电视辅助胸腔镜肺手术对特发性间质性肺炎的诊断价值

目的探讨电视辅助胸腔镜肺手术(VATS)对特发性间质性肺炎病理诊断的价值。方法我院收治的间质性肺病(ILD)患者353例,经VATS取得53例特发性间质性肺炎(IIP)的肺组织病理标本,进行病理诊断分类血清、血液动力学、影像学和肺功能检查,回顾性分析IIP患者的治疗、活检情况,术后并发症、肺组织取材和手术住院的费用。结果353例患者中进行VATS比例为18.1%(53/353)。53例中特发性非特异性间质性肺炎(NSIP)23例,普通性间质性肺炎(UIP)9例,闭塞性细支气管炎伴机化性肺炎(BOOP)5例,呼吸性细支气管炎间质性肺炎(RBILD)3例,淋巴细胞间质性肺炎(LIP) 特发性脱屑型间质性肺炎(DIP)2例,UIP NSIP1例,NSIP RBILD1例,LIP1例,不能分类的IIP8例。术前平均PaCO235.3mmHg,PaO275.4mmHg。胸部CT检查中毛玻璃样见于各种类型的ILD,蜂窝样主要见于UIP和NSIP。手术后未见并发症。手术住院费用平均24253元。影响手术病理结果的因素有病灶的取材部位和数量。22例术前送检风湿科作相关检查,有4例不同指标低滴度的阳性。结论VATS具有安全、损伤小、病理诊断率高的特点。多叶取肺组织标本可以提高VATS对IIP的诊断率。     

特发性间质性肺炎的临床诊断方法

特发性间质性肺炎（IIPs）为一组类型不同的疾病,各类型对糖皮质激素（GC）治疗的疗效反应和预后不一,故备受临床医生对诊断的关心,本病从病变的组织病理区分为：特发性肺纤维化／隐源性纤维化性肺泡炎（IPF／CFA,又称普通型间质性肺炎UIP）,非特异性间质性肺炎（NSIP）,隐源性机化性肺炎／闭塞性细支气管炎伴机化性肺炎（COP／BOOP）,急性间质性肺炎（AIP）,     

多发性肌炎/皮肌炎合并肺间质性病变的临床特征

目的 回顾分析病理确诊的多发性肌炎/皮肌炎肺受累患者的临床、影像和病理学特征,以提高临床诊断水平.方法 1980年1月至2006年10月在北京协和医院住院,经病理确诊的多发性肌炎/皮肌炎肺受累患者共26例,其中6例进行尸检,5例行开胸肺活检或经胸腔镜肺活检,15例行经皮肺活检,进行临床、影像和病理学及预后综合分析.结果 26例患者的中位年龄为48岁(19～65岁),男10例,女16例.胸部X线主要表现为磨玻璃样变,双肺斑片状阴影和网格影.病理表现为弥漫性肺泡损伤(DAD)5例;淋巴细胞间质性肺炎2例;非特异性间质性肺炎(NSIP)富细胞型6例,混合型8例;机化性肺炎4例;普通型间质性肺炎(UIP)1例.所有患者均接受了泼尼松+环磷酰胺的治疗.中位随诊时间为15个月(6～108个月),中位生存期为21个月(1～253个月).26例患者中18例病情改善或稳定,8例死亡,其中5例病理表现为DAD,2例为NSIP混合型,1例为UIP.结论 多发性肌炎/皮肌炎肺受累患者的胸部CT及病理表现多样,病理诊断为DAD者预后差.     

外科肺活检在特发性间质性肺炎诊断中的应用

特发性间质性肺炎（idiopathic interstitial pneumonia，IIP）是一组原因不明的弥漫性实质性肺疾病（DPLD），包括7种临床病理类型，发病频率分别是（临床诊断／病理诊断）：特发性肺纤维化（IPF）／普通型间质性肺炎（UIP）、非特异性间质性肺炎（NSIP）／NSIP、隐源性机化性肺炎（COP）／机化性肺炎（OP）、急性间质性肺炎（AIP）／弥漫性肺泡损伤（DAD）、呼吸性细支气管炎伴间质性肺疾病（RB—ILD）／呼吸性细支气管炎（RB）、脱屑性间质性肺炎（DIP）／DIP、淋巴细胞间质性肺炎（LIP）／LIP。IIP上述临床病理类型的确诊需要肺活检病理，在很多情况下往往需要外科肺活检。小开胸肺活检的诊断率高，     

非特异性间质性肺炎临床-放射-病理诊断分析

目的对经肺活检诊断的非特异性间质性肺炎(NSIP)病例进行分析，探讨临床一放射一病理诊断的重要性。方法呼吸科、放射科和病理科医师对出院诊断和疑诊的9例NSIP病例的临床资料、影像特征和病理诊断进行回顾性分析，根据美国胸科学会和欧洲呼吸学会(ATS／ERS)的分类标准，重新作出一致的临床和病理诊断。结果出院诊断NSIP患7例，病理标本来自外科肺活检；疑诊NSIP患2例，病理标本来自CT引导下肺穿刺活检。回顾性病理分析发现，外科肺活检诊断的7例中5例符合ATS／ERS诊断标准，确诊为NSIP；1例主要病理特征为弥漫性支气管扩张，1例为机化性肺炎，不能诊断NSIP。经CT肺活检疑诊的2例因组织标本较小，不能进行全面病理评价，但因缺乏其他特征性病变，结合临床和影像表现，仍拟诊NSIP。全部病例的影像学表现以磨玻璃样阴影为主，均不具备特发性肺纤维化(IPF)的典型特征。确诊NSIP的5例中1例存在多肌炎／皮肌炎，临床诊断继发性NSIP；其余4例未发现潜在病因，临床诊断特发性NSIP，其中1例在诊断后3年因肺纤维化进行性加重、呼吸衰竭死亡。2例疑诊病例中1例在人院后20d死亡，1例在2年后确诊多肌炎／皮肌炎。结论NSIP的影像学表现缺乏特征性，外科肺活检是确立诊断的主要手段。NSIP的临床和病理诊断需要临床、放射和病理科医师的共同参与，而进一步寻找潜在病因是诊断过程中的重要目标。     

普通型间质性肺炎和非特异性间质性肺炎肺组织中不同细胞因子的表达及其意义

目的　研究转化生长因子 (TGF) β1、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子 (b FGF)、白细胞介素 8(IL 8)、白细胞介素 13(IL 13)、γ干扰素 (IFN γ)在普通型间质性肺炎 (UIP)和非特异性间质性肺炎(NSIP)肺组织中的分布、表达及意义。方法　经胸腔镜或开胸肺活检获取 5例UIP和 8例NSIP患者的肺组织。对照组 5例 ,来自手术切除的远离肺癌原发灶的周边肺组织。用免疫组化法半定量分析细胞因子的分布及表达。结果　TGF β1、IL 8、b FGF主要分布在肺泡上皮细胞、肺泡巨噬细胞、细支气管上皮细胞 ,UIP组表达强于NSIP组和对照组。IL 13主要分布在肺泡上皮细胞、肺泡巨噬细胞、间质单个核细胞 ,UIP、NSIP组表达无明显差异 ,但均强于对照组。IFN γ主要分布在间质单个核细胞 ,NSIP组表达强于UIP组和对照组。UIP组的IL 13/IFN γ比值为 (2 18± 0 76 ) ,NSIP组为(0 95± 0 2 8) ,对照组为 (0 91± 0 16 ) ,3组比较差异均有显著性 (P值均 <0 0 5 ) ,而NSIP组与对照组比较差异无显著性。对照组只有肺泡巨噬细胞表达上述各细胞因子。结论　TGF β1、IL 8、b FGF在UIP和NSIP患者肺组织中表达强度的不同和IL 13/IFN γ的是否平衡可能参与了UIP和NSIP不同的发病过程。     

非特异性间质性肺炎的诊断和治疗进展

非特异性间质性肺炎(nonspecificinterstitialpneumonia,NSIP)是近10年来提出的一种间质性肺炎;2002年有关特发性间质性肺炎多学科共识中认为,NSIP是特发性间质性肺炎(idiopathicinterstitialpneumonia,IIP)中的一种,NSIP发现率仅次于特发性肺纤维化(idiopathicpulmonaryfibrosis,IPF)。现有的研究认为,NSIP肺纤维化的机制不同于IPF;与其它IIP相比较,NSIP的临床、病理和影像学表现均有其特殊性;NSIP对糖皮质激素治疗的反应,存活率和预后明显好于IPF;NSIP应该是一个独立的疾病实体。     

非特异性间质性肺炎40例临床分析

1994年非特异性间质性肺炎(NSIP)首次被报道和命名[1].现对经肺活检确诊的NSIP患者的临床资料进行分析. 临床资料 1.对象:2000年2月～2009年2月期间我院确诊为特发性间质性肺炎(IIP)患者40例,年龄14～68岁,平均年龄(48.20±3.89)岁,男17例,女23例,男女比例1:1.25.诊断标准符合ATS/ERS定义的IIP临床特点,并综合患者临床资料,排除其他IIP,诊断为NSIP.     

皮肌炎多发性肌炎患者间质性肺病病理资料推断性分析

目的 分析皮肌炎(DM)、多发件肌炎(PM)合并间质性肺病(ILD)患者的胸部X线、胸部高分辨CT(HRCT)及肺功能等肺部表现临床特点及其预后.方法 回顾性分析上海长海医院风湿免疫科1999年1月至2007年1月期间收住院的33例DM/PM合并ILD除外感染患者的临床资料.结果 33例ILD患者经胸部X线及HRCT证实.根据临床-影像学特点并结合血气分析、肺功能测定,参照美国胸科学会和欧洲呼吸协会问质性肺炎的分类诊断标准,推断分析病理类型主要为非特异性间质性肺炎(NSIP)(57%)和寻常性间质性肺炎(UIP)(25%). UIP类型预后差、病死率高(70%).结论 结合患者的影像学资料、肺功能、血气分析推断病理类型主要为NSIP和UIP,其中UIP病死率高、预后差.     

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特发性间质性肺炎(idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, IIP)是弥漫性肺实质疾病(diffuse parenchymal lung dis ease,DPLD)中的一组疾病.它包括特发性肺纤维化 (IPF)/病理上表现为寻常型间质性肺炎(UIP),非特异性间质性肺炎(NSIP),隐源性机化性肺炎(COP),急性间质性肺炎(AIP),呼吸性细支气管炎并间质性肺疾病(RB-ILD),脱屑性间质性肺炎(DIP)和淋巴细胞性间质性肺炎(LIP)(见图1).     

Cyclosporin A treatment of interstitial pneumonia]

To assist in making prognoses for patients with interstitial pneumonia (IP) who were treated with cyclosporin A (CsA), we conducted a review of forty-nine patients (32 men and 17 women with a mean age of 62 yrs) with progressive IP during the period from 1997 through 2001. All patients were steroid-resistant or acutely exacerbated cases. They received a low dosage of CsA (100-130 mg/day) combined with corticosteroids. Before and after the CsA therapy, blood gas analysis and HRCT scans were evaluated. Twenty-five patients underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) or autopsy for a histopathological evaluation. Among the 49 patients with IP, the documented underlying systemic diseases were of unknown etiology (IPF or IIP) in 26 and were collagen vascular diseases (CVD) in 23. The chest CT pattern and underlying systemic diseases of IP were classified as a usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern/IPF in 16 cases, a non-UIP pattern/IIP in 10 cases, a UIP pattern/CVD in 7 cases, and a non-UIP pattern/CVD in 16 cases. The prognoses after CsA treatment were improved or unchanged in 27% of cases with a UIP pattern/IPF, 78% of cases with a non-UIP pattern/IIP, 71% of cases with a UIP pattern/CVD and 75% of cases with a non-UIP pattern/CVD; deteriorated in 73%, 22%, 29% and 25% of cases, respectively, with these patterns and underlying diseases. At present, four out of thirteen (31%) patients with acute exacerbation of UIP pattern/IPF have survived for four to twelve months (mean: 7.5 months). Four patients revealed re-exacerbation of IP after the dose of CsA was tapered. Among the 25 patients with IP, the histopathological patterns of IP were classified as usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) in 10 cases, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) in 14 cases (group I, 2; group II, 5; group III, 7) and diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) in 1 case. The prognoses were improved or unchanged in all cases of NSIP group I, in 80% of cases with NSIP group II, in 29% of cases of NSIP group III and in 20% of cases of UIP; and deteriorated in the case of DAD, in 80% of cases of UIP, in 71% of cases of NSIP group III, and in 20% of cases of NSIP group II. It should be emphasized that CsA combined with corticosteroids may be effective for the treatment of steroid-resistant or acute exacerbation cases of IP. Further studies are required to determine long-term outcome with this treatment.     

Inflammatory cell phenotyping of the pulmonary interstitium in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia

BACKGROUND: Several studies have implicated the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of lung damage in idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs). Investigations of inflammatory cells in IIP have show that eosinophils, neutrophils and T cells may be associated with a poorer prognosis. OBJECTIVES: The aim of our study was to map, by quantitative analysis, the number of inflammatory cells in the lung tissue of patients with non-specific interstitial pneumonia/non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP/NSIP), acute interstitial pneumonia/diffuse alveolar damage (AIP/DAD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis/usual interstitial pneumonia (IPF/UIP) and to correlate them with lung function tests and survival. METHODS: After immunohistochemical staining, we quantified the content of inflammatory cells [macrophages, neutrophils (elastase+), plasma cells, and CD3, CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes (TLs)] in 20 NSIP, 20 DAD and 20 UIP surgical lung biopsies. RESULTS: The total density of inflammatory cells was significantly increased in DAD and NSIP when compared to UIP (p = 0.04). TLs were increased in DAD and NSIP when compared to UlP lungs (p < 0.05). The density of inflammatory cells in UIP showed significant differences in normal, intervening and dense fibrosis areas (p < 0.05). The most numerous cells infiltrating the mural fibrosis and honeycombing areas were plasma cells, neutrophils (elastase+), CD20+, CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ (p < 0.05). In UIP, CD3+ TLs were directly correlated with forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity ratio x 100 (p = 0.05). CD68+ cells presented a significant positive correlation with the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (p = 0.04); neutrophil (elastase+) cells significantly correlated with residual volume (p = 0.02), residual volume/total lung capacity (p = 0.04) and carbon monoxide transfer factor (p = 0.03). The most important predictor of survival in UIP was CD3+ TLs (p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: The total density of inflammatory cells and lymphocytes presents a different distribution within the pulmonary parenchyma in AIP/DAD, NSIP/NSIP and IPF/UIP evolutionary adapted responses to injury. There is a localized distribution of inflammation in the normal, intervening and dense fibrosis areas of UIP for CD3+, associated with a lethal deterioration of the pulmonary function and poor survival. Our findings provide further evidence of the importance of inflammation in the pathophysiology of IIPs.     

Correlations of histologic classification with clinical features and prognosis in interstitial lung disease associated with collagen disease]

We studied 32 patients with interstitial pneumonia associated with collagen disease. All underwent surgical lung biopsy. Twenty-seven were histologically classified as follows: 8 with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), 10 with nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), 6 with bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP), and 3 with diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). Twenty-five of the patients were treated with corticosteroid but 4 (3 DAD, 1 NSIP) deteriorated rapidly and died within a month after lung biopsy. At the final follow-up, all 8 UIP patients were alive with residual respiratory impairment, whereas 6 NSIP and 4 BOOP patients had almost completely recovered. These findings suggested that histologic classification can be highly valuable to the therapeutic responsiveness and prognosis in cases of interstitial pneumonia associated with collagen disease.     

Cyclosporin treatment in steroid-resistant and acutely exacerbated interstitial pneumonia

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of cyclosporin A (CsA) in patients with interstitial pneumonia (IP). DESIGN: Retrospective comparative study. PATIENTS: We reviewed 33 patients (23 males and 10 females with a mean age of 62.5 years) with histologically-proven progressive IP who were treated with CsA. All patients had corticosteroid-resistant IP or developed acute exacerbation of IP in their courses. RESULTS: The underlying systemic diseases were: idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) in 19 patients, and collagen vascular diseases (CVDs) in 14. The histopathological patterns and underlying diseases of IP were classified as usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP)/idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in 10 patients, cellular-nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP)/IIPs in 3, fibrotic-NSIP/IIPs in 5, organizing pneumonia (OP)/IIP in 1, UIP/CVDs in 4, cellular-NSIP/CVDs in 7, fibrotic-NSIP/CVDs in 2, and diffuse alveolar damage (DAD)/CVD in 1, respectively. They received a low dosage of CsA combined with corticosteroids. The prognoses after treatment with CsA were well correlated with histopathological patterns. Cellular-NSIP and OP showed better prognoses than fibrotic-NSIP, UIP or DAD. In addition, CVDs had better prognoses than IIPs, when compared on the basis of the same histopathological patterns. Furthermore, the prognoses in the CsA-treated group were significantly better than in those without CsA treatment in regard to acute exacerbation of UIP/IPF. CONCLUSIONS: CsA combined with corticosteroids may be an efficacious treatment for corticosteroid-resistant IP and for acute exacerbation of IPF.     

Survival of patients with biopsy-proven usual interstitial pneumonia and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia.

This is the first Australian study to examine survival and clinical characteristics in biopsy-proven idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. A cohort of 70 patients from a single institution between January 1990 and December 1999 was reviewed. All patients were Caucasian, 23 (33%) female. Mean age+/-SD at diagnosis was 60+/-12 yrs for males and 54+/-14 yrs for females. A total 24% of patients had never smoked. The histopathological diagnoses were usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) (n=59), nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) (n=7), desquamative interstitial pneumonia (n=3) and acute interstitial pneumonia (n=11). Clinical and functional characteristics of the two main histological subgroups of UIP and NSIP showed significantly older patients in the UIP group and a significantly lower mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) in the NSIP group. Median survival for UIP was 78 months compared with 178 months for NSIP. No survival difference between treated and untreated patients with UIP was found. Multivariate analysis revealed smoking alone to be predictive of poorer survival. This study demonstrates the best median survival for usual interstitial pneumonia of available series and confirms a survival difference between usual interstitial pneumonia and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. Furthermore, the reported results may have implications for treatment timing using conventional protocols currently recommended.     

BAL findings in idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and usual interstitial pneumonia.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), which has the histological pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), is a progressive interstitial lung disease with a poor prognosis. Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias with a histological pattern of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) have a better prognosis than UIP, and may present with a clinical picture identical to IPF. The authors hypothesised that bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) findings may distinguish between UIP and NSIP, and have prognostic value within disease subgroups. BAL findings were studied retrospectively in 54 patients with histologically proven (surgical biopsy) idiopathic UIP (n=35) or fibrotic NSIP (n=19), all presenting clinically as IPF. These findings were also compared with the BAL profile of patients with other categories of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. BAL total and differential cell counts did not differ between the two groups. Survival was better in NSIP. In neither group were BAL findings predictive of survival or changes in lung function at 1 yr, even after adjustment for disease severity, smoking and treatment. BAL differential counts in fibrotic NSIP differed from respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease, but not from desquamative interstitial pneumonia or cellular NSIP. The authors conclude that bronchoalveolar lavage findings do not discriminate between usual interstitial pneumonia and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia in patients presenting with clinical features of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and have no prognostic value, once the distinction between the two has been made histologically.     

High-BAL fluid concentrations of RANTES in nonspecific interstitial pneumonia compared with usual interstitial pneumonia

Chemokines such as regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, monocyte inflammatory protein (MIP)-lalpha have been reported to play an important role in the pathogenesis of interstitial lung diseases. Among idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP), nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) has elevated percentages of Lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid compared with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). These chemokines are candidate mediators for lymphocyte attraction to the lung in NSIR Therefore, we measured the BAL fluid levels of RANTES, MCP-1 and MIP1-alpha in 15 patients with idiopathic NSIP, 20 with idiopathic UIP, 22 with sarcoidosis and 12 healthy volunteers to evaluate the contribution of these chemokines using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The levels of RANTES in BAL fluid were significantly higher in patients with NSIP compared with healthy volunteers (P < 0.01), UIP and sarcoidosis (P < 0.05). In MCP-1, the levels in BAL fluid of NSIP and UIP patients were significantly elevated compared with healthy volunteers and sarcoidosis patients (P < 0.01). These results suggest that RANTES and MCP-1 in BAL fluid may play an important role in inflammatory cell recruitment to the lung in idiopathic NSIP as well as other interstitial lung diseases.     

Comparison of bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and from ordinary interstitial pneumonia]

We studied cell findings in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of 13 patients with nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) and 20 with ordinary interstitial pneumonia (UIP). NSIP and UIP were difficult to distinguish by high-resolution CT. Surgical lung biopsies were performed in all patients. We divided the patients with NSIP and UIP into 4 groups, a group of idiopathic NSIP (idiopathic NSIP), a group of NSIP patients associated with collagen vascular disease (CVD NSIP), a group of idiopathic UIP patients (idiopathic UIP) and a group of UIP patients associated with collagen vascular disease (CVD UIP). We then examined the differences in BALF cell findings between these groups. The percentage of lymphocytes in BALF was higher in idiopathic NSIP and CVD NSIP than in the healthy control. The percentage of alveolar macrophages was lower and the percentage of lymphocytes was higher in CVD NSIP than in idiopathic UIP. The CD4/CD8 ratio in BALF of idiopathic NSIP was lower than with idiopathic UIP. It is important that NSIP be distinguished from UIP clinically, and our results suggest that BALF cell findings may be useful for making this distinction.