家兔延髓巨细胞网状核内突触复合体的超微结构

目的　探讨哺乳动物延髓巨细胞网状核内突触的超微结构及其功能。方法　本研究用透射电镜对家兔延髓巨细胞网状核的超微结构进行了观察和研究。结果　巨细胞网状核内轴突终末和树突密集 ,轴突终末内突触小泡和线粒体含量丰富。最为显著的是 ,巨细胞网状核内存在两种典型的突触复合体 :一是以一个中央树突为中心 ,同周围若干轴突终末、数个树突构成的聚合型突触复合体 ;另一个是以一个中央轴突为中心 ,与周围若干树突、数个轴突终末构成的辐散型突触复合体。结论　延髓巨细胞网状核内密集多样的突触联系表明其复杂的神经调节功能 ,特别是突触复合体的结构可能是延髓巨细胞网状核在脑干 -脊髓的神经联系中起整合作用的形态学基础。     

Individual cells in the raphe nuclei of the medulla oblongata in rat that contain immunoreactivities for both serotonin and enkephalin project to the spinal cord

Summary The ventral medulla oblongata of rats was analyzed with a double-labelling immunofiuorescence technique using guinea pig antibodies directed against serotonin (5-HT) and rabbit antisera directed against enkephalin (ENK). Numerous cells in the region of nucleus raphe obscurus, nucleus raphe pallidus and nucleus raphe magnus showed immuno-staining for either 5-HT or ENK. A substantial number of cells showed positive immunostaining for both 5-HT and ENK. 5-HT/ENK double-labelled cells were most frequently encountered in an area that extended from the rostral aspect of the inferior olivary nucleus to the pontomedullary border. This region corresponds anatomically to nucleus raphe magnus/nucleus paragigantocellularis. In addition, a number of the 5-HT/ENK-containing cells were retrogradely labelled with Fluoro-Gold dye that had been injected into the thoracic spinal cord several days prior to perfusion. Schematic drawings showing the anatomical distribution of 5-HT/ENK colocalization are provided.     

伽玛刀不同剂量照射正常大鼠尾壳核后延髓星形胶质细胞的变化

为了研究伽玛刀不同剂量照射正常大鼠尾壳核后延髓星形胶质细胞的变化，本研究用γ 刀从１０ Ｇｙ 至１００ Ｇｙ 十个不同剂量级照射一侧尾壳核，３ 个月后，进行抗胶质细胞原纤维酸性蛋白免疫组织化学反应。结果证明：在延髓中尾段的抗胶质细胞原纤维酸性蛋白阳性细胞表现出如下反应：（１） 阳性反应细胞增加，肥大型细胞明显增多；（２） 从低剂量至高剂量抗胶质细胞原纤维酸性蛋白阳性细胞反应也从延髓周边向深部扩展；（３） “延髓内脏带”内抗胶质细胞原纤维酸性蛋白阳性细胞反应尤为明显；（４） 舌下神经核等处的抗胶质细胞原纤维酸性蛋白阳性细胞出现较迟。以上所见提示：γ 刀照射一个局部可产生广泛的反应，远离靶区的延髓的反应与照射剂量成正相关。     

伽玛刀不同剂量照射正常大鼠一侧尾壳核后延髓内Fos蛋白的表达及变化

目的 观察γ－刀不同剂量照射正常大鼠一侧尾壳核后３个月,远离靶区的延髓中尾段内Ｆｏｓ的表达和变化及与剂量的关系。方法 分别用１０Ｇｙ至１００Ｇy１０个级别剂量照 射大 侧尾壳核,３个月后,用ＡＢＣ法对延髓中尾段切片进行抗Ｆｏｓ蛋白的免疫组织化学反应。结果 在延髓内脏带、三叉神经尾侧亚核、三叉神间质核、延髓背侧网状核和下橄榄核等处出现多少不等的Ｆｏｓ阳性细胞：胞核阳性、胞浆阴性;胞浆阳性、胞服性;胞核     

The interrelations between cell groups in the caudal diencephalon of the rat projecting to the striatum and to the medulla oblongata

Summary In order to investigate the topographical relationships between the caudal diencephalic cells of origin of ascending and descending projections in the rat, one fluorescent retrograde tracer was injected into the striatum and another into the medulla oblongata. The medullary injections were mainly centered in the inferior olive. Cells labeled from the striatal injections densely filled the thalamic parafascicular nucleus. Cells labeled from the medullary injections were seen ventrally to the fasciculus retroflexus in the subparafascicular nucleus. The two populations were mixed in a small area at the ventromedial border of the fasciculus retroflexus. No double labeled cells were observed. The present results indicate that caudal diencephalic cells which ascend to the striatum are different from those descending to the medulla oblongata and that they partially overlap.Supported in parts by CNR grants N. 80.00515-04, 81.00283.04     

大鼠脑干内向杏仁中央核投射的神经元对胃肠道伤害性刺激的FOS表达

本文应用ＨＲＰ逆行追踪与ＦＯＳ免疫组化结合的方法，观察了脑干内向杏仁中央核投射的神经元对胃肠道伤害性刺激的ＦＯＳ表达。结果在脑干内见到ＦＯＳ样免疫反应阳性、ＨＲＰ标记和ＦＯＳ／ＨＲＰ双重反应阳性的细胞，它们分布在延髓的孤束核、腹外侧区以及两者之间的网状结构、脑桥臂旁核、中脑导水管周围灰质腹外侧区、中缝背核和被盖背侧核等区域．ＦＯＳ／ＨＲＰ双重反应阳性细胞占ＨＲＰ标记细胞总数的３２．７％．脑干内检出ＦＯＳ／ＨＲＰ双重反应阳性细胞１４８４个，其中延髓占１９．４％，脑桥占７９．５％，中脑仅占１．１％。以上结果提示大鼠脑干内向杏仁中央核投射的神经元中约有１／３参与胃肠道伤害性刺激信息向Ｃｅ的传导，其中绝大多数是通过臂务核中继后投向杏仁中央核的。     

大鼠肾上腺素能神经元对咽肌前运动神经元的调控

用PRV和PNMT免疫组化双标记方法研究脑内肾上腺素能神经元对咽肌前运动神经元的调控.观察到在延髓的C1、C2及C3等部位有PRV和PNMT双标记细胞,直接证明脑干中的肾上腺素能神经元和孤束核中调控咽肌运动的前运动神经元有纤维联系.推测可能和调控咽肌的运动有关.     

猪丘脑、小脑和延髓内Leptin长形受体mRNA的分布定位

目的 :研究猪丘脑、小脑和延髓内leptin长形受体 (longformleptinreceptor,Ob Rb)mRNA的分布定位 ,比较长白猪和眉山猪上述脑区内Ob RbmRNA分布的差异。方法 :原位杂交法。结果 :在丘脑内 ,Ob RbmRNA标记神经元几乎见于所有核团 ,在中线核、丘脑室旁核和丘脑前核内出现大量的Ob RbmRNA标记神经元 ,其余核团内Ob RbmRNA标记神经元分布较少。在小脑皮质三层中均有Ob RbmRNA标记神经元 ,以梨状神经元层和颗粒层分布较密集。在延髓下橄榄核、孤束核、迷走神经背核和舌下神经核有Ob RbmRNA标记神经元出现。结论 :猪丘脑、小脑和延髓内均有Ob RbmRNA分布 ,其分布定位在长白猪与眉山猪未见明显的差异。     

Distribution of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT)-immunoreactive neurons in the avian brain

The distribution of neurons immunoreactive to tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) were described in adjacent sections of the avian medulla oblongata. PNMT-positive neurons were found in two bilaterally symmetrical columns in the ventrolateral and dorsomedial medulla. Within the ventrolateral column, PNMT cells were centered in and around the lateral paragigantocellular and lateral reticular nuclei. In the dorsomedial medulla, PNMT neurons were concentrated within and around the nucleus of the tractus solitarius. The distribution of PNMT-immunoreactive neurons in the avian medulla is similar to those observed in mammals, except there appears to be a greater number of PNMT-positive cells in the bird.     

Immunohistochemical support for three putative transmitters in one neuron: Coexistence of 5-hydroxytryptamine,substance p- and thyrotropin releasing hormone-like immunoreactivity in medullary neurons projecting to the spinal cord

Using indirect immunofluorescence histochemistry, in part combined with the elution and restaining technique of Tramu, Pillez & Leonardelli (1978), the distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and substance P immunoreactive neurons has been studied in the medulla oblongata and spinal cord of normal and colchicine-treated rats. Evidence was obtained that at least some cell bodies in the medullary raphe nuclei and adjacent areas contained all three compounds, 5-HT, TRH and substance P. Other cell bodies in the same areas may contain two or only one of these three putative transmitters. Alternatively, the intraneuronal levels of one or two of the substances may be too low to be detected with the present technique, in spite of the fact that colchicine treatment was used to elevate peptide levels in the cell somata.In a quantitative evaluation the proportion of 5-HT, TRH and substance P neurons was calculated at different levels and in different nuclei of the medulla oblongata. Out of all immunoreactive neurons, there were approximately twice as many 5-HT (56%) as TRH (23%) and substance P (21%) cells respectively, and this relation was also found in several major subnuclei, such as the nucleus raphe magnus and nucleus raphe obscurus. In the ‘arcuate’ region very high proportions of 5-HT cells (about 60–80%) were observed with only few substance P cells (2–12%). The ‘parapyramidal’ and ‘paraolivar’ regions, which include the nucleus interfascicularis hypoglossi, had more substance P (26–36%) than TRH (15–17%) cells. The most ‘even’ distribution was observed in the nucleus raphe pallidus (5-HT: 43%; TRH: 32%; substance P: 25%). The evaluation also indicated how the respective cell type (5-HT, TRH and substance P cells) distributed between the different subnuclei. Thus, at rostral levels the ‘suprapyramidal’ region contained a large proportion (about 30%) of the total numbers of counted 5-HT, TRH and substance P cells, respectively. Furthermore, the nucleus raphe magnus contained a large part (about 30%) of the TRH and substance P cells, but a smaller fraction (about 20%) of the 5-HT cells. Analysis of adjacent sections at regular intervals confirmed the overall quantitative evaluation. Generally, the distribution of 5-HT, TRH and substance P cells were roughly parallel. An exception was the midportion of the rostral medulla oblongata, where 5-HT cells were very numerous. Of particular interest was the fact that, especially in the nucleus raphe pallidus, there were in several series almost the same number of 5-HT, TRH and substance P cells, supporting the view that many cells in this nucleus contained all these compounds.In the spinal cord overlapping networks of 5-HT, TRH and substance P immunoreactive fibres were observed in the ventral horn. The number of 5-HT immunoreactive fibres seemed higher than the TRH and substance P immunoreactive ones. After treatment with the neurotoxins 5,6- or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine there was an almost complete disappearance of all three types of fibres in the ventral horn, further supporting the occurrence of the two peptides in 5-HT neurons, either both of them together in the same 5-HT neuron or each of them in separate 5-HT neurons. It is, however, important to note that there are, in all probability, 5-HT neurons in the lower medulla oblongata which contain neither TRH nor substance P. Furthermore, in other brain regions there is no certain correlation between the distribution patterns of 5-HT, TRH and substance P immunoreactive cells.The results are consistent with the coexistence of 5-HT, TRH and substance P in neurons of the medulla oblongata that project to the spinal cord. Some neurons may contain detectable levels only of 5-HT and substance P, others only of 5-HT and TRH, while others contain all three substances. It can, however, not be excluded that some neurons contain only one of these compounds or that other combinations exist.     

Origin of efferent fibers of the vestibular apparatus in goldfish. A horseradish peroxidase study

After injecting a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) solution into the vestibular apparatus in goldfish (Carassius auratus), cells in the medulla oblongata exhibited retrogradely transported HRP reaction product. These labeled cells were confined to 3 nuclei, i.e. the nucleus motorius tegmenti of Bartelmez (with the most prominent labeled cell groups), the ventral vestibular nucleus (Dieter's nucleus) and the medial vestibular nucleus. We consider these labeled cells to be the origin of the efferent innervation to the vestibular apparatus in goldfish. Neurons providing efferent innervation to the sensory periphery in the nucleus motorius tegmenti have, as yet, not been described.     

Evidence for the occurrence of an enkephalin-like peptide in adrenaline and noradrenaline neurons of the rat medulla oblongata

Summary The indirect immunofluorescence technique was used to analyze the catecholaminergic neurons in the medulla oblongata of the rat for the presence of enkephalin (ENK) — and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity (LI). In colchicine pretreated animals, using a double staining technique with mouse and rabbit antibodies against ENK and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), it was demonstrated that both TH-and ENK-LI occurred in the same neurons, particularly in many neurons of the A1 noradrenaline cell group. In the transition zone to the C1 adrenaline cell group, a proportion of PNMT-positive cells also contained ENK-LI. In the rostral and mid portion of the C1 group only few TH/PNMT-positive cells were found to be ENK-positive. In the noradrenergic A2 region, a moderate number of cell bodies also contained TH plus ENK-LI, whereas only a few of the adrenaline cells of the C2 and C3 groups showed ENK-LI. In addition, with an elution restaining technique it was possible to demonstrate that several of the cells containing TH-and ENK-LI were also positive for NPY-LI. The present findings demonstrate that a subpopulation of the catecholaminergic neurons in the medulla oblongata of the rat is ENK positive, thereby indicating a possible co-release of the two compounds in their projection areas, for example the paraventricular nucleus and the spinal cord.     

c-JUN-like immunoreactivity in the CNS of the adult rat: basal and transynaptically induced expression of an immediate-early gene

An immunocytochemical study of dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord and medulla oblongata was performed with antisera against the c-jun proto-oncogene encoded protein. The c-JUN-like immunoreactivity was restricted to the cell nucleus. In the CNS of untreated rats a basal c-JUN-like immunoreactivity was present in the nuclei of two types of neurons: motor and autonomic. Labelled nuclei could be seen in many motoneurons of the ventral horn of the entire length of spinal cord and the lower medulla oblongata, as well as in the area of the nucleus hypoglossus, the dorsal motor nucleus of nucleus vagus, nucleus ambiguus, nucleus facialis, nucleus abducens and motor nucleus of nucleus trigeminus. Additionally, labelled nuclei were found in the preganglionic sympathetic and preganglionic parasympathetic cells of the nucleus intermediolateralis and nucleus intercalatus in the spinal cord. In the medulla oblongata we found a cluster of cells with c-JUN-like immunoreactivity in an area between the dorsomedial part of the oral nucleus spinalis trigeminalis and the lateral border of the knee of facial nerve. Additionally, a second cluster of c-JUN-like immunoreactivity cells was visible between the ventromedial part of the oral nucleus spinalis trigeminalis and the lateral border of the rostral nucleus facialis. Examination of the characteristics of all cell groups with a basal c-JUN-like immunoreactivity in the spinal cord and lower brainstem revealed an overlapping distribution with cholinergic cell groups. Basal c-JUN-like immunoreactivity was also seen in the dorsal root ganglion cells. We examined the factors which can effect the expression of the c-JUN protein. Maximal expression of c-JUN-like immunoreactivity was observed after electrical stimulation of primary afferents. Stimulation of sciatic nerve at a strength sufficient to recruit A delta- and C-fibres produced c-JUN-like immunoreactivity in many nuclei of the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord. c-JUN-like immunoreactivity was first detectable at 30 min following the end of stimulation, reached a maximum after 1 h, remained unchanged for another 1 h and declined to the basal level after 16 h. The distribution of c-JUN-like immunoreactivity in the lumbar cord coincided with the region of termination of sciatic nociceptive afferents. Contralateral c-JUN-like immunoreactivity appeared after 4 h. After noxious mechanical stimulation of the plantar hindpaw c-JUN-like immunoreactivity occurred in the spinal area of termination of nociceptive afferents of the tibial nerve. Noxious stimulation did not provoke additional c-JUN-like immunoreactivity in dorsal root ganglia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Glicentin-immunoreactive perikarya and varicosities in the guinea pig central nervous system

Glicentin-immunoreactive (GLI-IR) neurons and nerves were studied in the central nervous system of guinea pig. GLI-IR perikarya were found in the medulla oblongata located in the nucleus tractus solitarii, in the nucleus commissuralis, in the nucleus reticularis lateralis and the formatio reticularis. Immunoreactive varicosities, however, were seen in many other areas of the central nervous system such as in the hypothalamus, in the nucleus proprius striae terminalis, in the nuclei thalami mediani, in the substantia grisea centralis, in the nuclei raphe, in the formatio reticularis and in the vagus nucleus tractus solitarii-system. Some of the described GLI-IR varicosities may therefore be extensions of the neurons located in the medulla oblongata. Furthermore, the role of GLI as a putative neurotransmitter is discussed.     

大鼠延髓室管膜细胞与神经元之间联系的电镜观察

本文用透射电镜对大鼠延髓中央管室管膜作了观察,发现延髓中央管室管膜存在构造分区,即中央管背侧部室管膜细胞与腹侧部室管膜细胞在分布和排列上有差异.在延髓中央管内靠近室管膜细胞表面见有许多神经末稍和“末稍样”结构.有的神经末稍可与室管膜细胞形成突触联系,推测延髓中央管室管膜细胞特别是背侧部的室管膜细胞在信息的感受和传递方面起重要作用.     

不同张力扩张子宫颈诱导大鼠延髓内脏带c-Fos及神经型一氧化氮合酶的表达变化

目的观察不同张力扩张子宫颈(UCD)诱导大鼠延髓内脏带神经元c-Fos和神经型一氧化氮合酶(n NOS)的表达变化,探讨UCD疼痛在延髓水平的传导机制。方法成年雌性SD大鼠随机分为对照组(UCD 0g)、宫颈扩张50g张力组(UCD 50g)和宫颈扩张100g张力组(UCD 100g)。UCD组大鼠实施50g及100g张力扩张刺激,UCD刺激后2h,取延髓组织采用还原型辅酶Ⅱ(NADPH)组织化学和c-Fos免疫组织化学双重染色法观察c-Fos、n NOS和c-Fos/n NOS阳性神经元的分布,Western blotting和Real-time PCR法分别检测c-Fos及n NOS蛋白和mRNA水平。结果 c-Fos免疫阳性神经元的细胞核为棕黄色,呈圆形或卵圆形,胞质不着色。n NOS阳性神经元的胞体和突起呈蓝色,胞核不着色,呈空泡状。c-Fos/n NOS双标神经元的胞体和树突染成蓝色,细胞核呈棕黄色,这些神经元主要分布于延髓孤束核(NTS)和外侧网状核(LRN)内。与UCD 0g组相比,UCD 50g组和UCD 100g组大鼠NTS和LRN内c-Fos、n NOS以及c-Fos/n NOS阳性神经元数量明显增加,染色明显加深,c-Fos、n NOS蛋白及mRNA水平均明显升高(P0.01)。结论大鼠急性UCD可导致NTS和LRN神经元c-Fos及n NOS张力依赖性表达增加,NTS和LRN内的n NOS阳性神经元可能参与UCD疼痛在延髓水平的传导。     

内脏伤害性刺激诱导的大鼠延髓内Fos表达

用抗Ｆｏｓ蛋白和酷氨酸羟化酶（ＴＨ）的免疫组织化学方法，对大鼠两种内脏伤害性刺激诱导的大鼠延髓Ｆｏｓ表达情况及其与儿茶酚胺能神经元的关系进行了观察。提示延髓内脏带半数以上的儿茶酚胺神经元参与对内脏伤害性刺激的反应。     

Projections to the ventral surface of the cat brainstem demonstrated by horseradish peroxidase.

Topical application of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata revealed various cells with axons terminating near this region. Fibers traced from the ventral surface originated in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius and the dorsal nucleus of the vagus, both near the dorsal surface of the medulla. Projections from the cochlear nucleus were also observed. Using short HRP contact time, fibers were shown which terminate at, or near, the ventral surface. The possible involvement of these projections in various responses mediated from the ventral surface is discussed.