的卫生洗手和外科洗手消毒。     

聚维酮碘消毒液毒性与消毒效果观察

目的观察聚维酮碘消毒液的毒性与消毒效果。方法依据《消毒技术规范》对其进行毒理学、实验室定量杀菌及手现场消毒试验。结果该消毒液对小鼠急性经口毒性试验结果LD50〉5 000mg/kg.BW;微核试验阴性;多次皮肤刺激、急性眼刺激、1次阴道黏膜刺激试验结果均无刺激性。样品500mg/L有效碘溶液对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌作用0.5min杀灭对数值均〉5.00,对白色念珠菌作用0.5min杀灭对数值〉4.00;对30人次志愿受试者手皮肤表面自然菌消毒1min,平均杀灭对数值〉1.00,各项指标均达到消毒合格要求。结论聚维酮碘消毒剂为实际无毒级,杀菌效果良好,杀菌谱广,作用快,可用于人体体表皮肤和黏膜消毒。     

复方强化戊二醛消毒液对细菌芽孢的杀菌效果观察

[目的]了解复方强化戊二醛消毒液对细菌芽孢杀灭效果。[方法]采用载体定量和定性杀菌试验进行了实验室观察和现场试验。[结果]以含23．0g／L戊二醛的复方强化戊二醛消毒液对载体上枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢作用Ih，杀灭率〉99．9％；作用3h达到完全杀灭。能量试验对大肠杆菌最低有效浓度为1000mg／L。经模拟现场试验用含23．0g／L戊二醛消毒液对污染在止血钳上的枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢作用3h达到完全杀灭。连续使用稳定性杀菌试验，14d后达到完全杀灭细菌芽孢的效果需要作用5h。[结论]复方强化戊二醛消毒液对细菌芽孢杀灭效果较好，性能稳定。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.