Comparative study of the endotoxemia and endotoxin tolerance on the production of Th cytokines and macrophage interleukin-6: differential regulation of indomethacin

Endotoxin tolerance reduces the capacity of monocytes to produce proinflammatory cytokines, results in cellular immune paralysis, and down-regulates the production of helper T (Th)1 type cytokines with a shift toward a Th2 cytokine response. Prostaglandin (PG)E2 in the immune system also results in macrophage inactivation and the suppression of Th1 activation and the enhancement of Th2 activation. However, the inhibitory effects of PGE2 on the altered polarization of the Th cell and macrophage interleukin (IL)-6 production characterized in part by cellular immune paralysis in a state of endotoxin tolerance is unclear. This study was undertaken, using indomethacin, to investigate the role of endogenous PGE2 on the Th cytokines and macrophage IL-6 production in a state of endotoxin tolerance compared to those with endotoxemia mice, wherein, in this latter case, the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and PGE2 is exhibited. Endotoxemia was induced by injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 mg/kg in saline) ip. once in BALB/c mice, and endotoxin tolerance was induced by pretreatment with LPS (1 mg/kg in saline) injected i.p. daily for two consecutive days and then with LPS 10 mg/kg on day 4. Splenocytes or macrophages were obtained from endotoxemia and endotoxin tolerance models pretreated with indomethacin, and then cytokine production was induced by Con A-stimulated splenocytes for the Th cytokine assays and LPS-stimulated macrophages for the IL-6 assay. Our results showed that endotoxemia led to significantly reduced IL-2 and IL-4 production, to significantly increased IL-6 production, whereas interferon (IFN)-gamma production was not affected. Indomethacin in the case of endotoxemia markedly attenuated IFN-gamma and IL-6 production and didnt reverse IL-2 and IL-4 production. Endotoxin tolerance resulted in the significantly reduced production of IL-2 and IFN-gamma and the significantly increased production of IL-4 and IL-6. Indomethacin in endotoxin tolerance greatly augmented IL-2 production, significantly decreased IL-4 production, and slightly attenuated IL-6 production. These findings indicate that endogenous PGE2 may mediate the suppressed Th1 type immune response, with a shift toward a Th2 cytokine response in a state of endotoxin tolerance, whereas endotoxemia may be regulated differentially. Also, endogenous PGE2 may mediate macrophage IL-6 production in the case of endotoxemia to a greater extent than in the case of endotoxin tolerance.     

Fumigaclavine C, an fungal metabolite, improves experimental colitis in mice via downregulating Th1 cytokine production and matrix metalloproteinase activity

In the present paper, the effect of Fumigaclavine C, a fungal metabolite, on experimental colitis was examined. Fumigaclavine C, when administered intraperitoneally once a day, significantly reduced the weight loss and mortality rate of mice with experimental colitis induced by intrarectally injection of 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). This compound also markedly alleviated the macroscopic and microscopic appearances of colitis. Furthermore, Fumigaclavine C, given both in vivo and in vitro, showed a marked inhibition on the expression of several inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-12alpha, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha as well as MMP-9 in sacral lymph node cells, colonic patch lymphocytes and colitis tissues from the TNBS colitis mice. Meanwhile, the compound caused a dose-dependent reduction in IL-2 and IFN-gamma from the lymphocytes at the protein level and MMP-9 activity. These results suggest that Fumigaclavine C may alleviate experimental colitis mainly via down-regulating the production of Th1 cytokines and the activity of matrix metalloproteinase.     

人参皂苷-Ro促进小鼠脾细胞增殖及调节小鼠脾细胞Th1/Th2细胞因子的产生

目的研究人参皂苷-Ro对小鼠脾细胞增殖及细胞因子产生的影响。方法［³H］ TdR参入法检测人参皂苷-Ro对小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖的影响；酶联免疫吸附法检测人参皂苷-Ro对小鼠脾淋巴细胞产生细胞因子白介素-2、干扰素-γ和白介素-4的影响；逆转录聚合酶链式反应分析法研究人参皂苷-Ro对小鼠脾淋巴细胞中干扰素-γ、白介素-4 mRNA表达的影响。结果人参皂苷-Ro在1-10 μmol·L^-1显著促进Con A诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖及小鼠脾淋巴细胞白介素-2的产生；在2-10 μmol·L^-1促进Con A诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞产生和表达Th2细胞因子白介素-4, 而降低Con A诱导的小鼠脾淋巴细胞产生和表达Th1细胞因子干扰素-γ。结论人参皂苷-Ro通过调节脾细胞内Th1型和Th2型细胞因子的转录和表达发挥免疫调节作用。     

Curcumin inhibits trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced colitis in rats by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

Curcumin is a widely used spice with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. It has been reported that curcumin held therapeutic effects on experimental colitis by inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB). The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a nuclear receptor with anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects and its activation may inhibit the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. Several studies have shown that PPARgamma ligands had an important therapeutic effect in colitis. However there is no report about the alteration of PPARgamma in trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis treated with curcumin. In this study, we administered curcumin (30 mg/kg/day) by intraperitoneal injection immediately after colitis was induced and the injection lasted for two weeks. have evaluated the effects of curcumin on the colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS). Curcumin (30 mg/kg d) was administered by intraperitoneal just after colitis was induced and lasted for two weeks. Therapeutic effects of dexamethasone (Dex, 2 mg/kg d) alone and the combined effects of curcumin+Dex were also examined. We found that curcumin improved long-term survival rate of disease-bearing rats, promoted rat body weight recovery, and decreased macroscopic scores of the colitis. The expression levels of PPARgamma, 15-deoxy-D12,14-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) were all increased, but the expression level of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was decreased in rats after administration of curcumin. Treatment with Dex improved PPARgamma expression and inhibited the expression of COX-2, 15d-PGJ(2) and PGE(2). Combined effects of curcumin+Dex were similar to that of Dex. In summary, curcumin showed therapeutic effects on TNBS-induced colitis and the mechanisms by which curcumin exerts its effects may involve activation of PPARgamma and its ligands.     

1型糖尿病外周血Th1/Th2细胞因子表达水平的研究

目的检测1型糖尿病患者外周血CD_4~+T细胞分泌细胞因子的水平变化,探讨患者Th1/Th2细胞因子的平衡状态及其在1型糖尿病中的作用。方法对49例1型糖尿病患者和30例健康时照组外周血用刺激物刺激细胞,增加细胞内细胞因子的表达,再加入荧光标记的特异性抗细胞因子单克隆抗体,特异性抗原抗体结合,以流式细胞仪分析特异性细胞因子表达水平。结果1型糖尿病患者Th1型细胞因子干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)表达水平较正常对照组升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。Th2型细胞因子白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)表达水平较正常时照组显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论1型糖尿病患者Th1/Th2平衡失调,Th1型反应模式处于优势状态,Th2型反应模式处于弱势状态。Th1/ Th2平衡向Th1方向漂移。     

Amelioration of adjuvant-induced arthritis by ursolic acid through altered Th1/Th2 cytokine production.

The objective of the study was to investigate the activity of ursolic acid (UA) on proinflammatory (Th1) and anti-inflammatory (Th2) cytokines in the peripheral blood of arthritic balb/c mice. Ursolic acid is ubiquitous in the plant kingdom and is a constituent of numerous plants which are having diversified phylogenetic origin and taxonomic position. We applied Cytometric bead array (CBA) technology for simultaneously measurement of these cytokines in adjuvant inflammatory arthritis induced mice treated with ursolic acid in graded oral doses. Cytometric bead array uses the sensitivity of amplified fluorescence detection by flowcytometer to measure soluble analytes in a particle based immune assay. This assay can accurately quantitate five cytokines in a 50 microl sample volume. The T-helper (Th1) deviated cells produce detectable level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), while the Th2 deviated cells produce significant amount of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-5 (IL-5). Oral administration of UA at doses of 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg kg(-1) per oral dose inhibited the presence of IL-2, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in the peripheral blood.     

康艾注射液对人结直肠癌Lovo细胞Th1/Th2类细胞因子的影响

目的 探讨康艾注射液对人结直肠癌Lovo细胞Th1/Th2状态的影响.方法 常规培养Lovo细胞,待细胞处于指数增长期再分成4组:1组为空白对照,另外3组加入不同浓度的康艾注射液.培养72h后,采用双抗夹心酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)分别检测各组Lovo细胞培养上清中Th1类细胞因子(IL-2,IFN-γ)和Th2类细胞因子(IL-4,IL-10)的水平.结果 Lovo细胞与康艾注射液共培养后,上清液中Th2类细胞因子的含量较对照组明显降低(P＜0.05),而Th1类细胞因子在各组中的含量变化不大.结论康艾注射液可显著下调Lovo细胞Th2类细胞因子水平,具有促进其Th2向Th1逆转的倾向.     

结肠癌患者外周血Th1/Th2细胞因子的漂移及临床意义

目的检测结肠癌患者外周血CD3T细胞分泌细胞因子的水平变化,分析Thl和Th2细胞的细胞因子免疫活动为肿瘤的免疫治疗提供实验依据。方法首先用刺激物刺激细胞,增加细胞内细胞因子的表达,然后加入荧光标记的特异性抗细胞因子单克隆抗体,特异性抗原抗体结合,最后应用流式细胞仪分析特异性细胞因子表达水平。同时用酶联免疫吸附法ELISA检测相应的细胞因子。结果结肠癌患者Thl型细胞因子干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-12(IL-12)表达水平较正常对照组显著降低;Th2型细胞因子白细胞介素-4(IL-4)和白细胞介素-10(IL-10)表达水平较正常对照组升高,差异有显著性意义。肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)表达水平较正常对照组升高差异有显著性。结论结肠癌患者体内Th2型细胞因子模式占优势状态,这可能是肿瘤细胞发生免疫逃逸,从而导致肿瘤的发生或者转移的一种原因之一。     

Modulation of Th1/Th2 cytokine production by selective and nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitors administered to mice

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors can modulate the functions of immune cells, including T lymphocytes, due to increased intracellular levels of cyclic nucleotides. The drugs (aminophylline, milrinone and sildenafil) were administered once or five times at 24 h intervals at the following doses: 20 mg/kg, im, 1 mg/kg, im and 1 mg/kg, po, respectively.Th1 and Th2 cytokine levels (IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, TNF) were determined 12, 24 or 72 h after the last administration of the drugs. A commercial BD^TM Cytometric Bead Array Mouse Th1/Th2 Cytokine Kit (CBA) was used to determine the levels of Th1/Th2 cytokines in the serum.Neither of the PDE inhibitors under investigation administered once changed IFN-γ, TNF and IL-4 production. A single dose of aminophyl-line decreased the production of IL-2 (after 12 h). A single dose of milrinone did not affect Th1/Th2 cytokine secretion. Sildenafil administered once decreased the production of IL-2 (after 72 h). A temporary enhancement in the level of IL-5 was observed 12 h after a single dose of sildenafil. No changes in Th1 and Th2 cytokine production were observed after five doses of PDE inhibitors under investigation. These results indicate that nonstimulated lymphocytes Th1 and Th2 exhibited a slight sensitivity to aminophylline and sildenafil. The drugs under investigation were ineffective inhibitors of Th1/Th2 cytokine production.     

阿奇霉素对哮喘致敏大鼠气道炎症及Th1/Th2失衡的调节作用

目的:探讨阿奇霉素对哮喘(OVA)致敏大鼠气道炎症及Th1/Th2失衡的调节作用。方法:SD大鼠40只,随机分为生理盐水组、哮喘模型组、地塞米松组以及阿奇霉素组,每组10只。利用卵白蛋白(Ovalbumin,OVA)/Al(OH)3致敏与OVA雾化吸入激发建立大鼠过敏性气道炎症模型,收集肺泡灌洗液(BALF)进行白细胞分类计数。采用ELISA法测定肺泡灌洗液中IL-2、IL-4、TNF-α与ET-1的表达情况。光镜观察肺组织病理结构变化。结果:OVA模型大鼠肺泡灌洗液中的中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞以及嗜酸性粒细胞含量明显增加;HE染色观察肺组织病理结构出现明显的支气管上皮脱落、杯状细胞增生,支气管周围嗜酸性粒细胞明显浸润现象;BALF中IL-2、IL-4、TNF-α与ET-1的表达均明显高于生理盐水对照组(P<0.05)。阿奇霉素则显著降低肺泡灌洗液中中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞以及嗜酸性粒细胞含量;明显改善支气管上皮脱落、杯状细胞增生,支气管周围嗜酸性粒细胞浸润现象;BALF中IL-2、IL-4、TNF-α与ET-1的表达也明显低于OVA模型大鼠(P<0.05)。结论:阿奇霉素通过调节Th1/Th2失衡对过敏性哮喘的气道炎症具有明显的治疗作用。     

支气管哮喘患儿Th1/Th2细胞免疫平衡变化研究

目的探讨支气管哮喘患儿Th1/Th2细胞免疫平衡变化及其机制。方法选择急性发作期支气管哮喘患儿30名作为发作组,选择30名缓解期支气管哮喘患儿作为缓解组,选择30名健康小儿作为对照组,采用流式细胞仪检测各组静脉血Th1、Th2表达情况,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测三组患儿血清IL-4、IL-10、IFN-γ水平,比较各组患者Th1/Th2及血清IL-4、IL-10、IFN-γ表达变化水平。结果发作组静脉血Th1/Th2低于对照组及缓解组,血清IL-4、IL-10水平高于对照组及缓解组,IFN-γ水平低于对照组及缓解组。缓解组静脉血Th1/Th2低于对照组,血清IL-4、IL-10水平高于对照组,血清IFN-γ水平低于对照组。结论支气管哮喘患儿存在Th1/Th2免疫失衡,其可能是小儿支气管哮喘的发病机制之一。     

Effect of recombinant serine protease from adult stage of Trichinella spiralis on TNBS-induced experimental colitis in mice

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), is a chronic autoimmune disease. At present, worms and their products has been shown to have protective effects on immune-mediated diseases. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of the recombination Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis, Ts) adult serine protease-like protein rTs-ADSp-7 on a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced CD mouse model. Colitis was induced by intrarectal administration of a TNBS solution. The disease activity index (DAI), which included weight loss, diarrhoea, and bloody stool, was measured. Colon segments were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H.E.) for histopathological score. Cytokine release in the serum was analysed by meso scale discovery (MSD). Cytokine release in the colon was detected by ELISA. Splenocytes were separated, and the cytokine profiles of Th1 (IFN-γ), Th2 (IL-4), Th17 (IL-17A) and Treg cells were analysed by flow cytometry. Our result showed that rTs-ADSp-7 reduced the clinical disease activity of TNBS-induced colitis in mice. In addition, we found that rTs-ADSp-7 reduced the production of Th1- and Th17-related cytokines while upregulating the expression of Th2- and Treg-related cytokines in TNBS-induced colitis mice. rTs-ADSp-7 also increased the population of Th2 and Treg cells in TNBS-induced colitis mice. rTs-ADSp-7 alleviated the severity of TNBS-induced colitis while balancing the CD4⁺ T cell immune response. rTs-ADSp-7 has therapeutic potential for colitis treatment and can be used as a helminth-derived protein therapy for CD or other Th1 immunity-mediated diseases.     

当归多糖组分AP-3诱生小鼠脾细胞IL-2和IFN-γ的作用

目的研究当归多糖组分AP-3对细胞因子IL-2和IFN-γ的诱生作用，以探讨其免疫调节的特点。方法 流式细胞术测定培养的脾细胞中CD4⁺细胞比例；酶联免疫法测定培养上清液中IL-2和IFN-γ的浓度；RT-PCR法测定IL-2和IFN-γ mRNA的转录水平。结果AP-3在0.6～2 μmol·L^-1，能显著提高培养脾细胞CD4⁺细胞的百分率；在2～6 μmol·L^-1，AP-3时间、剂量依赖性地增加培养的细胞上清液中IL-2的浓度和细胞内IL-2 mRNA的转录水平，而对于IFN-γ和IFN-γ mRNA，则先升高后降低，并呈现剂量依赖性。结论当归多糖能够促进IL-2和IFN-γ的分泌，激活Th1细胞，从而发挥免疫调节作用。     

实验性矽肺大鼠肺组织中Th1/Th2型细胞因子的变化及意义

目的研究实验性矽肺大鼠在染尘后不同时间肺组织中Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ和Th2细胞因子IL-4的变化,初步探讨Th1/Th2型细胞因子与矽肺发病机制的关系。方法将30只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为模型组18只、对照组12只。模型组以非暴露方式气管内一次性注入1 ml二氧化硅悬液（40 g·L^-1）建立大鼠矽肺模型,对照组气管内注入等量的灭菌生理盐水。分别在染尘后第1、7、14、21、28、35天各处死3只模型组和2只对照组大鼠,免疫组化SABC法观察肺组织中IFN-γ和IL-4的表达情况,用图像分析系统进行定量分析。结果与对照组相比,染尘后第1、7、14、21天,模型组大鼠肺组织中IFN-γ表达明显增强（P〈0.05）;IL-4的表达显著减少（P〈0.05）。染尘后第28、35天,模型组大鼠肺组织中IFN-γ表达与对照组没有显著性差异（P〉0.05）;而IL-4的表达量大量增加,明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论矽肺发展早期以Th1型细胞因子发挥细胞免疫调节作用为主;后期Th2型细胞因子分泌增加,体液免疫增强。     

致敏大鼠脑皮层和肺气道中干扰素—γ和白介素—4相关性的变化

目的:探讨致敏大鼠抗原攻击后脑皮层和肺气道中干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)和白介素-4(IL-4)出现的相关性变化.方法:观察致敏大鼠吸入抗原诱导的支气管肺灌洗液(BALF)和肺组织切片炎症变化,用ELISA法测定BALF和脑皮层IFN-γ和IL-4水平变化.结果:抗原攻击组BALF中的炎症细胞数目明显高于对照未攻击组(P<0.05).地塞米松(DXM,0.5mg/kg,ip)明显减少BALF中的白细胞总数,几乎完全抑制嗜酸性粒细胞(EOS)和淋巴细胞的聚集,但增加中性粒细胞数目.抗原攻击组的组织学检查积分(EOS浸润、粘膜水肿和上皮损伤)也明显高于对照未攻击组(P<0.05).DXM(0.5 mg/kg,ip)减少支气管和细支气管的EOS数目,改善粘膜水肿和上皮损伤.致敏大鼠抗原攻击后,BALF中的IFN-γ水平降低伴随IL-4升高导致了IFN-γ/IL-4比例下降.与此同时,脑皮层匀浆中也出现相似的改变.DXM(0.5mg/kg,ip)能反转BALF和脑皮层匀浆中的IFN-γ/IL-4比例下降.结论:致敏大鼠抗原攻击后脑皮层和肺气道中的IFN-γ和IL-4出现相关性变化.     

1型糖尿病并发血管病变患者Th1/Th2细胞亚群的研究

目的探讨1型糖尿病并发血管病变患者体内Th1/Th2细胞亚群的变化。方法用酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）检测了15例1型糖尿病合并有下肢血管病变患者血清中Th1型细胞亚群分泌的细胞因子IFN-γ、TNF-α和Th2型细胞亚群分泌的细胞因子IL-4、IL-10的水平变化,20例无糖尿病早期合并症患者和20例健康志愿者做为对照组。结果1型糖尿病患者血清中Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ、TNF-α的水平显著高于对照组（P〈0.01）;Th2型细胞因子IL-4、IL-10的水平明显低于对照组（P〈0.01）;糖尿病并发血管病组Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ、TNF-α显著高于单纯糖尿病组（P〈0.05）,而Th2型细胞因子IL-4、IL-10的水平明显低于单纯糖尿病组（P〈0.05）。结论当1型糖尿病并发血管病变时,患者体内Th1/Th2细胞亚群发生了Th2-Th1的漂移改变。     

Involvement of TLR2 and TLR4 and Th1/Th2 shift in inflammatory responses induced by fine ambient particulate matter in mice

Epidemiologic studies have reported the association between fine particles (aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm; PM2.5) and health effects, but the immunological mechanisms are not clear. To investigate the dose and time-dependent role of toll-like receptor (TLR) and Th1/Th2 shift in local and systemic inflammation induced by PM2.5, mice were subjected to intratracheal instillation of 2.5, 5, or 10?mg/kg PM2.5 in this study. After 24?h, 72?h, 7 days, and 14 days, mice were sacrificed to measure TLR2 and TLR4 expressions and Th1/Th2 related cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and peripheral blood. Histopathological changes in lung were also examined. Inflammatory infiltration and macrophages with engulfed particles were found by lung histopathology after PM2.5 exposure. TLR4 positive cells decreased in BALF but increased in blood at 24?h after the exposure. The low percentage of TLR4 positive cells continued to day 14 in BALF, but recovered at day 7 and decreased further to lower than the control value at day 14 in blood. TLR2 positive cell changed similar to TLR4 in BALF on the dose effects. In BALF at 24?h after the exposure, the Th2 related cytokines IL-5 and IL-10 increased dose-dependently; and in blood, the Th2 related cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 also increased. These results suggest that acute exposure of PM2.5 leads to acute inflammatory responses locally and systemically in mice. TLR2 and TLR4 are involved in this process and PM2.5 can drive a Th2-biased immune response.     

The effects of chrysophanol on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced chronic lung toxicology by inhibiting Th17 response

Chrysophanol (CH), extracted from plants of Rheum genus, possesses various pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory activity. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the protective effects and the underlying mechanisms of CH on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma in mice. Fifty mice were randomly assigned to five experimental groups: control group, model group, dexamethasone (2?mg/kg) group and CH (5 and 10?mg/kg) groups. The number of eosinophil cells and the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, IL-17?A and tumor necrosis factor-α in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured. In addition, pulmonary histopathology, airway resistance (Raw), T-helper17 (Th17) cells frequency and RORγt expression were evaluated. Our study demonstrated that CH effectively decreased eosinophil count and inflammatory cytokines production in BALF. In addition, treatment with CH significantly inhibited the Raw, Th17 percentage and RORγt expression in OVA-induced animals compared with those in model group. Histological studies also demonstrated that CH significantly suppressed OVA-induced eosinophilia in lung tissue compared with model group. Our findings supported that CH can prevent allergic asthma in the mouse model.