自然流产中的早孕期蜕膜细胞Bcl-2 /Bax 比例异常

探讨早孕期蜕膜细胞细胞凋亡异常与妊娠失败的关系。应用TUNEL法测定凋亡的发生及凋亡细胞的定位，免疫组化法检测Bcl-2、Bax蛋白的表达和相互关系。结果发现：（1）正常早孕40d蜕膜组织细胞大量凋亡，Bcl-2蛋白表达量较低，Bax蛋白有较强表达。（2）正常早孕50d，凋亡细胞明显减少，Bcl-2的表达显著增强，Bax蛋白表达减弱。（3）早孕50d自然流产组，蜕膜组织大量凋亡，与同时期正常蜕膜组织相比，P＜0．01。Bcl-2蛋白表达明显降低，Bax蛋白表达明显增强，Bcl-2/Bax比例降低。早孕期蜕膜组织凋亡异常可能是自然流产的机制之一，Bcl-2/Bax途径可能是诱导早孕期蜕膜细胞凋亡的重要因素。     

自然流产模型小鼠蜕膜细胞凋亡及相关基因的表达

目的 通过比较正常妊娠模型小鼠及自然流产模型小鼠蜕膜细胞凋亡及Bcl-2、Bax、Fas、FasL蛋白的表达,从细胞及分子水平探讨自然流产的发病机制.方法建立正常妊娠模型CBAXBALB/c和自然流产模型CBAXDBA/2.用免疫组化SABC法测定两组模型孕13 d蜕膜细胞Bcl-2、Bax、Fas、FasL蛋白的表达,并通过MIAS-2000医用彩色病理图像免疫组化测量系统对其表达进行半定量分析,其结果用平均灰度值表示;同时应用DNA缺口原位末端标记技术(TUNEL)测定两组模型孕13天蜕膜细胞凋亡情况.结果与正常妊娠模型相比,自然流产模型蜕膜细胞Bcl-2蛋白的表达降低(P＜0.01);Bax蛋白的表达明显升高(P＜0.01);FasL的表达明显升高(P＜0.01);Fas的表达两组比较无明显差异(P＞0.05).蜕膜细胞凋亡指数(AI),自然流产模型明显高于正常妊娠模型(P＜0.01).结论 早孕期蜕膜组织细胞凋亡异常是自然流产的机制之一,Bcl-2/Bax,Fas/FasL途径可能是诱导早孕期蜕膜细胞凋亡的重要因素.     

雌激素对大鼠胸腺细胞凋亡及Bcl-2、Bax表达的影响

目的:探讨苯甲酸雌二醇对大鼠胸腺Bcl-2和Bax表达及细胞凋亡的影响及其机制.方法:雌性大鼠行卵巢切除术,给予苯甲酸雌二醇后,观察胸腺指数的变化,Hochest33342荧光染色及透射电镜标本观察胸腺细胞凋亡情况,免疫组织化学检测胸腺组织中Bcl-2和Bax的表达情况,原位杂交技术检测Bcl-2、Bax m RNA的表达情况.结果:双侧卵巢切除组大鼠胸腺指数较假手术组增加,双侧卵巢切除+雌激素组大鼠胸腺指数较双侧卵巢切除组减小;假手术组和双侧卵巢切除组大鼠胸腺组织中以正常胸腺细胞为主,偶见凋亡细胞或凋亡小体,双侧卵巢切除+雌激素组可见较多凋亡细胞和凋亡小体;双侧卵巢切除+雌激素组大鼠胸腺组织中Bcl-2表达较双侧卵巢切除组和假手术组增高明显降低,而Bax表达呈现相反趋势;Bcl-2 mRNA、Bax mRNA的表达与Bcl-2、Bax的表达呈一致性.结论:雌激素可以降低大鼠胸腺指数,抑制胸腺组织中Bcl-2的表达,促进Bax的表达,从而诱导大鼠胸腺细胞凋亡,促进雌性大鼠胸腺退化.     

丙酸睾酮对大鼠胸腺细胞凋亡及胸腺中Bcl-2、Bax表达的影响

目的探讨丙酸睾酮在大鼠胸腺退化过程中的作用及其对大鼠胸腺中Bcl-2和Bax表达的影响。方法雄性大鼠去势后给予丙酸睾酮皮下注射,分别于注射后第1、4、7天取材,用半薄切片甲苯胺蓝染色检测胸腺细胞凋亡情况,免疫组织化学法检测胸腺组织中Bcl-2和Bax的表达情况,采用t检验进行统计学处理。结果丙酸睾酮处理组大鼠胸腺组织中可发现较多的凋亡细胞和凋亡小体;去势组大鼠胸腺组织中Bcl-2表达量明显高于假手术组（P〈0.001）,丙酸睾酮处理后Bcl-2表达量明显减少（P〈0.001）;而Bax的表达正好相反,去势组大鼠胸腺组织中Bax表达量明显低于假手术组（P〈0.001）,给予丙酸睾酮后Bax表达量明显增加（P〈0.001）;结论丙酸睾酮可诱导大鼠胸腺细胞凋亡,并抑制大鼠胸腺组织中Bcl-2的表达,促进Bax的表达。     

自然流产绒毛中Bax、Bcl-2表达情况的研究

目的　研究促 /抑凋亡基因Bax/Bcl- 2在自然流产绒毛中的表达以探讨其对自然流产发生发展的作用。方法　对 4 0例早孕人工流产病例 (对照组 )和 4 0例早孕自然流产病例 (观察组 )的绒毛组织进行分析 :用免疫组织化学方法 (S -P法 )检测促 /抑凋亡基因Bax和Bcl- 2的表达。结果　对照组绒毛组织中Bax表达率为 2 0 2 1%± 3 70 % ,Bcl- 2为 2 0 91%±7 6 9% ;观察组绒毛组织中Bax表达率为 5 0 4 6 %± 11 70 % ,与对照组相比 ,差异具有高度显著性 (P <0 0 1) ,Bcl- 2为 2 3 34%± 7 78% ,与对照组相比 ,差异无显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。即 :人工流产组和自然流产组绒毛组织中都有一定量的Bax、Bcl- 2表达 ,自然流产组中Bax基因的表达增强。结论　Bax基因对自然流产的发生发展起着重要的作用     

宫内暴露尼古丁对生后小鼠大脑皮层凋亡相关基因Bcl-2和Bax表达的影响

目的研究宫内暴露尼古丁对生后小鼠大脑皮层神经细胞凋亡相关基因表达的影响。方法建立妊娠期宫内暴露尼古丁小鼠动物模型,免疫组织化学方法和W estern b lot方法检测宫内暴露尼古丁模型大脑皮层Bc l-2和Bax的表达。结果免疫组织化学法检测到大脑皮层的Bc l-2表达的平均光密度值和W estern b lot检测的平均灰度比值(Bc l-2/GAPDH)在正常对照组高于尼古丁组(P<0.05),而Bax表达的平均光密度值和平均灰度比值(Bax/GAPDH)在尼古丁组高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论孕期宫内暴露尼古丁激活小鼠大脑皮层促凋亡基因Bax表达,参与大脑皮层神经细胞凋亡。     

苦碟子对恶性黑色素瘤细胞抑制及凋亡蛋白Bcl-2/Bax表达的影响

目的观察不同浓度中药苦碟子对恶性B16黑色素瘤细胞的抑制作用和凋亡蛋白Bcl-2/Bax表达的变化,探讨中药苦碟子抑制B16黑色素瘤细胞生长的可能机制。方法通过细胞培养和MTT实验,检测苦碟子对B16黑色素瘤细胞的生长抑制情况,Western blot测定凋亡蛋白Bcl-2/Bax表达,免疫荧光染色检测Bcl-2/Bax蛋白在不同浓度苦碟子处理的黑色素瘤细胞中的表达。透射电镜观察不同浓度梯度中药苦碟子诱导细胞凋亡,其细胞结构的特征性变化。结果随着苦碟子药物浓度的增加,黑色素瘤细胞活细胞数目逐渐减少,细胞存活率显著下降(<0.05),凋亡抑制蛋白Bcl-2表达水平呈现下降趋势,而促凋亡蛋白Bax呈现上升趋势(<0.05),免疫荧光染色显示Bcl-2表达逐渐减少,Bax表达逐渐增加;电镜下凋亡小体数目不断增加,核固缩逐渐明显,细胞间隙增大,线粒体数目减少。结论中药苦碟子有浓度依赖性抑制黑色素瘤细胞生长,促进细胞凋亡,凋亡蛋白Bcl-2/Bax变化呈线性关系。     

精索静脉曲张大鼠睾丸细胞线粒体钙、Bcl-2/Bax蛋白表达和细胞凋亡的研究

目的：研究精索静脉曲张（VC）大鼠睾丸细胞线粒体钙、Bcl-2/Bax蛋白表达与细胞凋亡及其机制。 方法： 选取35只成年健康雄性 Wistar大鼠，随机分为VC组（VG, n=20）和假手术组（SOG, n=15）。术后10周，取双侧睾丸，采用火焰原子吸收法测定线粒体钙、采用原位缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)检测生殖细胞凋亡,免疫组化SABC法检测Bcl-2/Bax蛋白表达。 结果： VC组大鼠双侧睾丸生殖细胞线粒体钙的含量明显低于SOG组，生殖细胞凋亡显著增多，Bcl-2表达显著降低，Bax表达显著升高,但双侧睾丸生殖细胞凋亡率差异无显著。 结论： VC时，大鼠睾丸生殖细胞凋亡明显增加，提示VC时所致的男性不育可能是在某种凋亡诱发因素（高温、毒素返流、氧自由基等）作用下，线粒体钙、Bcl-2/Bax蛋白表达的变化直接对生殖细胞产生影响,导致男性不育。     

大鼠额叶损伤后细胞凋亡及Bax与Bcl-2蛋白的表达变化

本研究目的为探讨大鼠额叶锐器损伤后细胞凋亡的变化规律及调控机制。通过电镜、TUNEL法及免疫组织化学染色方法检测细胞凋亡和Bax、Bcl2蛋白的表达变化,结果发现凋亡细胞在损伤后3h即可发现,24h达到高峰;伤后3hBax和Bcl2表达明显升高,Bax表达12h达到高峰,而Bcl2表达6h即达到高峰;伤后Bax/Bcl2比值上调,24h达到高峰,随后逐渐下降。结果表明大鼠额叶锐器伤后存在细胞凋亡,凋亡细胞数量的变化与伤后时程有关,Bax/Bcl2比值是决定细胞凋亡的重要因素。     

生育年龄妇女早期卵泡细胞凋亡和Bcl-2/BAX蛋白表达

目的:研究生育年龄妇女早期卵泡的细胞凋亡和Bcl-2/BAX蛋白表达。方法:12例卵巢组织标本来自进行妇科手术的生育年龄妇女(年龄23-38岁),并经过组织病理学检查证实无明显形态异常。利用末端标记法(TUNEL)和免疫组织化学方法研究早期卵泡(包括始基卵泡、间期和初级卵泡)细胞凋亡和Bcl-2/BAX蛋白表达。结果:早期卵泡内18.75%卵细胞表现TUNEL阳性,但是卵泡内未见TUNEL阳性颗粒细胞。BAX在早期卵泡的卵细胞内表达,阳性表达率76.07%;相反未见Bcl-2在卵细胞表达。另外,早期卵泡内颗粒细胞也没有表达Bcl-2和BAX。结论:生育年龄妇女早期卵泡的卵细胞发生凋亡,促凋亡蛋白BAX在卵细胞凋亡过程中发挥调节作用,由此提示BAX介导的卵细胞凋亡可能是生育年龄妇女早期卵泡闭锁的机制。     

Apoptosis and the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 in hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of the uterine endometrium

BACKGROUND: Apoptosis plays a crucial role in carcinogenesis in various tumours. This study was designed to investigate the occurrence of apoptosis and the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins in endometrial tumours of corpus uteri. METHODS: Endometrial tissues were obtained from 20 patients with endometrioid adenocarcinoma, 16 patients with endometrial hyperplasia, and 4 patients with myoma uteri (which were used as controls). The occurrence of apoptosis was examined by using molecular biochemical techniques. The expression of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins was also investigated using immunohistochemical staining with appropriate antibodies. RESULTS: The labelling of DNA in situ indicated that apoptotic cells were sporadically seen in postmenopausal endometrium (5.2 +/- 2.1, n = 4) and endometrial hyperplasia without atypia (2.6 +/- 0.5, n = 9). In contrast, labelled cells were detected in atypical endometrial hyperplasia (15.9 +/- 2.2, n = 7), and their numbers increased intensely in adenocarcinoma (29.3 +/- 3.7, n = 20). Autoradiographic analysis revealed DNA laddering in many cases of carcinoma. Bcl-2 was highly immunopositive in hyperplasia without atypia (36.2 +/- 6.5%, n = 9), but was decreased in the atypical endometrial hyperplasia (16.3 +/- 4.8%, n = 7). Large fractions of the carcinoma (6.3 +/- 1.8%, n = 20) and normal endometrium (2.8 +/- 1.4%, n = 4) were immunonegative or slightly immunopositive to Bcl-2. In contrast, Bax immunoreactivity was more frequent and stronger in adenocarcinoma (43.6 +/- 4.1%, n = 20) than that in normal endometrium (17.6 +/- 6.7%, n = 4) and hyperplasia (7.2 +/- 2.2%, n = 16). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that cells in hyperplasia expressing Bcl-2 might have prolonged survival ability. Neoplastic cells in adenocarcinoma might show apoptosis in association with a decreased expression of Bcl-2 and an increased expression of Bax. Therefore, the frequency of apoptosis and the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax might be correlated with carcinogenesis in the uterine endometrium of humans.     

正常妊娠与自然流产小鼠模型蜕膜组织和血清中TNFR1的表达

目的:比较正常妊娠与自然流产小鼠模型蜕膜组织肿瘤坏死因子受体1(Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1,TNFR1)和血清可溶性肿瘤坏死因子受体1(Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1,sTNFR1)表达差异,探讨TNFR1和sTNFR1与不明原因自然流产的关系.方法:建立正常妊娠模型CBA×BALB/c和自然流产模型CBA×DBA/2.采用SABC法测定两组模型孕13天蜕膜组织TNFR1的表达水平;采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ABC-ELISA)测定两组模型孕13天血清sTNFR1的表达水平. 结果:自然流产模型蜕膜组织TNFR1的表达显著高于正常妊娠模型(P<0.01),血清sTNFR1的表达水平显著高于正常妊娠模型(P<0.05).结论:TNFR1、sTNFR1与自然流产的发生发展有关.蜕膜组织TNFR1表达的增加是自然流产发生的原因之一,而血清sTNFR1水平升高可能对妊娠具有自我保护和自我调控作用.     

早期不明原因反复自然流产发生与蜕膜中免疫细胞的研究进展

人类妊娠被认为是一种半同种异体抗原移植，母胎间存在着某种免疫耐受机制来维持妊娠的进行，但目前为止这种免疫耐受机制尚不明确。大量的研究发现不明原因反复自然流产患者蜕膜中调节性T细胞的数量和功能均显著降低，表明调节性T细胞在避免胎儿免疫排斥中发挥着重要的作用。同时NK细胞作为早期妊娠蜕膜中的优势淋巴细胞亦对妊娠的维持起着重要的作用，不明原因反复自然流产患者蜕膜NK细胞数量和活性比正常妊娠妇女明显升高，同时CD56^＋CD16^＋／CD56^＋CD16^-NK细胞比例失衡。由此可见，妊娠早期不明原因反复自然流产的发生与蜕膜中淋巴细胞的异常表达相关，通过对这种复杂机制的研究可以为不明原因反复自然流产的预防和治疗提供依据。     

蜕膜组织MMP-9/TIMP-3水平与自然流产关系

目的研究蜕膜组织中MMP-9／TIMP-3之间的平衡与自然流产发生的关系。方法用免疫组化S-P法测定30例自然流产患者与20例正常妊娠者蜕膜组织中MMP-9／TIMP-3的表达。结果研究组蜕膜细胞MMP-9表达阳性率为76．7％，高于对照组(55．0％，P-0．02)，两组蜕膜细胞TIMP-3的表达差异无显著性。结论自然流产患者蜕膜组织中MMP-9的表达增高，TIMP-3表达正常所导致的MMP-9／TIMP-3比例升高，在自然流产的发生中起重要作用。     

体外受精-胚胎移植术后早期自然流产蜕膜组织中Livin的表达

目的研究体外受精-胚胎移植（IVF-ET）术后早期自然流产与正常妊娠人工流产蜕膜组织中细胞凋亡与凋亡抑制蛋白Livin的表达,分析并探讨细胞凋亡及Livin与IVF-ET术后自然流产的关系。方法对30例IVF-ET术后早期自然流产患者（研究组）和22例正常妊娠要求人工流产患者（对照组）的蜕膜组织进行研究。应用TdT介导的dUTP缺口原位末端标记技术（TUNEL）检测细胞凋亡情况;应用免疫组化SP法检测Livin的表达。结果研究组蜕膜组织细胞凋亡指数（AI）（42.07±8.26%）明显高于对照组（17.86±7.40%）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;研究组蜕膜组织中Livin的表达（2.33±1.40分）明显低于对照组（5.64±1.94分）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 IVF-ET术后早期自然流产患者蜕膜组织中Livin蛋白表达下降导致细胞凋亡过度,可能在自然流产的发生发展中起重要作用。     

Fgl2 prothrombinase expression in mouse trophoblast and decidua triggers abortion but may be countered by OX-2

Spontaneous abortion of normal karyotype embryos in mice and in humans is associated with an increase in uterine T helper (Th) 1 type proinflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interferon-gamma and interleukin (IL)-1, and a deficiency of Th2/3 type cytokines, IL-4, IL-10, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta2. In mice, Th1 cytokines up-regulate a novel prothrombinase, fgl2, which via thrombin, leads to activation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes that terminate the pregnancy. Here we show that Th1 cytokines up-regulate fgl2 mRNA in fetal trophoblast and secondary decidua of CBA/JxDBA/2 and CBA/JxBALB/c matings, and promote fibrin deposition. This pattern is accompanied by a high rate of abortion. However, the spontaneous abortion rates in abortion-prone CBAxDBA/2 matings and in low abortion rate CBAxBALB/c matings were significantly lower than that expected from the frequency of implantations with high levels of fibrin and fgl2 mRNA(hi). As the glycoprotein OX-2 occurs in the pregnant rat uterus and can deviate cytokine responses to Th2/3, we investigated OX-2 in pregnant CBA/J mice. We found OX-2 mRNA was present at the same sites as fgl2 mRNA, but was reduced in response to Th1 cytokines. Furthermore, anti-OX-2 raised the abortion rate to predicted levels, while recombinant OX-2 dramatically reduced the abortion rate. Fgl2 prothrombinase may provide a mechanism explaining pregnancy loss, and conversely, successful pregnancy may be due in part to OX-2-dependent activation of maternal tolerance mechanisms at the feto-maternal interface.     

Apoptosis in gestational trophoblastic disease is correlated with clinical outcome and Bcl-2 expression but not Bax expression.

Apoptosis has been found to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis and prognosis of many human diseases. The pathogenesis of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), which encompasses hydatidiform moles (HMs) and choriocarcinomas (CCAs), is not fully understood. Prognostic indicators of HM have also been scanty. In this study, we investigated apoptotic activity and the expression of two apoptosis regulatory genes, Bcl-2 and Bax, in an attempt to determine the role of apoptosis in GTD. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue of 33 normal placentas, 14 spontaneous abortions, 14 partial moles, 34 complete moles, and eight CCAs were examined. Apoptotic activity was assessed by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) method. Quantitative assessment of apoptotic index (AI) was calculated as a percentage of TUNEL-positive nuclei. Expression of Bcl-2 and Bax were assessed immunohistochemically. Extensive apoptosis was located in syncytiotrophoblasts, cytotrophoblasts, and villous stromal cells in all HM cases. Apoptosis was detected at a much lower level in spontaneous abortions and normal placentas. Moreover, in normal placentas, TUNEL positive nuclei were exclusively found in syncytiotrophoblasts. AIs were significantly different among various categories of trophoblastic lesions (P < .001) in an ascending order: normal placentas less than spontaneous abortions less than CCAs less than HMs. Furthermore, AIs of those cases that spontaneously regressed was statistically higher than those that developed persistent trophoblastic disease requiring chemotherapy. AIs of trophoblastic lesions in general inversely correlated with Bcl-2 expression (P < .001), but no significant correlation was found between AI and Bax expression (P > .5). We conclude that AI may be a useful prognostic marker for clinical progress of HMs. Bcl-2 expression is probably regulating apoptosis in normal placentas and GTD, whereas Bax expression is not. The difference in AI and Bcl-2 expression between non-molar placentas and HMs offers a potential adjunctive diagnostic tool to distinguish the two entities.