鲁非罗尼对大鼠和犬的长期毒性试验

目的:考察连续给予脯氨酰羟化酶抑制剂鲁非罗尼(LF)对实验动物的毒性反应。方法:对SD大鼠和Beagle犬连续口服给药6个月,进行常规观察并测定血清和组织中的羟脯氨酸含量。结果:IF在2500mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)剂量时使大鼠尿素氮(BUN)升高,总蛋白(TP)和白蛋白(ALB)降低,血清和肝脏羟脯氨酸含量降低,肝、肺和肾重量系数增加;50和350mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)剂量对大鼠各项指标无明显影响。LF 50,150和450mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)剂量对犬各项指标无明显影响。结论:LF安全剂量高,仅在极高剂量才引起可逆性毒性反应。     

司丙红霉素安全性药理学研究

目的:观察司丙红霉素对大鼠心血管、呼吸系统和小鼠中枢神经系统的影响。方法:健康SD大鼠分别按体重随机分为低、中、高3个剂量组和溶媒对照组。给药组分别从十二脂肠给予司丙红霉素75,150,300 mg·kg~(-1),对血压、心电图(ECG)、呼吸频率及呼吸幅度进行观察。小鼠实验分低、中、高3个剂量组及溶媒对照共4个组,分别灌胃给予司丙红霉素75,150,300 mg·kg~(-1),对动物一般活动和睡眠时间进行观察。结果:司丙红霉素300 mg·kg~(-1)剂量组使大鼠心率下降,对舒张压、收缩压、ECG之QRS时间、ST段、T波、QT间期、呼吸频率及呼吸幅度无明显的影响;对小鼠一般活动和睡眠时间无明显影响。75,150 mg·kg~(-1)剂量组对大鼠、小鼠各项指标无明显影响。结论:司丙红霉素300 mg·kg~(-1)对心血管系统有一定影响,可使大鼠心率下降。     

一类新药尖吻蝮蛇凝血酶对SD大鼠生育力和早期胚胎发育的影响

目的观察尖吻蝮蛇凝血酶对SD大鼠生育力与早期胚胎发育的影响,为临床用药提供依据。方法对雌雄动物由交配前到交配期直至胚胎着床,经静脉注射给予不同剂量尖吻蝮蛇凝血酶(0.1、0.2、0.4 U·kg~(-1))。结果尖吻蝮蛇凝血酶对雌性、雄性SD大鼠生育力与早期胚胎发育无明显毒性和干扰作用。结论尖吻蝮蛇凝血酶SD大鼠生育力与早期胚胎发育毒性试验的安全剂量为0.4 U·kg~(-1)。     

国产尼美舒利的药效学研究

本文研究了国产尼美舒利在小鼠、大鼠及家兔体内的抗炎、镇痛和解热作用.结果表明.尼美舒利抑制巴豆油致小鼠耳廓肿胀(ED_(50)为49.2mg·kg~(-1));抑制角叉菜胶致大鼠足肿(ED_(50)为2.75mg·kg(-1));0.6mg·kg~(-1)剂量对大鼠佐剂关节炎有显著预防和治疗作用。100mg·kg~(-1)对小鼠醋酸扭体法的抑制率为68％;对热板法致痛的痛阈提高率为55％。ip给药对蛋白胨致家兔发热的解热作用.其最小有效剂量为2mg·kg~(-1);5mg·kg~(-1)ig可显著降低啤酒酵母致大鼠升高的体温.证实国产尼美舒利具有很强的抗炎、镇痛和解热作用。     

商陆皂甙甲的抗炎作用

商陆皂甙甲(EsA)对多种急,慢性炎症模型有明显抑制作用,5～20mg·kg~(-1)EsAip明显抑制乙酸提高小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性作用,也显著抑制二甲笨引起小鼠耳壳肿胀,5～30 mg·kg~(-1)EsA ip对大鼠足跖注射角叉菜胶引起肿胀有显著的抑制作用,作用持续5h以上,5mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)EsA ip连续7d,显示很强的抑制肉茅增生作用,且显著减轻胸腺重量,但对肾上腺重量无明显影响.EsA对摘除肾上腺的大鼠足跖注射角叉菜胶仍有明显抑制作用,提示其抗炎作用不通过垂体—肾上腺皮质系统。     

氢溴酸高乌甲素量—效关系的实验研究

<正> 高乌甲素(拉帕乌头碱Lappaconitine)是从毛莨科乌头属植物(Aconiton sinomontanum Nakai)分离得到的一种二(竹帖)类生物碱。我们对该药的临床有效剂量和毒性及与扑热息痛的协同作用进行了实验,以期给临床推荐安全有效的给药剂量。实验使用昆明种小鼠,兼用,采用两种给药途径(po.iv),按Bliss法计算小鼠poLD_(50)为28.61mg·kg~(-1)(可信限25.07～32.65),iv LD_(50)8.59mg·kg~(-1)(8.04～9.09)。按Bliss法计算,小鼠扭体镇痛法测得高乌甲素ivED_(99)为4.75mg·kg~(-1)(3.92～5.75),ED_(50)为3.5mg·kg~(-1)(3.30～3.71),ED_1为2.57mg·kg~(-1)(2.16～3.08)。换算成相应人的剂量分别为23.32,17.18,13.18 1/60mg·kg~(-1).poED_(90)为16.40mg·kg~(-1)(13.79～23.32).ED_(50)为11.40mg·     

SD大鼠单次及重复28天给予尿素毒性研究

目的：开展SD大鼠在单次及重复28天经口给予尿素的毒性研究,评价其毒性风险。方法：以尿素为受试物,分别采用单次和重复28天给予2种给药方案。单次给药毒性试验中,将20只SD大鼠分为对照组(给予去离子水)和给药组(给予尿素,10000 mg·kg^-1),受试物经口灌胃给予,之后连续观察临床症状并测定体重,给予尿素后第15天进行大体病理学检查。重复28天给药毒性试验将80只SD大鼠分为4个剂量组,即对照组(给予去离子水)、100 mg·kg^-1组、300 mg·kg^-1组和1000 mg·kg^-1组,每组 20只。连续28天经口灌胃给予受试物,观察动物临床症状,定期测定体重及摄食量。末次给药前进行眼科学检查和尿生化检测;末次给药结束后进行血液学、血液凝固和血清生化学检测,采集脏器称重并进行组织病理学检查。结果：试验期间,所有给药组动物在给药后观察期内均未见异常临床症状。连续给予尿素28天后,给药组动物体重、摄食量与同期对照组比较均未见显著统计学差异(P＞0.05),各项血液学检测、血液凝固和血清生化学检测,所有称重的组织脏器与同性别对照组动物比较均未见显著性差异(P＞0.05),且眼科学检查未见异常,对照组和给药组所有动物的主要组织器官的病理学检查均未见异常。但给予尿素可导致动物尿液中尿蛋白含量升高(P＜0.01)、尿颜色加深(P＜0.01)和尿比重升高 (300 mg·kg^-1组与对照组相比,P＜0.05;1000 mg·kg^-1组与对照组相比,P＜0.01),该现象与给药组动物体内大量尿素经肾脏代谢有关。结论：本研究单次经口给予尿素后未见动物死亡,认为其半数致死率的剂量在10000 mg·kg^-1以上。大鼠对尿素的最大耐受剂量和未见毒性反应剂量均为1000 mg·kg-1。     

胸腺因子D对老龄大鼠垂体-甲状腺轴内分泌激素的影响

目的　探讨胸腺因子 D对垂体 -甲状腺轴内分泌衰老的延缓作用。 方法 　雌、雄 2 1月老龄 SD大鼠各随机分成两组 ,一组隔口背部皮下注射胸腺因子 D2 mg· kg- 1 ,另一组及 6月青龄雌、雄对照组注射等量生理盐水 ,连续处理 3个月后 ,用放射免疫法测定腺垂体组织、血清 TSH和血清 FT4 、FT3。结果 　腺垂体组织中 TSH在雌、雄大鼠各组间均无差异。雌性老年组血清 FT3低于青龄对照组 ,但无统计意义 ;雄性老年组血清 TSH高于青龄对照组 (P=0 .0 99) ,血清 FT4 和 FT3明显低于青龄对照组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,给药后 ,上述老年性改变可得到逆转 ,使其水平更接近青龄对照组水平。 结论 　胸腺因子 D可逆转老龄大鼠垂体 -甲状腺轴分泌激素的老龄性改变 ,从而延缓衰老。     

胸腺因子D对老龄大鼠生长激素的影响

目的 　探讨胸腺因子 D对垂体 -甲状腺轴内分泌衰老的延缓作用。方法 　雌、雄 2 1月老龄 SD大鼠各随机分成两组 ,一组隔日背部皮下注射胸腺因子 D 2 mg· kg- 1 ,另一组及 6月青龄雌、雄对照组注射等量生理盐水 ,连续处理 3个月后 ,用放射免疫法测定腺垂体组织、血清 TSH和血清 FT4、FT3。结果 　腺垂体组织中 TSH在雌、雄大鼠各组间均无差异。雌性老年组血清 FT3低于青龄对照组 ,但无统计意义 ;雄性老年组血清 TSH高于青龄对照组 (P=0 .0 99) ,血清 FT4和 FT3明显低于青龄对照组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,给药后 ,上述老年性改变可得到逆转 ,使其水平更接近青龄对照组水平。 结论 　胸腺因子 D可逆转老龄大鼠垂体 -甲状腺轴内分泌激素的老龄性改变 ,从而延缓衰老。     

RNAⅢ抑制肽的急性毒性和全身主动过敏实验

摘要：目的:观察RNAⅢ抑制肽衍生物RIP1183对SD大鼠、Beagle犬的急性毒性反应和对豚鼠过敏反应。方法:SD大鼠和Beagle犬随机分为RIP1183给药组和对照组。SD大鼠尾静脉注射RIP1183,单次剂量为50 mg·kg-1,间隔4～5 h,连续2次总剂量为100 mg·kg-1,对照组给予等体积的0.9%氯化钠注射液,给药后连续14 d观察RIP1183对大鼠的毒性作用。Beagle犬静脉注射RIP1183,最大给药剂量为50 mg·kg-1,对照组给予等体积的0.9%氯化钠注射液,给药后连续14 d观察RIP1183对Beagle犬的体质量、体温、摄食量、血清生化指标、血液学指标、眼科检查和心电图的影响。采用豚鼠全身主动过敏实验,Hartley豚鼠随机分为阴性对照组（0.9%氯化钠注射液）、阳性对照组（牛血清白蛋白V）、RIP1183低(9.3 mg·kg-1、高(18.6 mg·kg-1)剂量组,每组6只。动物致敏腹腔注射给药3次,激发静脉注射给药2次,激发给药后观察动物是否出现过敏反应。结果:给予RIP1183后,SD大鼠外观、行为活动、饮食等均未见明显异常,体质量增长正常,结束时全部存活,大体解剖未见肉眼可见变化。Beagle犬给药后,其体质量、体温和摄食量与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,其他各项指标均无异常。阳性对照组豚鼠在激发后出现过敏症状,RIP1183各剂量组豚鼠激发后未见明显异常和过敏反应症状。结论:SD大鼠和Beagle犬分别静脉给予100 mg·kg-1和50 mg·kg-1?RIP1183后均无异常反应亦无死亡;豚鼠的RIP1183过敏反应为阴性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.