低钾血症在急性百草枯中毒早期预后评估中的价值

目的 探讨急性百草枯中毒早期低钾血症在临床预后评估中的价值.方法 182例百草枯中毒患者根据随访结果分为存活组和死亡组,比较2组患者临床资料,采用二元logistic回归分析影响百草枯中毒死亡的因素;根据入院时血钾浓度分为低钾血症组83例与非低钾血症组99例,比较2组生存率,采用ROC曲线分析血清钾水平评估百草枯中毒患者存活的敏感性和特异性,采用Kaplan-Meier法分析低钾血症与死亡的关系.结果 182例患者中存活70例,死亡112例,病死率为61.53％;死亡组年龄,服毒量,入院时白细胞计数、血红蛋白、血糖、血尿素氮、血肌酐、血清钾、CO2总量、阴离子间隙和尿百草枯浓度与存活组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);服毒量(OR=0.057,95％CI:0.916～0.975,P=0.016)、尿百草枯浓度(OR=1.937,95％CI:0.039～0.536,P=0.004)、血清钾(OR=-1.725,95％CI:1.259～24.995,P=0.024)、血肌酐(OR=0.048,95％CI:0.913～0.996,P=o.034)和阴离子间隙(OR=0.225,95％CI:0.654～0.976,P=0.028)是急性百草枯中毒患者死亡的独立预测因素;血清钾为3.45 mmol/L时,预测百草枯中毒患者60 d存活的敏感性为91.4％,特异性为68.7％;Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示,低钾血症组生存率(7.23％)明显低于非低钾血症组(64.65％)(P＜0.05),低钾血症是百草枯中毒患者死亡的高危因素(OR=8.943,95％CI:4.082～19.593,P=0.000).结论 百草枯中毒早期低钾血症可能是爆发型百草枯中毒的特征,低钾血症可作为评估患者死亡风险的临床指标.     

早期血液灌流救治急性百草枯中毒患者临床疗效分析

目的 分析168例急性百草枯中毒患者的临床资料,探讨早期反复血液灌流(HP)的疗效.方法 收集2010年1月至2011年2月中国医科大学附属第一医院急诊监护室(EICU)收治的接受早期反复HP(服毒24h内接受HP≥2次)的81例急性百草枯中毒患者(A组)的临床资料,与2008年1月至2009年12月收治的87例患者(B组)进行对照研究,对早期反复HP的疗效进行分析.A组与B组除HP外接受统一的综合救治方案.应用SPSS 13.0软件包,计量数据以均数±标准差((-x)±s)表示,组间比较采用成组t检验,对计数资料进行x2检验.结果 168例患者均为口服百草枯农药急性中毒,A组81例,病死率64.2％,B组87例,病死率78.2％,两组病死率比较差异具有统计学意义(x2 =4.01,P=0.042).A组患者服毒至首次HP时间(3.6±3.3)h,服毒24h内平均接受HP(2.9±1.4)次.中毒后第2天开始,A组和B组患者SOFA评分均高于来诊时,中毒第3天、第4天A组患者的SOFA评分低于同日B组患者,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).A组和B组的患者比较,B组患者中ALT＞ 80 U/L和TBIL＞ 34.2 μmol/L的出现时间早于A组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).B组患者中肌酐＞177 μmol/L,PaO2＜60mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133 kPa)的患者所占的比例高于A组,且出现时间早于A组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).B组患者ALT、TBIL、肌酐、AMY、肌酸激酶MB同工酶(CK-MB)的最高值比A组患者高,而B组患者PaO2最低值比A组患者低,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 早期反复HP可以延迟急性百草枯中毒后脏器损伤并减轻损伤程度,为进一步采取治疗措施赢得时间.     

早期动脉血乳酸值与6h乳酸清除率对急性百草枯中毒预后影响分析

目的 分析急性百草枯中毒(acute paraquat poisoning,APP)患者病程早期动脉血乳酸(lactate,Lac)值及6h乳酸清除率(lactate clearance rate,LCR)的特点,探讨与APP患者预后的关系.方法 对2009年1月至2013年12月住于福建省立医院急危重症监护病房(EICU)的APP患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据服毒后28 d的转归将患者分为存活组及死亡组进行对照研究,判定入院初始动脉血Lac及6 h LCR对于患者预后的预测价值.结果 共纳入符合标准的132例APP患者,年龄15 ～ 71岁,30岁(18岁)[M(IQR)];男性70例,女性62例;服毒剂量5 ～ 200 mL,20mL (37.25 mL) [M (IQR)];服毒至就诊时间4～ 312 h,6h (8.75h) [M(IQR)].经随访服毒后28 d死亡68例,存活64例,病死率51.51％.死亡组的服毒剂量明显高于存活组,服毒剂量预测患者28 d病死率ROC曲线下面积为.86 (95％ CI:0.80 ～ 0.92),截断值为27.5 mL,灵敏度75％,特异度85.9％,Youden指数0.609;死亡组的入院初始动脉Lac值、APACHEⅡ评分值明显高于存活组,入院初始动脉血Lac值预测患者28 d病死率的ROC曲线下面积为0.99 (95％ CI:0.99 ～ 1.00),截断值为5.050,灵敏度98.5％,特异度100％,Youden指数0.985.死亡组的6h乳酸清除率明显低于存活组,6 h LCR预测患者28 d病死率的ROC曲线下面积为0.99(95％ CI:0.97 ～ 1.00),截断值为17.28％,灵敏度100％,特异度97.1％,Youden指数0.971.结论 APP患者病程早期动脉血Lac值及6 h LCR能作为预测患者预后的指标之一,对预后的判断具有较高的临床价值.     

入院24小时内急性百草枯中毒患者预后的影响因素

[目的]探讨急性百草枯中毒患者入院24 h内影响预后的危险因素.[方法]收集2009年1月至2013年8月本院急诊科收治的急性百草枯中毒患者123例,根据预后分为存活组(46例)和死亡组(77例).比较两组患者一般情况(性别、年龄、口服百草枯剂量、服毒至洗胃和灌流的时间、灌流次数)、入院时血百草枯浓度、入院后24 h内最差急性生理功能和慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分、血气分析、血常规、尿常规、肝肾功能、心肌酶谱、电解质等生化指标,并分析影响预后的危险因素.[结果]两组患者年龄比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);存活组服毒量和入院时血百草枯浓度均明显低于死亡组(P<0.05);两组间服毒至灌流时间、灌流次数比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).死亡组白细胞计数、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和肌酐(Cr)水平显著高于存活组(P<0.05);死亡组患者K+水平低于存活组(P<0.05);两组患者门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、血清总胆红素(TBil)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酸肌酶(CK)水平差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).死亡组患者pH、HCO3-、PaO2、PaCO2均低于存活组(P<0.05),死亡组患者乳酸水平和APACHEⅡ评分均明显高于存活组(P<0.05).多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,入院时血百草枯浓度、WBC、乳酸、服毒量、pH、K+均为影响急性百草枯中毒患者预后的危险因素.[结论]入院时血浆百草枯浓度、WBC、乳酸、服毒量、pH、K+水平为急性百草枯中毒患者早期死亡的危险因素,对预后均有较高的预测价值.     

百草枯中毒的急救其及预后影响因素分析

【目的】探讨百草枯中毒患者的治疗方法，并对影响其预后的因素进行分析。【方法】选择本院2011年8月至2013年5月收治住院的百草枯中毒患者34例的临床资料进行回顾性分析，研究对象分为生存组和死亡组，对比两组患者服毒剂量、首次呕吐时间、就诊时间、首次灌流时间及并发症对预后的影响，并测定血液灌流前后百草枯的浓度、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力的变化。【结果】34例患者中10例生存（生存组），24例死亡（死亡组），病死率70．59％。血液灌流后患者血浆百草枯浓度明显降低而SOD活力明显增高，且与灌流前相比差异均有显著性（P＜0．05）；死亡组患者服毒剂量明显多于、首次呕吐时间明显早于存活组，且两组比较差异有显著性（P＜0．05）；死亡组就诊时间、首次灌流时间明显晚于存活组，且两组比较差异有显著性（P ＜0．05）；死亡组并发症发生率明显高于生存组，且两组比较差异有显著性（P ＜0．05）。【结论】对百草枯中毒患者要尽快地施行急救措施，多种因素会影响患者的预后，其中服毒剂量、SOD活力、百草枯的浓度、首次呕吐时间、就诊时间、首次灌流时间及并发症对预后影响非常关键。临床上应对百草枯中毒患者进行早期全方位治疗。     

血液灌流联合环磷酰胺救治百草枯中毒疗效观察

目的 探讨血液灌流(HP)联合环磷酰胺对急性百草枯中毒的疗效.方法 回顾性分析本院2007年7月至2010年2月确诊的104例急性百草枯中毒患者病历资料,将患者按治疗方法不同分成3组,常规治疗组(A组,37例),常规治疗加HP组(B组,33例),常规治疗加HP联合环磷酰胺治疗组(C组,34例).治疗3周后观察患者肝、肾、心功能指标,评价器官损害情况及预后.结果 3组患者性别、年龄及服药剂量比较差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05).A组死亡31例,B组死亡15例,C组死亡12例(P=0.00);B组、C组死亡病例存活时间明显长于A组[(8.13±4.03) d、(9.67±4.12) d比(2.99±2.10) d,均P<0.01],B组与C组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).B组肝、肾、心功能损害发生率明显低于A组(P<0.05或P<0.01);C组略低于B组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 采用HP联合环磷酰胺治疗可以减轻百草枯对患者各器官的损害,降低患者病死率.     

血液灌流救治急性百草枯中毒的疗效观察

目的：观察血液灌流（HP）治疗急性百草枯中毒的临床效果,探讨其价值。方法：百草枯中毒患者22例,分为HP组14例和非HP组8例,均给予常规0．9％氯化钠溶液洗胃、20％甘露醇导泻、补液、对症等综合治疗,HP组在此基础上尽早给予HP治疗,对比观察2组的治疗效果。结果：HP组痊愈率、总有效率明显高于非HP组,有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,中毒后6h内与6h后行HP者治愈率统计学意义（P〈0．01）;HP组ARDS和MOF发生率及病死率明显低于非HP组,有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,存活病例平均住院时间明显低于非HP组,死亡病例平均生存时间明显高于非HP组,有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：HP是救治急性百草枯中毒的有效方法,尽早应用HP可明显提高急性百草枯中毒患者治愈率,降低死亡率、减少并发症,而且安全可靠,不良反应少。     

急性百草枯中毒23例分析

目的：总结分析急性百草枯（PQ）中毒的临床特点及治疗效果。方法：对23例百草枯中毒患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：23例中毒者存活8例，死亡15例，其中口服剂量小于10mL、10～30mL、大于30mL患者病死率分别为0、57．2％和91．6％；在服毒6h内和6h后经洗胃的患者，病死率分别为60％和100％；服毒12h内血液灌流治疗8例，死亡6例，病死率75％。结论：百草枯中毒预后与中毒剂量的大小、初始洗胃时间关系密切；早期血液净化治疗效果仍有争议。     

血液灌流治疗急性重度百草枯中毒的疗效评价

目的:探讨血液灌流(HP)在治疗急性重度百草枯中毒中的疗效.方法:回顾性分析83例急性重度百草枯中毒患者的临床资料.其中采用综合治疗的48例为对照组,在综合治疗基础上加HP治疗的35例为治疗组.比较两组检验结果、治愈率与死亡率.结果:两组患者人院后24 h、第3天、第7天的血百草枯浓度、血白细胞、凝血酶原时间、血肌酐、血尿素氮、丙氨酶、肌酸激酶、动脉血氧分压、两组治愈率与死亡率相互比较,差异均有显著统计学意义(P＜0.05).而治疗组内3天血WBC、PT比较,差异没有统计学意义(P＞0.05);其余指标比较,差异均有显著统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:对急性重度百草枯中毒患者尽早进行HP治疗,可提高其治愈率、降低死亡率.     

血液灌流治疗急性百草枯中毒临床分析

目的观察血液灌流治疗急性百草枯中毒的临床疗效。方法42例急性百草枯中毒患者按收治时间分为灌流组（22例）和对照组（20例）,对照组给予洗胃、补液、利尿、激素等常规治疗;灌流组在此基础上给予血液灌流治疗,比较2组疗效。结果灌流组死亡15例,死亡率68.18%;对照组死亡18例,死亡率90.00%,2组比较差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。灌流组中存活病例服毒剂量低于死亡患者（P〈0.01）,首次灌流治疗时间也早于死亡患者（P〈0.01）。结论血液灌流治疗急性百草枯中毒可提高治愈率,降低病死率。     

Serum paraquat concentration detected by spectrophotometry in patients with paraquat poisoning

BACKGROUND:

Paraquat (PQ) is a world-wide used herbicide and also a type of common poison for suicide and accidental poisoning. Numerous studies have proved that the concentration of serum PQ plays an important role in prognosis. Spectrophotometry, including common spectrophotometry and second-derivative spectrophotometry, is commonly used for PQ detection in primary hospitals. So far, lack of systematic research on the reliability of the method and the correlation between clinical features of patients with PQ poisoning and the test results has restricted the clinical use of spectrophotometry. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and value of spectrophotometry in detecting the concentration of serum PQ.

METHODS:

The wavelengths for detecting the concentration of serum PQ by common and second-derivative spectrophotometry were determined. Second-derivative spectrophotometry was applied to detect the concentration of serum PQ. The linear range and precision for detection of PQ concentration by this method were confirmed. The concentration of serum PQ shown by second-derivative spectrophotometry and HPLC were compared in 8 patients with PQ poisoning. Altogether 21 patients with acute poisoning 4 hours after PQ ingestion treated in the period of October 2008 to September 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were divided into higher and lower than 1.8 μg/mL groups based on their concentrations of serum PQ measured by second-derivative spectrophotometry on admission. The severity of clinical manifestations between the two groups were analyzed with Student''s t test or Fisher''s exact test.

RESULTS:

The absorption peak of 257 nm could not be found when common spectrophotometry was used to detect the PQ concentration in serum. The calibration curve in the 0.4–8.0 μg/mL range for PQ concentration shown by second-derivative spectrophotometry obeyed Beer''s law with r=0.996. The average recovery rates of PQ were within a range of 95.0% to 99.5%, relative standard deviation (RSD) was within 1.35% to 5.41% (n=6), and the lower detection limit was 0.05 μg/mL. The PQ concentrations in serum of 8 patients with PQ poisoning shown by second-derivative spectrophotometry were consistent with the quantitative determinations by HPLC (r=0.995, P<0.0001). The survival rate was 22.2% in patients whose PQ concentration in serum was more than 1.8 μg/mL, and the incidences of acidosis, oliguria and pneumomediastinum in these patients were 55.6%, 55.6% and 77.8%, respectively. These clinical manifestations were different significantly from those of the patients whose PQ concentration in serum was less than 1.8 μg/mL (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS:

For common spectrophotometry, the wavelength at 257 nm was not suitable for detecting serum PQ as no absorbance was shown. Second-derivative spectrophotometry was reliable for detecting serum paraquat concentration. Serum PQ concentration detected by second-derivative spectrophotometry could be used to predict the severity of clinical manifestations of patients with PQ poisoning, and PQ content higher than 1.8 μg/mL 4 hours after ingestion could be an important predictive factor for poor prognosis.KEY WORDS: Spectrophotometry, Derivative spectrophotometry, Paraquat, Poisoning, Serum, Concentration     

Radioimmunoassay for serum paraquat

Two variants of a radioimmunoassay for the bipyridylium herbicide Paraquat are described. Both employ antiserum raised to Paraquat-BSA which has been covalently linked to particulate solid-phase support media. The rapid assay for clinical use employs a [³H] Paraquat tracer, requires no agitation and yields results in the range 10–2500 ng/ml serum in 20 min from receipt of sample. The more sensitive assay, designed for research purposes, employs a ¹²⁵iodinated tracer, requires 2 h continuous agitation but can detect Paraquat at 0.1 ng/ml in simple aqueous solution or 0.25 ng/ml serum. Results from rapid clinical assay agree well with the existing colorimetric method.     

百草枯中毒肺部MSCT表现分析

目的总结百草枯中毒不同剂量、不同时期肺部MSCT表现特点。方法收集我院2012年1月~2014年12月64例百草枯中毒患者的临床及肺部MSCT资料,根据中毒剂量分为三组,分别是小剂量组(小于20 mg)12例,中剂量组(20~40 mg)36例,大剂量组(大于40 mg)16例;并根据病程在第1、3、7天(早期)、第15天(中期)和第30、90天(晚期)行多层螺旋CT肺部检查,对不同剂量不同病程患者的MSCT肺内表现及肺部并发症进行分析。结果百枯中毒肺部MSCT表现包括肺纹理增强、肺泡渗出、肺实变及肺纤维化。在中毒的不同时期有不同的表现,早期第1天时主要表现为肺纹理增强(26/49)、第3天以渗出为主(36/38),第7天则演变为以渗出(26/31)和实变(7/31)为主;中期(15 d)发展为渗出(18/22)、实变(10/22)和纤维化(10/22);晚期(30 d)表现为肺实变(8/14)、肺纤维化(11/14);晚期(90 d)转变为肺实变(2/6),肺纤维化(6/6)。不同剂量的中毒者也有不同的表现特点,其中小、中剂量组早期第1天以正常(11/33)或肺纹理增强(22/33)表现为主,大剂量组早期第1天即可以出现渗出改变(5/13);百草枯中毒可出现并发症,包括纵隔气肿(16/64)、胸腔积液(13/64)、胸膜增厚(14/64)、气胸(5/64)及支气管扩张(1/64)。结论不同剂量、不同时期百草枯中毒肺部MSCT表现具有一定的特点及演变规律。     

百草枯中毒患者的急救护理

目的：探讨百草枯中毒抢救的护理措施,以降低其死亡率。方法：接诊患者后,立即进行洗胃,留置胃管反复洗胃,持续胃肠减压排除毒物,防止毒物继续吸收,减轻对重要脏器及组织的损害;重症患者气管插管与洗胃同时进行,及时进行血液灌流,吸附血液中的毒物,净化血液,做好心理护理和健康教育。结果：47例患者中治愈31例,死亡16例。结论：在百草枯中毒的抢救中,掌握并实施正确的洗胃技术,直接影响抢救成功率。     

百草枯中毒的研究进展

随着百草枯(PQ)的广泛应用,PQ中毒事件数量逐年增加,已成为我国第二位的农药中毒事件。PQ对人有剧毒,中毒后致多脏器严重损害,病死率极高,其中毒机制尚不完全明确,氧自由基产生学说为大多数学者认可。PQ中毒暂无特效解毒药,临床上主要采取综合治疗的办法,如洗胃、导泻、吸附体内毒素、应用激素及免疫抑制剂、清除氧自由基、保护各脏器功能等,同时结合有效的血液净化手段,本文旨在对相关进展做一简要综述。     

Derivative spectroscopic determination of paraquat in serum

A reliable and sensitive method is described for the quantitative determination of the herbicide paraquat in serum. It involves the formation of dodecyl sulfate-paraquat ion pairs, adsorption of these ion-pairs on XAD-2 resin, and determination of the sensitive derivative spectrum of reduced paraquat. Analytical recovery of paraquat added to serum was about 86% at concentrations of 0.02-1.0 mg/L. Assay sensitivity is 0.005 mg/L, but this could be increased two- to fivefold by using greater volumes (4-10 mL) of serum/plasma without encountering problems of turbidity. The proposed method also avoids interferences from severe jaundice, which generally occurs in patients with paraquat poisoning.     

Multiple logistic regression analysis of plasma paraquat concentrations as a predictor of outcome in 375 cases of paraquat poisoning

Successful prediction of who may survive paraquat poisoning can prevent inappropriately aggressive treatment in those who have little hope of survival and those only minimally poisoned. We examined case records of patients admitted to one poisoning treatment unit over the last 5 years, and the English and French language literature on paraquat poisoning. Data were recorded from all patients where outcome and timed plasma paraquat concentrations were present. Of 375 patients (113 M, 62 F, 200 unknown), mean age 38.3 years (range 1-87 years), 49 had evidence of renal toxicity, and 41 received haemodialysis or charcoal haemoperfusion; 61 developed pulmonary sequelae; and 44 had lesions in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Median time from ingestion to death in the 241 deaths reported was 270 h (range 3-720 h). We plotted log(plasma paraquat concentration) against log(h since ingestion). The predicted probability of survival for any specified time and concentration was exp(logit)/[1 + exp(logit)], where logit = 0.58-2.33 x log(plasma paraquat)-1.15 x log(h since ingestion). This equation may be helpful in predicting who will survive after ingestion of paraquat up to at least 200 h after ingestion, and can now be used as a research tool for studies on efficacy of treatment of paraquat poisoning.