非瓣膜病心房颤动患者电转复前后左心耳功能的经食管超声心动图研究

目的阐明左心耳功能对非瓣膜病心房颤动（ＮＶＡＦ）患者电转复成功率的预测价值,且对电转复后左心耳收缩功能恢复过程进行观察。方法应用经食管超声心动图对６０例ＮＶＡＦ患者电转复前及转复后２４小时、３天和１周左心耳血流频谱模式、峰值血流速度（ＬＡＡＰＥＶ）及左房自发显影的检测。结果（１）电转复前左心耳ＬＡＡＰＥＶ≥２０ｃｍ／ｓ者,转复成功率为７５％;反之,ＬＡＡＰＥＶ＜２０ｃｍ／ｓ,成功率为３０％;（２）电转复后左心耳血流频谱变成规则收缩与舒张的频谱模式,ＬＡＡＰＥＶ为２３±１０ｃｍ／ｓ,低于转复前３０±１２ｃｍ／ｓ（Ｐ＜０００１）;转复后左房新出现自发显影者８例,自发显影密度增加者１１例。结论ＮＶＡＦ患者电转复前左心耳收缩功能与窦性心律的维持高度相关;转复后左心耳“顿抑”,出现了血栓易于形成的条件,故对此类患者电转复后应给予足够的抗凝治疗,预防左房与左心耳血栓形成。     

心房颤动患者左心耳血栓影像学诊断的研究进展

<正> 心房颤动是较常见的心律失常,特点是心房失去规律有序的电活动,不能有效收缩和舒张。Framingham研究显示,年龄、性别和血压等因素经校正后,非瓣膜性心房颤动患者发生脑卒中的危险是其他患者的5～6倍,风湿性心脏病合并心房颤动则高达17.6倍。心房颤动患者行抗凝治疗可减少血栓形成及栓子致脑卒中的发生,但由于患者依从性差,能坚持抗凝治疗的比率仅2.0%～6.6%。心房颤动持续时间48 h或心房颤动发生时间不明确者,拟行药物治疗或电复律前,应行经食管超声心动图(TEE)检查,以明确有无血栓,再决定是否即刻复律,故临床医师迫切需要早期、及时、准确地了解心房内血栓情况。影像学检查对心房内血栓的存在能提供较准确的信息,本研究对心房颤动患者左心房内血栓影像学诊断的研究进展进行综述如下。     

64层螺旋CT检测老年心房颤动患者左心耳血栓的价值

目的探讨导管射频消融术前,应用64层螺旋CT检测老年心房颤动患者左心耳血栓的临床价值。方法对102例拟行导管射频消融术的老年心房颤动患者进行心脏64层螺旋CT扫描,并于1周内,经食管超声心动图(TEE)检查。以TEE为参照标准,评价64层螺旋CT诊断患者左心耳血栓的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及准确度,应用κ检验2种方法的一致性。结果 102例患者中,64层螺旋CT检查显示左心耳血栓形成者16例,其中11例经TEE证实,另5例为自发超声显影;64层螺旋CT检查未见血栓征象者86例,其中84例经TEE证实,另2例TEE显示为血栓。64层螺旋CT诊断左心耳血栓的敏感性84.6%,特异性94.4%,阳性预测值68.8%,阴性预测值97.7%,准确度93.1%,2种方法检测左心耳血栓具有较高的一致性(κ=0.724)。结论 64层螺旋CT检测老年心房颤动患者左心耳血栓具有较高的应用价值,未来有可能成为临床上检测左心耳血栓的一种无创、可靠的替代方法。     

心房颤动患者左心房及左心耳血栓形成的危险因素分析

目的:分析心房颤动患者左心房及左心耳(LA/LAA)血栓形成的相关影响因素。方法:对心房颤动患者369例,分为血栓组34例和非血栓组335例。详细记录患者既往病史、实验室化验结果、经胸心脏彩超结果,根据患者一般资料,比较两组资料的差别分析探讨LA/LAA血栓形成的危险因素。结果:入选的369例患者中男性214例、女性155例,年龄24~87岁,平均(61.22±9.24)岁,阵发性心房颤动282例(76.4%),持续性/永久性心房颤动87例(23.6%),经超声心动图检查确诊LA/LAA血栓34例(9.2%),非血栓组335例(90.8%)。两组患者临床基本特征比较:(1)血栓组吸烟史、持续性/永久性心房颤动、左心房内径(LAD)、左心室舒张末内径(LVEDD)、D-二聚体明显高于对照组(P0.05),LVEF值、左心耳开口直径明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。(2)两组患者年龄、性别、体质指数(BMI)、饮酒史、高血压病、糖尿病、冠心病、心房颤动病程、阿司匹林服药史以及患者血小板计数、纤维蛋白原水平、血尿素氮、血肌酐、TG、TC、LDL水平差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:本文结果显示,LAD、LVEDD、LVEF、D-二聚体、持续性/永久性心房颤动、左心耳开口大小(LAA-W)是LA/LAA血栓形成的独立危险因素,尤其是LAA-W在血栓形成机理认识及左心耳夹闭手术中具有潜在的指导价值。     

血清高敏C反应蛋白与心房颤动

目的探讨炎症与心房颤动的发生和持续的关系。方法心房颤动患者124例,分为两组,慢性心房颤动组53例,阵发性心房颤动组71例,对照组(窦性心律)54例。采用免疫速率散射比浊法测定各组患者血清高敏C-反应蛋白(highsensitivityC-reactiveprotein,hs-CRP)的含量,同时测量各患者左心房前后径。结果慢性心房颤动组患者血清hs-CRP水平高于阵发性心房颤动组(P<0.05)及正常对照组(P<0.01);阵发性心房颤动组患者血清hs-CRP水平高于正常对照组(P<0.05);慢性心房颤动组左心房前后径,与窦性心律组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);阵发性心房颤动组与窦性心律组比较,左心房前后径虽有增大,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论hs-CRP水平升高可能参与心房颤动的发生,提示炎症反应具有促进心房颤动的发生和持续的作用。     

心房颤动患者血清高敏C反应蛋白与游离脂肪酸的变化

目的 探讨高敏C反应蛋白、游离脂肪酸在心房颤动(房颤)发病中的意义.方法 测定41例持续性房颤患者(持续性房颤组)、42例阵发性房颤患者(阵发性发颤组)以及39例健康体检者(正常对照组)血清中高敏C反应蛋白及游离脂肪酸水平.结果 血清高敏C反应蛋白及游离脂肪酸水平在持续性房颤组、阵发性房颤组均显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),且持续性房颤组高于阵发性房颤组(P＜0.01),各组间差异均有统计学意义.结论 高敏C反应蛋白及游离脂肪酸增高所反映的炎症状态和代谢紊乱可能促进房颤的发生发展.     

非瓣膜性心房颤动患者C反应蛋白与左心房自发显影的关系

目的探讨高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)与非瓣膜性心房颤动(房颤)患者左心房自发显影(LASEC)的关系。方法连续入选自2018年1月1日至6月30日于首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院心内科病房首次行射频消融术的非瓣膜性房颤患者490例,根据术前经食管超声心动图检查结果将研究人群分为无LASEC组(n=338)和LASEC组(n=152)。采用胶乳增强免疫比浊法测定hs-CRP;用单因素及多因素logistic分析探讨非瓣膜性房颤患者hs-CRP与LASEC的相关性。结果490例患者中有152例(31%)检测到LASEC。LASEC组的年龄、房颤类型、既往栓塞事件、纤维蛋白原定量、D-二聚体、左心房前后径及CHA2DS2VASc评分与无LASEC组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05),LASEC组hs-CRP水平明显高于无LASEC组[3.16(1.30,5.23)mg/L比0.67(0.37,1.48)mg/L,P<0.001]。多因素logistic回归分析发现hs-CRP(OR=1.136,95%CI 1.060~1.217,P<0.001)和D-二聚体(OR=1.040,95%CI 1.011~1.070,P=0.007)是LASEC的独立相关因素。结论hs-CRP升高是非瓣膜性房颤患者LASEC的独立相关因素,炎症反应可能参与非瓣膜性房颤血栓前状态的形成。     

基底节区脑梗死与阵发性心房颤动的相关性研究

目的探讨基底节区脑梗死与迷走神经张力异常阵发性心房颤动(PAF)发生的相关性。方法回顾性分析我院陈旧性脑梗死患者1483例,按脑梗死解剖部位将其分为基底节区组1045例与非基底节区组438例。对比分析2组心率变异性时域参数及频域参数。时域参数包括正常R-R间期的标准差(SDNN)、相邻R-R之差的均方根(RMSSD)、代表R-R间期与平均R-R间期50ms的个数占总数的百分比(PNN50)。频域参数为低频与高频比值(LF/HF)。结果基底节区组年龄69岁患者发病率显著低于非基底节区组患者(P0.05),而基底节区组年龄≥70岁的患者发病率均显著高于非基底节区组患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。基底节区组合并心房颤动发生率显著高于非基底节区组(18.4%vs 13.9%,P=0.038)。基底节区组仅年龄≥80岁患者合并心房颤动发病率显著高于非基底节区组,差异有统计学差异(56.8%vs 41.0%,P=0.031)。2组心房颤动的发病率均随年龄的增长而增高。与基底节区组非PAF患者和非基底节区组合并PAF患者比较,基底节区组合并PAF患者的SDNN、RMSSD、PNN50均显著增高、LF/HF则显著减低(P0.05)。结论基底节区脑梗死呈增龄发病增加趋势,患者多发PAF,基底节区脑梗死合并PAF患者的迷走神经张力增加。     

心房颤动患者高敏C反应蛋白水平的变化及临床意义

心房颤动(房颤)是临床上常见的快速型心律失常.最近有资料显示[1],其人群发生率达到1％,且随年龄的增加而升高,其中年龄大于65岁的人群达到5％,超过75岁高龄者高达10％.房颤发生后心房的收缩功能丧失、快速的心室率以及节律的绝对不规则,导致心功能下降,临床症状加重,随时间的持续,可严重影响血流动力学.另外房颤可并发体循环栓塞,其中脑卒中是最常见的并发症,同时可增加死亡率[2].近年来越来越多的临床研究提示,房颤与炎症之间具有紧密的相关性,炎症反应对于房颤的发生和维持可能具有重要作用[3].本研究通过观察心房颤动患者血清高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)与左房内径(LAD)的变化,探讨炎症和左房重构在房颤的发生、发展与维持中的作用和意义.     

C反应蛋白增高在心房颤动中的意义

目的 :探讨C反应蛋白 (CRP)增高在心房颤动 (房颤 )发病中的意义。方法 :应用免疫比浊法测定 96例诊断为房颤患者血清CRP水平 ,与对照组比较 ,并对房颤按持续时间、病因不同分设亚组 ,进行统计学分析。结果 :房颤组、对照组血清CRP水平分别为 (4 .30± 2 .87)、(1.15± 0 .90 )mg L ,两组相比P <0 .0 5。器质性、孤立性房颤者CRP水平分别为 (5 .0 6± 1.92 )、(4 .37± 1.32 )mg L ,均高于对照组 ,P <0 .0 5。持续性、永久性房颤者CRP水平分别为 (5 .6 0± 1.80 )、(5 .0 0± 1.6 0 )mg L ,均高于阵发性房颤 [(3.30± 1.2 0 )mg L],P <0 .0 5。结论 :CRP增高反映的炎症状态可能促进房颤发生 ,以及呈持续性发作。     

左心耳封堵术在心房颤动患者中的应用价值

心房颤动是临床最常见的快速性心律失常。而血栓栓塞是心房颤动的主要危害之一,长期口服抗凝药物是预防栓塞的主要方法。但由于其存在较大的局限性,严重限制了其临床应用。     

Evidence-based percutaneous closure of the left atrial appendage in patients with atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, and its prevalence is increasing. Cardioembolic stroke, most of the times secondary to thrombus formation in the left atrial appendage, is its most feared and life threatening consequence. Oral anticoagulation with vitamin-K-antagonists is currently the most used prophylaxis for stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation; unfortunately, its benefits are limited by a narrow therapeutic window and an increased risk for bleeding, making it often undesired. Percutaneous occlusion of the left atrial appendage is a novel alternative strategy for cardioembolic stroke prophylaxis in patients with atrial fibrillation at a high risk of stroke but with contraindication for long-term oral anticoagulation therapy. At present, several devices have been developed specifically for percutaneous occlusion of the left atrial appendage. Current results show good feasibility and efficacy for these devices, with a high rate of successful implantation, although also associated with the inherent potential periprocedural complications. This work reviews the current state of the art of percutaneous left atrial appendage closure for stroke prophylaxis in patients with atrial fibrillation.     

Hemodynamic impact of percutaneous left atrial appendage closure in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

Purpose

Percutaneous left atrial appendage (LAA) closure has become a valid alternative to anticoagulation therapy for the prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, scarce data exist on the impact of LAA closure on left atrial and ventricular function. We sought to assess the acute hemodynamic changes associated with percutaneous LAA closure in patients with paroxysmal AF.

Methods

The study population consisted of 31 patients (mean age 73?±?10 years; 49% women) with paroxysmal AF who underwent successful percutaneous LAA closure. All patients were in sinus rhythm and underwent 2D transthoracic echocardiography at baseline and the day after the procedure. A subset of 14 patients underwent preprocedural cardiac computed tomography (CT) with 3D LA and LAA reconstruction.

Results

Left ventricular systolic function parameters and LA volumetric indexes remained unchanged after the procedure. No significant changes in left ventricular stroke volume (72.4?±?16.0 vs. 73.3?±?15.7 mL, p?=?0.55) or LA stroke volume (total 15.6?±?4.2 vs. 14.6?±?4.2 mL, p?=?0.21; passive 9.0?±?2.8 vs. 8.3?±?2.6 mL, p?=?0.31; active 10.3?±?5.6 vs. 10.0?±?6.4 mL, p?=?0.72) occurred following LAA closure. Mean ratio of LAA to LA volume by 3D CT was 10.2?±?2.3%. No correlation was found between LAA/LA ratio and changes in LA stroke volume (r?=?0.35, p?=?0.22) or left ventricular stroke volume (r?=?0.28, p?=?0.33).

Conclusions

The LAA accounts for about 10% of the total LA volume, but percutaneous LAA closure did not translate into any significant changes in LA and left ventricular function.

     

阵发性心房颤动患者左心耳血栓形成的相关因素

目的 应用经胸和经食管超声探讨阵发性心房颤动(paroxysmal atrial fibrillation,PAF)患者左心耳血栓形成的相关因素。方法 PAF患者212例,以左心耳内有无血栓将患者分为血栓组（44例）和无血栓组（168例）,详细记录两组患者的一般资料,经胸超声(TTE)参数:左房内径（LAD）、左房舒张末期容积(LAEDV)、左房收缩末期容积(LAESV)、左房射血分数(LAEF),经食管超声(TEE)参数:左心耳内血流速度(LAA-v)、 45°,90°,135°切面左心耳横径(LAA-W)、左心耳深度(LAA-D)。比较两组患者的各项指标差别并进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果 两组患者中性别、年龄、并发高血压病、糖尿病、高脂血症、 LAA-W及LAA-D差异均无统计学意义;患者的冠心病比例、LAD、LAEDV和LAESV血栓组大于无血栓组,LAEF及LAA-v血栓组小于无血栓组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析显示,LAEF(OR=1.163, 95%CI:1.043~1.296,P<0.01)及LAA-v(OR=29.82,95%CI:7.97~29.82,P<0.05)是血栓形成的独立危险因素。结论 PAF患者左心耳内血栓形成与LAEF及LAA-v密切相关。     

Percutaneous left atrial appendage transcatheter occlusion for patients with atrial fibrillation unable to take warfarin

Anticoagulation with warfarin for atrial fibrillation is frequently difficult. A transcatheter method to exclude the left atrial appendage from the circulation could be an advantage for selected patients. Percutaneous left atrial appendage transcatheter occlusion is a catheter-based delivery of an occlusive nitinol cage to the neck of the left atrial appendage. The device obliterates the left atrial appendage, eliminating a major source of thromboembolism. Animal studies have confirmed device coverage with an endocardial layer within 6 months and distal atrial appendage fibrosis. A standard transseptal approach from the right femoral vein is used. Patients leave the hospital within 1 day. Six-month follow-up of European and US safety and efficacy trials has shown favorable outcomes in minimizing thromboembolic events and few complications related to placement or healing of the device. Further clinical studies will be needed to establish which patients will be best treated with this device.     

Prognostic value of left atrial appendage function in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether parameters of left atrial appendage (LAA) function, assessed by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), could predict the clinical outcome in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Fifty-five patients (20 had ischemic cardiomyopathy; mean age, 56+/-14 years) who underwent TEE to evaluate LAA function from 1992 to 1996 were studied. After a mean follow-up period of 34+/-13 months, 16 patients died; the cause was cardiac in 14 and noncardiac in 2. Patients who died of cardiac cause had a lower LAA emptying velocity than survivors (38+/-18 vs 54+/-18 cm/s, p=0.01). There were, however, no significant differences between survivors and nonsurvivors with regard to the maximal LAA area (4.3+/-1.3 vs 4.5+/-0.9 cm2, p=0.55), minimal LAA area (2.4+/-1.1 vs 2.9+1.1 cm2, p=0.13), and LAA ejection fraction (46+/-16 vs 36+/-18%, p=0.05). On the Cox proportional hazards model analysis, LAA emptying velocity <50 cm/s (chi-square 5.9, p=0.02), LAA ejection fraction <43% (chi-square 5.6, p=0.02), female gender (chi-square 5.2, p=0.02), pulmonary artery wedge pressure > or =14 mmHg (chi-square 4.8, p=0.03), E/A ratio > or =1.3 (chi-square 4.6, p=0.03), deceleration time <148 ms (chi-square 4.6, p=0.03), and cardiothoracic ratio > or =54% (chi-square 4.3, p=0.04) were significantly related to cardiac death. The stepwise multivariate analysis revealed that LAA emptying velocity (chi-square 6.1, p=0.01) and gender (chi-square 5.4, p=0.02) were the independent predictors for outcome. In conclusion, the parameters of LAA function may be useful predictors of the clinical outcome in patients with DCM.