脊髓圆椎部SPR和SAR手术脊神经根辨认的应用解剖学

目的：为脊髓圆椎部进行ＳＰＲ和ＳＡＲ手术提供定位、入路和辨认神经根的解剖学依据。方法：选１４具儿童脊柱标本,显露脊髓圆椎及其马尾神经。观测该区域神经根位置、形态及其与周围组织的关系。结果：脊髓圆椎末端大多数平对Ｌ１椎板,Ｌ１椎板根硬膜出口亦位于Ｌ１椎板范围内,神经根在该区域按顺序排列。Ｓ１后根最粗,Ｓ２明显变细,Ｓ３～５最细,神经后根进入脊髓角度以Ｌ５最大,Ｓ１其次,Ｓ２角度骤然变小,与脊髓接近平     

利用跟腱反射重建膀胱功能的应用解剖学研究

目的 :为进行跟腱反射重建膀胱功能的手术时脊神经前根和吻接平面的选择以及脊神经前根的定位提供解剖学依据。方法 :在 2 0具尸体标本上追踪骶丛和坐骨神经的脊神经根来源、相应的脊神经根在坐骨神经和其它神经之间的分布 ,同时观察硬膜内L4～S4脊神经前根排列的位置关系、相互重叠长度和横截面积。结果 :(1)骶丛主要由L4、L5和S1～ 5脊神经根组成 ,其中L5脊神经根 (4 6% )的贡献最大 ;(2 )S2～ 4前根出脊髓的平面均高于L4、L5和S1前根出硬膜的平面 ,前根的横截面积L4(2 .19± 0 .3 9)mm2 、L5(2 .5 8± 0 .5 8)mm2 和S1(2 .19± 0 .42 )mm2 均显著大于S2～ 4前根 ;(3 )在脊髓圆锥平面 ,前后根的辨别和序列的确认较圆锥下容易。结论 :(1)利用跟腱反射重建膀胱功能时宜选用L5前根与S3 或S4前根交叉吻接 ;(2 )吻接平面宜选择在脊髓圆锥处。     

犬马尾与骶神经根的解剖学观察

目的：为从马尾和骶神经根途径开展犬的神经泌尿学研究提供解剖依据。方法：对3只犬灌后进行解剖,并对22只犬进行术中观察,总结马尾、骶神经根的解剖特征。结果：犬的盆底器官由S1～S2脊髓节段和神经根支配;脊髓圆锥延续较长,达L6椎体下缘,而马尾神经较短;髓神经前后根出硬膜后,有各自独立的硬膜囊包绕直至后根神经节处,长1～1.5cm。结论：犬马尾和骶神经根的解剖特征与人类不同。     

利用膝腱反射重建膀胱功能的应用解剖研究

目的：为膝腱反射重建膀胱功能的手术时脊神经根和吻合平面的选择以及脊神经前根的定位提供解剖学依据。方法：在20具尸体标本上追踪股神经的脊神经根来源和相应的脊神经根的分布,同时观察硬膜内L2-4和S2-4脊神经前根排列的位置关系、相互重叠长度和横戴面积。结果：股神经主要由L3和L4脊神经根组成,L2脊神经根的贡献较小;L2和L3脊神经根中的大部分神经纤维贡献给股神经,其比例显著高于L4脊神经根。S2-4前根出脊髓的平面均高于或等于L2-4前根出硬膜的平面,L3和L4前根的横截面积均显著大于S2-4前根横截面积。结论：①利用膝腿反射得建膀胱功能时宜选用L3前根与S3或S4前根交叉吻合。②在L1-L2椎体平面,前后根的辨别和序列的确认较为容易,故吻合平面宜选择在脊髓圆锥处。     

臂丛后根脊髓入区的显微外科解剖

目的:为临床应用后根入区破坏法治疗臂丛根性撕脱伤后疼痛提供基础。方法:在20例成年人尸体上充分暴露C5～T1脊髓节段和相应神经后根区需切除椎板的长度和宽度,测量各神经根根丝的数目、与脊髓的角度和相应各脊髓节段前正中沟至后外侧沟的距离,各脊髓节段的定位和相应神经后根区的精细定位。取下脊髓,在显微镜下测量各节段脊髓后脚在横截面上的长度、宽度和后角纵轴与脊髓矢状面的夹角,确定术中需要损伤后根区的范围和角度。结果:切除C4～C7的脊突和椎板可暴露C5～T1神经后根。C5～T1各神经后根的根丝平均为7.76条,C6的后根根丝最多。各神经后根最下缘的根丝与脊髓纵轴的夹角从C5的65.6°逐渐变小到T1的19.8°。脊髓后外侧沟(神经后根根丝进入脊髓处)到后正中沟的距离平均为2.95 mm。脊髓后脚底至后外侧沟的长度平均为3.47 mm,宽度平均为1.35 mm。后脚的纵轴与脊髓矢状面的夹角平均为35.9°,自C5至T1逐渐变小。结论:(1)用破坏臂丛脊髓后根入区的方法治疗臂丛根性撕脱伤后疼痛需切除C4～C7的棘突和椎板;(2)损伤时器械应与脊髓矢状面大约成30°～40°角;(3)在横截面上损伤的宽度不能超过1.2 mm,损伤的深度不能超过3.1 mm。     

颈椎椎板切除术后神经根病的解剖学研究

目的 :探讨多节段颈椎椎板切除术后神经根病的解剖学基础及其发病机理。方法 :对 2 0具 (4 0侧 )成人固定标本的颈段脊髓、椎管及颈段神经根进行观察 ;其中 5具标本模拟颈椎椎板切除术 ,观察脊髓的反弹情况。结果 :颈神经脊髓附着端至椎间孔内侧缘距离平均为 8.5± 0 .3(3.5～ 11.0 )mm ,以C5、C6 最长 ;脊髓反弹紧贴椎管后壁时颈神经根移动平均为 1.2± 0 .5 (0～ 2 .0 )mm ,以C5、C6 神经根移位最大 ,而硬脊膜囊在椎间孔处对移动的脊神经根形成栓系。结论 :颈椎后路减压术后神经根病的发生最可能的原因是脊髓反弹引起神经根栓系卡压 ,神经根病的发病与脊髓反弹时神经根的移动度有关     

SD大鼠马尾与骶神经根的解剖学观察

目的：为从马尾和骶神经根途径开展SD大鼠的神经泌尿学研究提供解剖依据。方法：对6只SD大鼠灌注后进行显微解剖，并对30只SD大鼠进行术中观察和测量，总结马尾、骶神经根的解剖特征。结果：SD大鼠的盆底器官主要由Sl～S4脊髓节段和神经根支配，脊髓圆锥延续较长，达L4椎体下缘，马尾神经亦较长，其前根1束较细，后根2束较粗，包于同一硬脊膜中，硬脊膜较厚而坚韧，脊髓神经前后根出硬脊膜后，有各自独立的硬脊膜囊包绕，直至椎管内硬脊膜囊两侧的后根神经节处，长约3个椎体高度。在4对骶神经根中，以Sl和S2较粗，S3、S4较细。盆神经副交感神经纤维主要来源于S2骶髓节段。结论：SD大鼠骶和尾神经根的解剖特征与人类不同。     

腰神经根管的解剖及临床意义

在60具成人标本上解剖观察了腰神经根管的构成及其与腰神经根的关系.上位腰神经(L1—3)根管分为椎管内段和椎间孔段,皆毗邻骨性结构.下位腰神经(L4—S1)根管分为侧隐窝段和椎间孔段,在侧隐窝段的上份,神经根前邻椎间盘,后邻黄韧带及椎间关节,周围间隙小,病变时易受压迫.     

SD大鼠腰神经根的解剖学观察

目的　为从腰神经根途径开展脊髓损伤后肢体运动功能重建的研究提供解剖依据。 方法　对10只SD大鼠灌注后进行显微解剖研究,并对30只SD大鼠进行手术中观察和测量,观察腰神经根的解剖特点。 结果　SD大鼠腰神经根共有6对,其中L2~4组成股神经支配股四头肌,L5~6组成坐骨神经支配股后肌群,腰髓约平对T12,13及L1、2水平。腰神经前根1束较细,后根2束较粗,腰神经前、后根出硬膜后,有各自独立的硬膜囊包绕后直至后根神经节处。 结论　SD大鼠腰神经根解剖特征与人类不同。     

合并移行椎腰椎间盘突出症患者腰骶神经根支配区的变化

背景:腰骶移行椎是一种常见的先天脊柱畸形,国内外学者均有报道移行椎患者的腰骶神经根支配I区可能会发生改变,但并未系统阐述其支配区的变化以及该种改变对腰椎间盘突出症患者手术的指导意义。目的:探讨当存在腰骶移行椎时,腰骶神经根的运动和感觉支配区发生改变的可能性。方法:研究方案的实施符合滨州医学院附属医院对研究的相关伦理要求,参与试验的患病个体及其家属对试验过程完全知情同意。回顾分析321例单一节段腰椎间盘突出症行手术治疗患者的病历资料。其中38例(11.8%)存在腰骶移行椎,包括骶椎腰化26例、腰椎骶化12例。26例骶椎腰化患者中,23例为L5/S1(L6)椎间盘突出,压迫S1(L6)神经根。12例腰椎骶化患者中,8例为L3/4椎间盘突出,压迫L4神经根。在283例正常结构的患者中,138例患者L5/S1椎间盘突出压迫S1神经根,95例患者L4/L5椎间盘突出压迫L5神经根,47例患者L3/L4椎间盘突出压迫L4神经根。比较术前骶椎腰化患者S1神经根受压的症状、腰椎骶化患者L4神经根受压的症状与正常腰骶椎患者L4、L5或S1神经根受压的症状。结果与结论:(1)S1神经根受压所致运动功能减退的分布在骶椎腰化患者组和正常组之间差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);(2)L4神经根受压所致运动功能减退的分布在腰椎骶化患者组和正常组之间差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);(3)骶椎腰化患者S1神经根受压所致的运动功能减退与正常状态下L5神经根受压所致的运动功能减退相似;而腰椎骶化患者L4神经根受压所致的运动功能减退与正常状态下L5神经根受压所致的运动功能减退相似;皮肤感觉异常的分析也显示了相似的结果;(4)结果说明,腰骶神经根的功能在移行椎患者中发生改变,使得骶椎腰化患者的S1神经根起到L5神经根的通常功能(神经根功能上移),腰椎骶化患者的L4神经根起到L5神经根的通常功能(神经根功能下移)。     

Antioxidant and Anti-Fatigue Activities of Flavonoids From Puerariae Radix

This study evaluated the antioxidant and anti-fatigue activities of flavonoids from Puerariae radix (FPR). In vitro antioxidant activities of FPR were investigated through hydroxyl and superoxide radical scavenging activities. In vivo anti-fatigue activity of FPR was investigated through loaded swimming exercise of mice. Results showed that FPR had not only in vitro antioxidant activities, but also an in vivo anti-fatigue activity in mice. FPR possessed superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity in in vitro experimental studies. In vivo experimental studies, FPR could evidently extend exhaustive swimming time of mice, inhibit the increase of blood lactic acid (BLA), decrease serum urea nitrogen (BUN) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, promote increases in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) of mice after swimming. The results provided an important basis for developing the FPR as a novel antioxidant and anti-fatigue compound.     

大鼠杏仁中央核神经紧张肽和强啡肽神经元的年龄变化及牛膝的干预作用-免疫组织化学及图像定量分析研究

采用免疫组织化学ABC法结合图像定量分析观察杏仁中央核内神经紧张肽和强啡肽标记神经元的年龄变化及牛膝的抗衰老作用.结果:神经紧张肽神经元随月龄增加呈现细胞数减少、细胞面积增加和灰度值增大(P<0.05),22月龄大鼠发现有形态改变.强啡肽神经元左右两侧不同步变化,左侧在9月龄呈现细胞数减少,细胞面积增加、灰度值增大(P<0.05),在22月龄还可见形态改变;右侧在22月才出现细胞数减少、细胞面积增加、灰度值增大(P<0.05),未见明显的形态改变.牛膝喂药组与同月龄大鼠相比,神经紧张肽和强啡肽神经元的细胞数减少、细胞面积增加和灰度值的增大均降低(P<0.05),未见明显的形态改变,证实牛膝有延缓衰老之功效.     

生川乌与不同比例生半夏配伍对大鼠肝细胞超微结构的影响

目的:观察生川乌与不同比例生半夏配伍对大鼠肝细胞超微结构的影响。方法:SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、生川乌组、生川乌配生半夏组。电镜下观察肝细胞超微结构变化。结果:生川乌组肝细胞形态不规则,胞质溶解,粗面内质网明显减少,线粒体肿胀,溶酶体增多;生川乌配生半夏(1:0.25)组,肝细胞肿胀,核不规则,异染色质增多,胞质溶解减轻,粗面内质网较生川乌组增多,线粒体肿胀,溶酶体增多;生川乌配生半夏(1:0.5)组,肝细胞肿胀减轻,核异染色质较少、边集,粗面内质网增多,线粒体肿胀,次级溶酶体明显增多;生川乌配生半夏(1:1)组,肝细胞肿胀明显减轻,核接近正常,粗面内质网增多,线粒体肿胀减轻,糖原较少,溶酶体减少。结论:生川乌可明显损伤大鼠肝超微结构,与生半夏配伍后可减轻其损伤作用,配伍比例与损伤程度呈反比。     

白芨多糖抑制溃疡性结肠炎大鼠炎性反应与氧化应激

目的从炎性反应与氧化应激两方面研究白芨多糖对溃疡性结肠炎(UC)大鼠的治疗作用。方法将大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组(采用0.8 mL,2.5 mg/mL含50%乙醇的三硝基苯磺酸灌肠构建UC模型)、美沙拉嗪组(10 mL/kg)及白芨多糖低、中和高剂量组(100、200和400 mg/kg)。造模2 d后开始灌胃给药,连续10 d,观察大鼠疾病活动指数(DAI);ELISA法检测血清中IL-1β、IL-10和TNF-α水平;RT-qPCR检测结肠组织中IL-1β、IL-10和TNF-αmRNA表达;试剂盒检测结肠组织中SOD、MDA和GSH-Px指标;Western blot检测结肠组织TLR-4、NF-κB p65蛋白表达。结果与正常组比较,模型组大鼠体质量减轻,DAI评分升高,IL-1β和TNF-α浓度及mRNA表达升高,IL-10降低,结肠组织中SOD和GSH-Px活性降低,MDA含量及TLR-4、NF-κB p65蛋白表达升高(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,白芨多糖低、中和高剂量组DAI评分降低,IL-1β和TNF-α浓度及mRNA表达降低,而IL-10升高,结肠组织中SOD和GSH-Px活性升高,MDA含量及TLR-4、NF-κB p65蛋白表达呈剂量依赖性降低(P<0.05)。结论白芨多糖对UC大鼠具有较好的治疗作用,其作用机制可能与抑制炎性反应和氧化应激有关。     

Molecular discrimination of medicinal Astragali radix by RAPD analysis

The randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis has been applied for estimating genetic diversity in plant populations or cultivars. To discriminate geographical origin among Astragali radix populations, RAPD analysis was carried out using 20 mer-random primers. The similarity coefficient between the DNA of Astragali radix plants analyzed was 0.527. Although the coefficients of similarity were high, primer 7, 8 and 10 gave distinguishable bands between Korean and Chinese Astragali radix. We obtained the specific RAPD markers to discriminate between Korean and Chinese Astragali radix at a DNA level. These results suggest that this method is able to discriminate the concerned Astragali radix geographical origin species. Also, this is the first report on the genetic diversity in geographical origin among Astragali radix populations using RAPD analysis. Broader application of this approach to authenticate other morphologically similar medicinal materials is rationalized.     

三种中药有效成分复方对阿尔茨海默病转基因小鼠大脑皮质病理学及超微结构的影响

目的:观察淫羊藿、黄芪、葛根有效成分复方对阿尔茨海默病APP/PS1双转基因模型小鼠大脑皮质病理学及超微结构的影响。方法:9月龄雄性APP/PS1双转基小鼠36只,随机等分为模型组、淫羊藿组、黄芪组、葛根组、复方组和deferoxamine组(DFO组,为阳性对照组),9月龄雄性C57小鼠6只作为阴性对照组。淫羊藿组、黄芪组、葛根组、复方组灌胃分别给予120 mg/kg淫羊藿苷、80 mg/kg黄芪甲苷、80 mg/kg葛根素、120 mg/kg淫羊藿苷+80mg/kg黄芪甲苷+80 mg/kg葛根有效成分复方,DFO组肌肉注射给予30 mg/kg DFO,模型组和阴性对照组给予1 ml生理盐水,连续用药30 d。用药结束后,采用尼氏染色、Bielschowsky银染及透射电镜技术观察各组小鼠大脑皮质的病理学变化。结果:尼氏染色显示,淫羊藿组、黄芪组、葛根组小鼠较模型组神经元水肿有所减轻,细胞数量略有增加;复方组和DFO组小鼠皮质神经细胞排列整齐且密集,胞浆中尼氏体丰富,水肿明显改善,细胞数量明显增加。改良Bielschowsky银染显示,模型组小鼠皮质可见大量的老年斑,淫羊藿组、黄芪组和葛根组仍可见一定数量的老年斑,复方组小鼠及DFO组小鼠皮质与模型组、单方组相比老年斑数量减少。透射电镜显示,复方组和DFO组小鼠皮质神经元形态比模型组、淫羊藿组、黄芪组和葛根组整齐,胞浆内可见少量脂褐素。结论:淫羊藿、黄芪、葛根有效成分复方能减少APP/PS1转基因模型小鼠大脑皮质老年斑的沉积,降低神经元的损伤。     

赤芍总甙对Bcl-2、c-myc基因表达影响及诱导细胞凋亡机制研究

目的：探讨赤芍总甙（TGC）诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡机制，为TGC的开发应用提供实验依据。方法：采用流式细胞仪测定细胞凋亡，SABC免疫组化法检测Bcl-2蛋白表达，原位杂交法测定c—myc mRNA表达，电镜观察凋亡小体。结果：TGC治疗组出现Ap峰GO-G1期细胞明显减少，S期细胞明显增多，与模型对照组比较有显著差异（P〈0．05）。实验组下调相关基因Bcl-2蛋白和c-myc mRNA表达水平。TGC组电镜可见细胞内膜结构完好，染色质边集，细胞核形成核带和核突，凋亡细胞数目较多，有新月形或花环状（凋亡小体形成）。结论：TGC诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡，其机制可能与下调Bcl-2和c-myc mRNA表达水平密切相关。     

Hepatoprotective effect of baicalin, a major flavone from Scutellaria radix, on acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice

The protective effects of baicalin (BA), a major flavone from Scutellaria radix on acetaminophen (AP)-induced hepatotoxicity and the possible mechanism(s) of its protective action were investigated in mice. Treatment with BA (300 mg/kg, p.o.) 0.5 h after AP administration significantly prevented an increase in plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities and AP-induced hepatic necrosis, and also reduced AP-induced mortality from 43% to 0%. In addition, oral treatment with BA significantly prevented AP-induced depletion of glutathione (GSH) contents. However, BA treatment, by itself, did not affect hepatic GSH contents. The effect of BA on the cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), the major isozyme involved in AP bioactivation, was investigated. Oral treatment of mice with BA resulted in a significant decrease in AP-induced CYP2E1 activity together with its inhibition of AP-induced CYP2E1 expression. These results show that the hepatoprotective effects of BA against AP overdose may be due to its ability to block the bioactivation of AP by inhibiting CYP2E1 expression.     

REGULATORY EFFECT OF CYTOKINE PRODUCTION IN ASTHMA PATIENTS BY SOOJI CHIM (KORYO HAND ACUPUNCTURE THERAPY)

ABSTRACT

Acupuncture has become quite familiar to many Koreans not only for pain, but also for many other health problems, both in acute and chronic conditions. Actually, acupuncture is a therapeutic technique that is part of a larger system of traditional oriental medicine. There are several styles of acupuncture. We investigated the regulatory effects of cytokine production in peripheral blood of asthma patients (AP) by SOOJI CHIM (Koryo Hand Acupuncture Therapy, KHT). Clinical signs of asthma disappeared markedly by KHT. The mean interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-6 plasma levels were lower in the AP group than in the normal group, whereas the mean interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-4, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels were higher in the AP group. Plasma IFN-γ and IL-2 levels derived from T helper (Th)1 cells and IL-4 levels derived from Th2 cells were elevated in the AP group by KHT. Especially, plasma IL-6 levels derived from Th2 cells were elevated significantly in the AP group by KHT. Reduced plasma levels of TNF-α were observed in the AP group by KHT. Plasma IgE levels were also measured but there were no significant differences from each other. During the KHT, there were no other adverse effects. These results indicate that KHT has a good asthma treatment effect, and that its action may be due to the regulation of cytokine production.     

Comparative analysis between aerial parts and roots (Astragali Radix) of astragalus membranaceus by NMR-based metabolomics

Aerial parts of Astragalus membranaceus (APAM), which are derived from the overground part of Astragalus membranaceus consist of stems and leaves. The aim of this study was to provide a scientific basis for the comprehensive utilization of APAM. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to compare the chemical compositions of APAM and Astragali Radix (AR). The pharmacological effects of APAR and AR in cyclophosphamide (Cy)-induced mice were studied using ¹H NMR-based metabolomics. The results showed that APAM and AR were different from each other in primary and secondary metabolites, and they could recover the amounts of white blood cell, monocytes, lymphocyte and neutrophils content, IL-2 and IL-6; there was no significant difference in APAM and AR in terms of immune functions. The mechanisms of APAM and AR on leucopenia were probably related to energy metabolism, amino acids metabolism, and gut microbiota-related metabolism.