Surgical outcomes of pancreaticoduodenal injuries in children

Purpose

To examine surgical outcomes of children with pancreaticoduodenal injuries at a Quaternary Level I pediatric trauma center.

Methods

We queried a prospectively maintained trauma database of a level one pediatric trauma center for all cases of pancreatic and/or duodenal injury from 2002 to 2017. Analysis was conducted using JMP 13.1.0.

Results

170 children presented with pancreatic and/or duodenal injury. 13 (7.7%) suffered a combined injury and this group forms the basis for this report with mean ISS of 22.8 (±?15.1), RTS2 of 6.4(±?2.1), and median age of 6.6 (1.3–13.5) years. Child abuse (31%) and bicycle injuries (23%) were the most common mechanisms. 8/13 (61.5%) required operative intervention. Higher AAST pancreatic and duodenal injury grade (2.9 vs. 1.2, p?=?0.05 and 3.6 vs. 1.4, p?=?<?0.01), lower RTS2 (7.84 vs. 5.49, p?<?0.01), and lower GCS (9.6 vs. 15, p?=?0.03) predicted operative intervention. 6/8 (75%) undergoing surgery survived to discharge with only (2/6) survivors suffering postoperative complications. Both mortalities were secondary to severe traumatic brain injury.

Conclusion

Surgical management of complex pancreaticoduodenal injury is an uncommon traumatic event that is associated with high injury severity, but survival occurs in most scenarios.

     

小儿原发性心脏肿瘤的外科治疗

目的回顾和总结小儿原发性心脏肿瘤的治疗经验。方法7例患儿，男3例，女4例；年龄1个月～10岁（〈1岁4例）；体重3．5～24kg（〈10kg5例）。右室横纹肌瘤1例，左室纤维瘤1例，左房粘液瘤2例。右房粘液瘤1例，有房血管瘤2例。右室横纹肌瘤经右室切口切除。纤维瘤累及整个左室游离壁而无法切除。左房粘液瘤和右房粘液瘤均经右房切口完整切除。血管瘤经右房切口径路，1例整个切除，另1例因肿瘤下缘累及右冠状动脉，作大部分切除。结果术后入重症监护室，4～6h后撤离呼吸机。左室纤维瘤因未能手术切除而临床症状不能解除，其余患儿循环功能稳定，无明显心包积液，心律失常和动脉栓塞并发症。出院时心脏超声检查，右室横纹肌瘤近心尖处仍有直径1cm的残留肿块，但不影响心功能。所有患儿房室瓣和大动脉瓣口的血流速度恢复正常。5例患儿随访2～3年，心脏血流动力学稳定，肿瘤无复发或远处转移，横纹肌瘤残留已不明显。结论小儿原发性心脏肿瘤应根据肿瘤的不同性质，制定不同的手术原则，完整切除不是手术的唯一目的，其前提是不能破坏心功能。     

弯刀综合征14例外科治疗结果分析

目的 探讨小儿弯刀综合征的诊断、外科治疗方法及治疗后的近、中期结果。方法 回顾性分析2010年1月到2017年12月手术治疗的14例弯刀综合征的临床资料。其中,男7例,女7例;年龄(18.23±28.55)个月,范围在23 d至9岁。合并其他心血管畸形10例,中位心8例,右肺发育不良7例,有侧支循环8例,合并肺动脉高压10例。用SPSS 16.0软件的寿命表(Life Table)做出本组患儿术后生存曲线,评估其近、中期生存状况。结果 9例异常肺静脉(scimitar vein,SV)从下腔静脉切下,端-侧吻合于左心房;SV分成2支2例,1例采用2支SV连同部分下腔静脉壁切下,另1例2支SV从下腔静脉从根部切下侧-侧吻合形成单根SV,均吻合于左心房;SV离左心房距离过大3例,2例将SV吻合在右心房右侧壁,再重建心房间隔,1例SV与自体心包卷管道连接再吻合于左心房。其他心血管畸形同期手术矫治。8例有侧支循环,3例心导管检查时被封堵,5例手术时切断缝合。本组14例手术死亡2例(14.29%),另有1例于术后1年2个月因肺炎、呼吸衰竭死亡。本组术后1、3、5年累积生存率分别为86%、73%和73%。术后出院时有1例移植的SV开口狭窄,血流速度为1.9 m/s;有3例随访期间发现移植SV狭窄,血流速度超过1.6 m/s。结论 弯刀综合征可合并其他心血管畸形、中位心、右肺发育不良等。一般将SV与左心房吻合;SV离左心房距离大或多条SV时,可采用个性化办法将SV吻合于左心房。侧支循环心导管检查时可封堵,或术中切断缝合。     

Surgical treatment of temporal tumors associated with epilepsy in children

Seizures are a frequent sign of cerebral supratentorial tumors in children, especially when the location of the neoplasm is the temporal lobe. We report a series of 37 pediatric patients with temporal epileptogenic tumors. They represent 80.4% of children affected by temporal neoplasms, confirming the high incidence of seizures when neoplasms are located in this cerebral area. There was a slight male predominance. Epilepsy was the first symptom in all the patients of our series, as well as the only clinical manifestation present until surgery in 62% of patients. In the remaining children, hemiparesis, intracranial hypertension, psychosocial or neuropsychological disabilities, and delayed milestones arose before diagnosis and surgical treatment. The most frequent type of seizures was the partial complex (56%), but simple partial or generalized fits, as well as more than one type of seizures, were observed. The medial temporal structures were those more commonly involved, although seizures were observed also in cases where they were spared by tumors located exclusively in the temporal neocortex. On histology, most of the tumors showed a benign phenotype. Tumor resection was complete in 60% of cases; the excision of the tumor was incomplete in subjects whose lesion involved surgically inaccessible cerebral regions, as language areas, insular structures, and basal nuclei. As for epilepsy, 26 among the 32 long-term survivors can be classified in class I of Engel's classification; 4 of them did not receive any antiepileptic treatment. Four patients showed a significant reduction in the frequency of their fits. In 2 subjects, only the frequency of seizures was minimally reduced after tumor excision; in both, a partial removal of their tumor was performed. The relationship among the results on epilepsy and the extent of surgery removal of the tumor, brain tissue removal if any, frequency of seizures in the preoperative period and the time interval between the first epileptic manifestation and surgery show that the most significant prognostic element predictive of a good control of seizures is radical resection of the tumor.     

儿童腹膜后肿瘤累及血管的外科治疗

目的探讨儿童腹膜后肿瘤累及血管的外科手术处理。方法回顾总结手术治疗腹膜后肿瘤94例，其中肾母细胞瘤40例，肾透明细胞肉瘤、恶性肾上腺皮质癌各1例，Ⅲ～Ⅳ期神经母细胞瘤52例，并对这些患儿的临床资料和诊疗经过进行分析。结果肾母细胞瘤5例瘤栓累及下腔静脉，3例切开血管壁取出瘤栓，2例化疗瘤栓缩小后再手术。肾透明细胞肉瘤1例，穿刺活检明确病理诊断后化疗、手术、放疗。恶性肾上腺皮质癌1例，放弃治疗。Ⅲ～Ⅳ期神经母细胞瘤52例，均化疗后延迟手术。无血管损伤大出血、重要脏器受损切除等并发症的发生。结论儿童腹膜后肿瘤累及血管时手术难度大，需化疗、手术和放疗综合治疗，才能提高手术的切除率和安全性。     

儿童原发性胸部巨大肿瘤的外科处理

目的 总结儿童原发性胸部巨大肿瘤的治疗经验,探讨更有效的外科治疗方式.方法 对于占据整个胸腔的胸内肿瘤采取胸部正中切口,处理肺门或分离肿瘤;而其他肺肿瘤及后纵隔肿瘤则采取常规后外侧切口行肿瘤根治术.对于前纵隔肿瘤酌情采取胸部正中切口或前外侧切口,锐性加钝性法分离,直至完整切除肿瘤为止.结果 5例术前诊断为肺肿瘤的患儿,2例行左全肺切除,1例行右全肺切除,1例行右中下肺叶切除,病理学诊断均为胸膜肺母细胞瘤;另1例行胸壁肿块大块切除术,免疫组化检查结果显示为＂左胸壁肋骨Ewing肉瘤＂;1例术前诊断为胸腔内巨大肿块患儿行肿块切除后病理报告为软骨肉瘤;4例前纵隔肿瘤中,2例为梭形细胞瘤,另2例来源于胸腺,分别为胸腺瘤和恶性神经鞘瘤,肿瘤均被完整切除;4例后纵隔肿瘤均作肿块切除,病理检查报告均为神经母细胞瘤.结论 手术指征、手术径路的把握及术者的经验直接决定胸部巨大肿瘤患儿的治疗效果.     

Quality of life and symptoms of residual damage in cerebellar tumors in children and adolescents

At the departments of neurosurgery and pediatrics of the University Hospital of Hamburg 21 patients after neurosurgery and radiation of cerebellar tumors have been examined as to neuropsychological, neurological and ophtalmological disabilities. A standardized questionairy for the parents concerning different aspects of their children's quality of life (physical, mental, social health and functional limitations) was performed. 16 children showed minor neurological signs with no or mild disability, in 5 children severe disability was found. In 4 patients morphological changes in the eyeground, in 2 patients amblyopia was detected. 19 patients underwent a neuropsychological examination. The group of patients with medulloblastoma or ependymoma (n = 10) scored in nearly all tests below the group with astrocytoma (n = 9). 3 out of 7 patients in the medulloblastoma or ependymoma group had to abandon school, one patient needs special education. All patients with astrocytoma performed fairly well at school. Parents of patients with medulloblastoma or ependymoma classified their children's quality of life not as good as did parents of children with astrocytoma. The amount of objective disability had no influence on the parents estimation of their children's quality of life. Besides the neurological examination the neuropsychological and quality of life assessment proved to be an essential part of follow up. For a more comprehensive understanding of quality of life, qualitative assessment strategies should be included in further research.     

儿童先天性二尖瓣疾病的外科治疗及中期随访研究

目的探讨儿童先天性二尖瓣疾病外科手术的疗效及中期随访结果分析。方法回顾分析2009年1月至2017年12月在复旦大学附属儿科医院心血管中心接受二尖瓣成形术的患儿92例。其中,二尖瓣狭窄患儿26例(二尖瓣狭窄组),二尖瓣关闭不全患儿66例(二尖瓣关闭不全组);男44例,女48例;手术年龄为(42.55±40.57)个月,范围为1个月至14岁,22.8%(21/92)患儿的年龄<1岁。结果4.3%(4/92)的患儿于手术早期死亡,3.3%(3/92)的患儿在随访期间死亡,总病死率为7.6%。术后所有患儿的心功能分级改善明显,Ⅲ级3例,余均在Ⅱ级及以上,随访时间为(42.72±29.66)个月,随访时间范围为3~104个月。随访期间11例患儿共接受了17次再手术,所有患儿的再手术率为12.0%(11/92)。二尖瓣狭窄组与二尖瓣关闭不全组在生存率及免除再手术率的Log Rank分析中,差异无统计学意义。所有患儿中<1岁的患儿较>1岁的患儿具有更高的病死率(P=0.045)及再手术率(P=0.039),差异均具有统计学意义。结论二尖瓣成形手术对于治疗先天性二尖瓣疾病的效果显著。但婴幼儿,特别是年龄<1岁的患儿,先天性二尖瓣疾病的修补手术仍面临着巨大挑战。虽然部分患儿需多次手术,瓣膜成形术仍是再手术时首要考虑的手术方式。     

Surgical outcomes of ulnar nerve lesions in children. A retrospective clinical study

The ulnar nerve provides the major motor innervation of the interosseous muscles of the hand and the flexor muscles of the wrist and the fourth and fifth digits. Injury is most common at the wrist, forearm or elbow, secondary to trauma or entrapment. Pediatric ulnar nerve lesions differ from adult lesions by their quicker axonal regeneration. Neural plasticity is also greater in children. We analyzed 21 pediatric patients with ulnar nerve lesion who underwent surgical treatment between 1995 and 2002 to determine if there were differences in the neurological outcome in terms of the type of lesion and surgery. Data showed that excellent results were found in 100% of the lesions treated by simple decompression and nearly 58% of the lesions treated by neurolysis. Good results were obtained in 33% of lesions treated by neurolysis. There were fair results for surgery performed in discontinuous lesions.     

Mediastinal germ cell tumors: clinical aspects and outcomes in 7 children.

BACKGROUND: Mediastinal germ cell tumors presenting during childhood are extremely rare. Publications on this entity are very scarce. This paper reports on the clinical presentations, method(s) of treatment, complications, results and outcomes in a series of children with mediastinal germ cell tumors. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of 7 children treated between 1971 and 2001 for mediastinal germ cell tumor was carried out. Age at diagnosis and symptoms were recorded. Each patient's surgical treatment, peri- and postoperative complications, histological staging and final outcome were analysed. RESULTS: The median age of the 4 boys and 3 girls was 3 years (range 21 months-15 years). The most frequent symptoms were respiratory distress, persistent coughing, thoracic pain and anorexia/weight loss. Four patients had histologically benign tumors (mature teratoma). Their sole treatment consisted of complete surgical excision of the tumor and (part of) the thymus using either median sternotomy or left-sided thoracotomy. Recovery was uneventful. No recurrences have been observed. All four are alive with no evidence of disease, between 2.5 and 29 years after treatment. Malignant tumors were observed in three patients (1 yolk sac tumor, 1 choriocarcinoma and 1 malignant teratoma). Treatment consisted of either biopsy or debulking followed by chemotherapy (and radiotherapy in 1 case). Two of them died from uncontrollable metastatic disease. The patient with yolk sac tumor survived; he is now in remission, 4 years after diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Both this study and the literature review testify to the extreme rarity of mediastinal germ cell tumors in childhood. Children with this type of tumor usually are severely symptomatic. Histologically benign tumors carry an excellent prognosis provided surgical excision is complete. Histologically malignant tumors, on the other hand, have a worse prognosis. However, the use of platinum-based combination chemotherapy has considerably increased the survival rates.     

Post-infectious acute cerebellar ataxia in children

Acute cerebellar ataxia is a relatively common neurologic disorder among children. Our aim was to characterize the clinical picture, etiology, and prognosis of acute cerebellar ataxia. The medical records of all children with a diagnosis of acute cerebellar ataxia hospitalized in our center and Hasharon Medical Center from 1990 to 2001 were reviewed. The diagnosis of acute cerebellar ataxia was based on the following criteria: acute onset of ataxia with or without nystagmus; absence of known genetic predisposing factors, such as familial degenerative disorders; and absence of drug intoxication, bacterial meningitis, and metabolic disorders. Thirty-nine children were identified; 54% were male; mean age at presentation was 4.8 +/- 3.8 years. All patients were observed for at least 1 year. A prodromal febrile illness was noted in 74.4%: varicella, 31%; mumps, 20%; nonspecific viral infection, 15.4%; mycoplasma, 5%; Epstein Barr virus, 3%. Latency from the prodromal illness to the onset of ataxia was 8.8 +/- 7.4 days. The most common associated neurologic findings were nystagmus and dysmetria. Full gait recovery took less than 2 weeks on average, and the longest duration of neurologic signs was 24 days (mumps-related). Acute cerebellar ataxia in childhood is a self-limited disease. The recovery was faster than that reported in previous publications and was complete in all children without any neurologic sequelae. Imaging studies are needed only in atypical presentation or if there is no spontaneous improvement after 1 to 2 weeks.     

Surgical outcomes of Epibulbar dermoids

PURPOSE: To evaluate results of lamellar keratoplasty in limbal dermoid. METHODS: The ocular records were reviewed of 155 consecutive eyes with solid epibulbar dermoids that underwent lamellar keratoplasty at Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences from 1977 to 1998. According to the size and location, the dermoids were managed surgically either by sectoral, annular, or central lamellar keratoplasty. RESULTS: All but 16 eyes improved cosmetically; while all the patients showed reduction in astigmatism, 116 eyes improved functionally. CONCLUSION: Excision with lamellar keratoplasty appears to be an effective means of management for extensive limbal dermoid. To avoid development of amblyopia, surgery at an early age is preferred.     

Surgical outcomes of laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty in children with giant hydronephrosis secondary to ureteropelvic junction obstruction

ObjectiveStudies of surgical outcomes after reconstructive surgery for giant hydronephrosis (GH) secondary to ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction are limited. Over the past two decades, laparoscopic pyeloplasty has gradually replaced open repair in children in several centres. The objective of this study was to assess surgical outcomes of laparoscopic pyeloplasty in children with GH.Materials and MethodsChildren with unilateral primary UPJ obstruction and GH were prospectively included and underwent laparoscopic pyeloplasty. Postoperative ultrasonography was repeated at 3 and 12 months to assess renal parenchymal thickness, and similarly a renogram was repeated to assess improvement in differential renal function.ResultsDuring the study period 2005–2009, 53 children underwent laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty for UPJ obstruction. Of these, 8 children had GH caused by UPJ obstruction. The postoperative differential renal function improved in all of them. The postoperative improvement in renal parenchymal thickness at the end of 12 months was comparable to that of the non-GH group.ConclusionsAt 12 months, surgical outcomes after laparoscopic pyeloplasty for GH were satisfactory. Relief of obstruction allows adequate and comparable nephron sparing.     

Surgical infections in children

Skin and soft tissue infections in intensive care unit settings can be life threatening and have a variety of causative agents. Expeditious diagnosis and aggressive medical and surgical treatment are necessary. Infections of the deeper spaces such as the neck, pleural, or peritoneal cavities usually are blood borne or the result of direct spread from adjacent organs (such as lungs in case of empyema) or a perforated viscus (as with perforated esophagus or gut). Children with such infections require intensive management. The recent advances in antimicrobial therapy have tremendously improved the outcome for these patients. Prompt surgical interventions, however, remain invaluable in most cases. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company