1982～1998年西安市非职业接触女性血铅和血镉水平的调查研究

探讨非职业接触人群血铅和血镉水平及其变化趋势，为评估分析环境铅和镉污染程度和污染来源提供科学依据。「方法」按ＷＨＯ生物监测方法和程序于１９８２－１９９８年对西安市非职业接触女性连续进行了血铅和血镉监测，并对相关人群做了一性摸底对照监测。「结果」１７年间女性血铅由０．２８０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ升至０．４３８μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，血镉由４．４５ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ升至６．３２ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ，上升幅度分别是５６．４％和４２．０％     

南京市学龄前儿童血铅血镉检测

目的了解南京市区儿童血铅血镉水平及其分布特征。方法 BH2100型钨舟原子吸收光谱仪对南京市6个主城区幼儿园1258例儿童进行血铅、血镉测定,按年龄、性别及地区情况进行比较分析。结果南京市儿童血铅平均水平为(70.93±15.79)μg/L,其中100μg/L者占114例(9.1%)血镉水平为0.61±0.47μg/L;地区间(交通繁忙地-下关区)和年龄间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论南京市儿童的血铅水平应引起重视,学龄前儿童血镉水平正常,应继续加强铅、镉中毒危害的宣传教育,预防儿童铅、镉中毒的发生。     

江苏某电池厂工人血铅、血镉和尿镉的浓度及相关性

目的了解江苏某电池厂工作人员体内血铅、血镉和尿镉的浓度,对三者的关系进行比较分析。方法选择该电池厂437名员工为研究对象,并测定其体内的血铅、血镉、尿镉含量。结果血铅<400μg/L和≥400μg/L组血镉的均值分别为1.23μg/L和2.10μg/L,差异有统计学意义(t=-3.758,P<0.01);两组尿镉均值分别为1.03μg/g肌酐和1.10μg/g肌酐,差异无统计学意义(t=-0.618,P>0.05)。血镉与血铅之间存在相关关系(r=0.238,P<0.01),尿镉与血铅之间无相关关系(r=0.051,P>0.05)。结论该工厂工人体内血铅、血镉、尿镉含量均存在一定异常,血铅和血镉之间存在相关关系。为减少铅、镉行业对从业人员的健康损害,需要政府部门、企业、从业人员的共同努力。     

儿童1490例血铅、血镉水平分析

[目的]了解门诊儿童血铅及血镉水平,为防治血铅,血镉水平过高提供参考依据.[方法]用钨舟原子吸收光谱法,对东莞市1490例门诊儿童进行血铅、血镉测定.[结果]血铅水平为(0.36±0.20)μmol/L,铅中毒的检出率为23.56%;血镉水平为(2.24±2.50)μg/L,镉中毒的检出率为6.64%.[结论]东莞市城区铅、镉污染较严重,特别是镉的污染,应引起各方的重视.     

深圳市龙岗区农民工无偿献血者血铅、血镉的检测分析

目的了解龙岗区接触镉、铅等有毒重金属农民工无偿献血者血镉和铅的含量,为提出干预措施提供依据。方法选取2006—2007年该区农民工无偿献血者血样,采用原子吸收法检测血铅、血镉含量,并进行分析。结果接触铅的献血者血样超标率高于非接触者,其超标率分别为3.85%、1.47%;接触镉的献血者血样超标率高于非接触者,其超标率分别为3.5%、0.87%。结论接触铅、镉的农民工无偿献血者的血液影响供血质量,应采取干预措施。     

黄石市2009年中考学生血铅、血镉及生长发育基本状况调查分析

[目的]了解黄石市中考学生血铅、血镉含量及生长发育基本情况。[方法]采用随机抽样的方法在5个城区中每个城区各抽取100人,测定其血铅、血镉、身高、体重、乙肝表面抗原和抗体、转氨酶。[结果]500名学生血铅最低值为11μg／L,最高值为260μg／L,平均血铅水平为57μg／L;男生身高和体重的平均值为168．6cm和59．0Kg,女生身高和体重的平均值为159．5cm和51．6Kg;有8人乙肝表面抗原阳性,占总数的1．6％,共有277名学生表面抗体阳性,占总数的55．4％;所有学生的两种转氨酶均低于40U／L。[结论]黄石市中考学生的血铅含量处于较低的水平,但要关注血镉的含量。乙肝表面抗原阳性率也处于比较低的水平。     

深圳市龙岗区无偿献血职业人群中血镉血铅含量调查

目的：了解龙岗区无偿献血者中有接触镉、铅等有毒重金属的人群血铅、血镉的含量。方法：选取2002-2004年无偿献血者血样，采用原子吸收法检测血铅、血镉含量。结果：部分接触镉、铅因素的人群中血液重金属（血镉、血铅）超出生物限值（下简称超值），与非接触的无偿献血者有显著性差异。血镉、血铅的含量与年龄无关，与接触有毒重金属的工龄、从事的工种或岗位有关。结论：加强有毒有害职业因素企业的经常性卫生监督十分重要，职业人群的无偿献血者血液中重金属含量值得关注，对接触有毒重金属的无偿献血者进行献血前的咨询并进行筛查非常必要。     

贵阳市非职业性接触人群血铅镉含量水平调查

对贵阳市１９４名非职业性接触人群进行了血铅、血镉测定，其范围及均值分别为，血铅：１８．０～１９３．０μｇ／Ｌ、７０．６μｇ／Ｌ；血镉：０．３０～１０．９０μｇ／Ｌ、１．３９μｇ／Ｌ。在调查人群具有代表性、数据准确的基础上，提出贵阳市非职业性接触人群血铅、血镉的正常值上界，即血铅１７０．０μｇ／Ｌ、血镉５．９０μｇ／Ｌ。     

四川省环境铅,镉污染及居民血铅,镉负荷调查

铅、镉是环境中的两种有害重金属元素,可通过空气、水及食物等途径进入人体。血中铅、镉水平是评价环境污染及健康损害的生物学指标。我们在全省范围选择不同地理状况及工业布局的五城市进行环境及生物监测,评价我省环境铅、镉污染,提出四川省成人血铅、镉正常值建议。     

血中铅,镉水平与其尿排泄关系的研究

报道了肌酐代谢无明显异常的17名职业性铅、镉接触者在自由饮水情况下血中铅、镉水平与其尿排泄的关系。结果表明,血中铅、镉浓度以及铅、镉、肌酐的尿排泄存在明显的个体差异。血铅浓度与24h尿铅排泄量呈明显正相关,血镉浓度与24h尿镉排泄量无明显相关,而与每天吸烟量明显相关。17人的132份尿样的尿流速与肌酐、镉排泄率呈显著正相关,但与尿铅排泄率无显著相关。本研究还表明,尿中肌酐排泄率与尿铅、镉排泄率之间也有显著的正相关性。     

A study on dietary habits, health related lifestyle, blood cadmium and lead levels of college students

This study was performed in order to investigate dietary habits, health related lifestyle and blood cadmium and lead levels in female college students. 80 college students (43 males and 37 females) participated in the survey questionnaires. Body weight and height, blood pressure, and body composition were measured. The systolic blood pressure of male and female students were 128.9 ± 13.9 and 109.8 ± 12.0, respectively. The diastolic blood pressure of male and female students were 77.1 ± 10.3 and 66.0 ± 6.9, respectively, showing that male students had significantly higher blood pressure than female students (P < 0.001). The BMI of male and female students were 23.4 ± 3.3 and 20.2 ± 2.3, respectively. Most male students were in the range of being overweight. The dietary habits score of female students was significantly higher than that of male students (P < 0.01).The blood cadmium level of male and female students were 0.54 ± 0.23 and 0.52 ± 0.36, respectively. There was no significant difference between male and female students. The blood lead level of male and female students were 1.09 ± 0.49 and 0.59 ± 0.45, respectively. The blood lead level of male students was significantly higher than that of female students (P < 0.001). The blood cadmium level of smokers and nonsmokers were 0.69 ± 0.29 and 0.49 ± 0.29 respectively (P < 0.05). The blood cadmium level of smokers was significantly higher than that of nonsmokers (P < 0.05). The blood lead level of smokers and nonsmokers were 1.09 ± 0.43 and 0.80 ± 0.54, respectively. The blood lead level of smokers was significantly higher than that of nonsmokers (P < 0.05). Therefore, proper nutritional education programs are required for college students in order to improve their dietary and health related living habits.     

Exposure of children to lead and cadmium from a mining area of Brazil

During the past 50 years the Ribeira river valley, in the southern part of the state of S?o Paulo, Brazil, had been under the influence of the full activity of a huge lead refinery and mine working by the side of the river. The plant completely stopped all kinds of industrial activities at the end of 1995, and part of the worker population and their families still remain living nearby in small communities. The objective of the study was to assess the exposure of children to lead and cadmium in these areas, where residual environmental contamination from the past industrial activity still exists. Blood samples of 295 children aged 7 to 14 years, residing in rural and urban areas around the mine and the refinery, were collected. A questionnaire was given to gather information on food habits, leisure activities, father's past employment, current and former residential places, and other variables. Blood lead and cadmium concentrations were analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry using Zeeman background correction. Cadmium values obtained in this population were mostly below established quantification limits (0.5 microg/dl). The median of blood lead level (BLL) obtained in children living close to the lead refinery was 11.25 microg/dl, and the median in other mining regions far from the refinery was 4.4 microg/dl. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the independent contribution of selected variables in predicting BLL in these children. The following variables showed significant association with high BLL: residential area close to the lead refinery [odds ratio (OR)=10.38 (95% confidence interval (Cl)=4.86-23.25)], former father's occupational lead exposure [OR=4.07 (95% Cl=1.82-9.24)], and male gender [OR=2.60 (95% Cl=1.24-5.62)].     

Occupational exposure to lead and blood pressure: a study in 105 workers

A group of workers, occupationally exposed to lead and cadmium compounds (n = 53), was compared to a group of workers not exposed to these metals (n = 52). The average values of systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure were found to be higher in the exposed group (p less than 0.05). In contrast with the correlation between CdU and blood pressure, the correlation between PbB and systolic and mean blood pressure remained statistically significant after controlling for age and pulse rate (r = 0.22, p less than 0.05). The prevalence of potential hypertension (defined as systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 160 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 95 mm Hg and/or under treatment for hypertension) was higher in the exposed group, but the observed relative risk was not statistically significant: relative risk = 1.91 (95% confidence limits, 0.90-4.05). Furthermore, a significant correlation between PbB and Hgb (r = -0.28, p = 0.004) was observed. Differences in kidney function, as assessed in this study, were not detected.     

北京市成人血、发及脏器的铅、镉背景值

以中学教师和北京市瘁死居民为对象，在严格的质量保证措施下，对北京市居民血、发和脏器铅、镉背景值进行了研究。结果表明，北京市男性吸烟者、不吸烟者及女性不吸烟者的血铅均值分别为８５．０、７４．６和５６．７μｇ／Ｌ，血镉为２．２３、０．７８和０．８３μｇ／Ｌ，其９５％上限值血铅分别为１６０．２、１３１．４和１０７μｇ／Ｌ，血镉分别为６．５、１．９８和１．９５μｇ／Ｌ。各脏器（鲜重，以下同）铅、镉背景值分别为：肝，０．２２和０．８４ｍｇ／ｋｇ；肺，０．１１和０．１７ｍｇ／ｋｇ；心，０．０１４和０．０１２ｍｇ／ｋｇ；脾，０．０３８和０．０７１ｍｇ／ｋｇ；肾，０．０７９和３．９３ｍｇ／ｋｇ；肌肉，０．０５８和０．０２７ｍｇ／ｋｇ，并讨论了血、发和各脏器铅镉含量间的相关性及其意义。     

南京市7～12岁儿童血铅水平状况调查

目的了解南京市7～12岁儿童血铅水平状况。方法对南京市1 113名7～12岁儿童血铅水平进行调查,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法进行检测。结果南京市儿童血铅均值为36.90μg/L,铅中毒率为1.8%;血铅水平男童为39.07μg/L,女童为34.55μg/L,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);各年龄组儿童血铅水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论南京市7～12岁儿童血铅平均水平及中毒率低于全国,但仍需通过环境治理及监管降低环境铅水平,同时加强健康宣传教育,提高儿童及家长防护意识。     

Determining the content of lead and cadmium in infant food from the Polish market

The present study aimed to analyse the toxic metals in the baby fruit and vegetable desserts, juices and dinners available on the Polish market, and find that these products a less are safe for infants. The average daily intake of cadmium and lead found in one jar of dessert, one bottle of juice and one jar of baby dinner is, respectively, 0.20 μg (2% of PTDI) and 0.82 μg (2.2% of PTDI), 0.15 μg (2% of PTDI) and 4.86 μg (13.6% of PTDI), and 0.98 μg (10% of PTDI) and 2.36 μg (6.7% of PTDI). It was confirmed that all the examined baby food met the requirements regarding lead and cadmium contamination, and the obtained results were lower than the maximum acceptable level of the contamination with these metals. It may be assumed that fruit and vegetable products available on the Polish market are safe for infants. However, in some products, the levels of cadmium and lead were high.     

Associations of toenail arsenic, cadmium, mercury, manganese, and lead with blood pressure in the normative aging study

Background: Arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead are associated with cardiovascular disease in epidemiologic research. These associations may be mediated by direct effects of the metals on blood pressure (BP) elevation. Manganese is associated with cardiovascular dysfunction and hypotension in occupational cohorts.Objectives: We hypothesized that chronic arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead exposures elevate BP and that manganese lowers BP.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of associations between toenail metals and BP among older men from the Normative Aging Study (n = 639), using linear regression and adjusting for potential confounders.Results: An interquartile range increase in toenail arsenic was associated with higher systolic BP [0.93 mmHg; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.25, 1.62] and pulse pressure (0.76 mmHg; 95% CI: 0.22, 1.30). Positive associations between arsenic and BP and negative associations between manganese and BP were strengthened in models adjusted for other toenail metals.Conclusions: Our findings suggest associations between BP and arsenic and manganese. This may be of public health importance because of prevalence of both metal exposure and cardiovascular disease. Results should be interpreted cautiously given potential limitations of toenails as biomarkers of metal exposure.     

不同校正方法对尿铅、尿镉浓度影响的研究

分析了肌酐代谢无明显异常的17名铅、镉接触者在自由饮水条件下收集的132份尿样。用尿比重(U_(SG))、尿肌酐(U_(Cr))、尿流速调整的肌酐比率(U_(CF))等方法校正尿测定浓度(U),比较其对尿铅、尿镉浓度的影响。结果表明,不同方法校正后的变异程度,以U_(CF)时最大,其次为U_(Cr)、U_(SG)校正,未校正的测定浓度(U)的变异程度最小。因此,可以认为,U_(SG)、U_(Cr)、U_(CF)校正与测定浓度相比,并未提供明显的优点。就尿铅、尿镉而言,在特殊情况下需校正时,以尿比重为参数较为合适。     

广西5城市农产品铅镉污染分析

目的了解广西壮族自治区5城市主要农产品铅镉污染情况。方法在严格的质量控制下，对5个城市8类农产品进行铅镉污染监测。结果共监测8类588件农产品，获得923个有效监测数据。其中铅污染监测429件农产品，3个市的皮蛋污染严重，铅超标率均在50％～75％；南宁市蔬菜、黄豆铅污染超标均在30％以上；百色市牛奶超标率达到100％；而镉污染监测494件农产品，北海市螺、蟹镉污染超标率分别达到93．0％，82．0％；3个市肾镉超标均在80％以上；南宁、玉林市大米镉超标率均为28．6％，南宁市蔬菜超标率24．3％；南宁市大白菜、白萝卜、胡萝卜、四季豆等共9份农产品铅、镉同时超标，双重超标率达到15．2％（9／59）。结论农产品中存在铅镉污染，应加强综合治理。减少环境污染。