立体定向穿刺引流联合伽玛刀治疗囊性脑转移瘤

目的 探讨立体定向穿刺引流联合伽玛刀治疗颅内囊性转移瘤的临床效果。方法 本组21例囊性脑转移瘤患者,男16例,女5例,平均年龄64.5岁（45～78岁）;囊性转移病灶数目为单个19例,2个2例;病灶平均直径36 mm。卡氏（KPS）评分≥50分。采用CT定位导向穿刺引流囊液后,再用MASEP-SRRS旋转式伽玛刀进行伽玛刀治疗,覆盖病灶边缘等剂量曲线为40%～65%,平均50%;边缘剂量16～22 Gy,平均19.5 Gy。结果 治疗后1～3个月（平均2.3月）行CT或MRI检查,肿瘤完全消失12个病灶,缩小〉50%9个病灶,肿瘤实质变化〈10%及增大各1个病灶。病灶周围脑坏死及脑水肿各1例,未见其他严重并发症。局部肿瘤控制率为95.7%（22/23）。临床随访6～36个月,平均23.5月,症状明显改善18例,无改善2例,加重1例。半年生存率90.5%（19/21）,1年生存率62.5%（10/16）,2年生存率25%（3/12）,3年以上存活1例。中位生存期14.1月。结论 立体定向穿刺引流联合伽玛刀是颅内囊性转移瘤理想的微侵袭治疗方法。     

X刀在肺癌脑转移瘤治疗中的作用

目的 探讨X刀在肺癌脑转移瘤常规放射治疗中的价值。方法 在2种预后因素（疗前KPS评分及有无远处转移）相同或相似的条件下,配对选择两组各50例,单纯放疗组采用全脑照射30～40Gy/3～4周;X刀联合放疗组中,X刀采用单次照射27例,平均处方剂量14.2Gy,分次照射23例,5～10Gy/次,每周3次,总量达15～30Gy。结果 X刀联合放疗组与单纯放疗组比较：中位生存期分别为16.4、10个月（P=0.0064）;2年局部控制率分别为88%（44/50）、44%（22/50）（χ^2=21.569,P=0.000）;治疗后1～3个月头部CT、MRI示有效率分别为87.5%（35/40）、52.2%（24/46）（χ^2=16.497,P=0.001）。死因分析,X刀联合放疗组死于脑转移的比例为11.9%（5/42）,比单纯放疗组（55.6%,25/45）低（χ^2=25.908,P=0.000）。而两组放射并发症发生率相似[8%（4/50）和4%（2/50）,χ^2=0.709,P=0.400]。结论 X刀与常规放疗结合治疗脑转移瘤,疗效优于单纯常规放疗。     

手术合并放化疗对脑转移瘤的疗效分析

目的探讨脑转移瘤的不同治疗方法及疗效分析。方法回顾性分析76例脑转移瘤患者临床资料,其中37例患者行单纯手术治疗,39例患者手术后辅以放化疗,术后随访2年。结果单纯手术组患者生存情况:生存时间3个月7例,3～6个月12例,6～12个月16例,12～24个月2例,24个月0例。6、12、24个月生存率分别为48.6%、5.4%、0.0%,中位生存期为6个月;手术合并放化疗组生存情况:生存时间3个月5例,3～6个月6例,6～12个月10例,12～24个月11例,24个月7例。6、12、24个月生存率分别为71.8%、48.7%、17.9%,中位生存期为11个月。结论对于有适应证的脑转移瘤患者应积极手术治疗,并辅助以放化疗,以延长生存期。     

非小细胞肺癌合并孤立性脑转移的临床治疗

目的 观察非小细胞肺癌合并孤立性脑转移原发病灶切除及脑转移灶的处理的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析非小细胞肺癌合并孤立性脑转移临床治疗37例的临床资料,其中接受开颅显微手术切除脑转移瘤加肺部原发灶的根治性切除治疗21例;接受γ-刀照射脑转移瘤加肺部原发灶根治性切除治疗16例.观察治疗后的中位生存时间和1年生存率情况.结果 中位随访时间20个月(18～26个月).显微手术切除治疗和γ-刀照射治疗的中位生存时间分别为11.8个月和12.6个月,1年生存率分别为57.14%(12/21)和56.25%(9/16).结论 对于非小细胞肺癌合并孤立性脑转移灶的病例应采取手术处理;至于脑部转移灶的处理,γ-刀的使用具有创伤小、疗程短的优越性.     

非小细胞肺癌合并孤立性脑转移的临床治疗

目的 观察非小细胞肺癌合并孤立性脑转移原发病灶切除及脑转移灶的处理的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析非小细胞肺癌合并孤立性脑转移临床治疗37例的临床资料,其中接受开颅显微手术切除脑转移瘤加肺部原发灶的根治性切除治疗21例;接受γ-刀照射脑转移瘤加肺部原发灶根治性切除治疗16例.观察治疗后的中位生存时间和1年生存率情况.结果 中位随访时间20个月(18～26个月).显微手术切除治疗和γ-刀照射治疗的中位生存时间分别为11.8个月和12.6个月,1年生存率分别为57.14%(12/21)和56.25%(9/16).结论 对于非小细胞肺癌合并孤立性脑转移灶的病例应采取手术处理;至于脑部转移灶的处理,γ-刀的使用具有创伤小、疗程短的优越性.     

非小细胞肺癌合并孤立性脑转移的临床治疗

目的 观察非小细胞肺癌合并孤立性脑转移原发病灶切除及脑转移灶的处理的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析非小细胞肺癌合并孤立性脑转移临床治疗37例的临床资料,其中接受开颅显微手术切除脑转移瘤加肺部原发灶的根治性切除治疗21例;接受γ-刀照射脑转移瘤加肺部原发灶根治性切除治疗16例.观察治疗后的中位生存时间和1年生存率情况.结果 中位随访时间20个月(18～26个月).显微手术切除治疗和γ-刀照射治疗的中位生存时间分别为11.8个月和12.6个月,1年生存率分别为57.14%(12/21)和56.25%(9/16).结论 对于非小细胞肺癌合并孤立性脑转移灶的病例应采取手术处理;至于脑部转移灶的处理,γ-刀的使用具有创伤小、疗程短的优越性.     

非小细胞肺癌合并孤立性脑转移的临床治疗

目的 观察非小细胞肺癌合并孤立性脑转移原发病灶切除及脑转移灶的处理的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析非小细胞肺癌合并孤立性脑转移临床治疗37例的临床资料,其中接受开颅显微手术切除脑转移瘤加肺部原发灶的根治性切除治疗21例;接受γ-刀照射脑转移瘤加肺部原发灶根治性切除治疗16例.观察治疗后的中位生存时间和1年生存率情况.结果 中位随访时间20个月(18～26个月).显微手术切除治疗和γ-刀照射治疗的中位生存时间分别为11.8个月和12.6个月,1年生存率分别为57.14%(12/21)和56.25%(9/16).结论 对于非小细胞肺癌合并孤立性脑转移灶的病例应采取手术处理;至于脑部转移灶的处理,γ-刀的使用具有创伤小、疗程短的优越性.     

非小细胞肺癌合并孤立性脑转移的临床治疗

目的 观察非小细胞肺癌合并孤立性脑转移原发病灶切除及脑转移灶的处理的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析非小细胞肺癌合并孤立性脑转移临床治疗37例的临床资料,其中接受开颅显微手术切除脑转移瘤加肺部原发灶的根治性切除治疗21例;接受γ-刀照射脑转移瘤加肺部原发灶根治性切除治疗16例.观察治疗后的中位生存时间和1年生存率情况.结果 中位随访时间20个月(18～26个月).显微手术切除治疗和γ-刀照射治疗的中位生存时间分别为11.8个月和12.6个月,1年生存率分别为57.14%(12/21)和56.25%(9/16).结论 对于非小细胞肺癌合并孤立性脑转移灶的病例应采取手术处理;至于脑部转移灶的处理,γ-刀的使用具有创伤小、疗程短的优越性.     

非小细胞肺癌合并孤立性脑转移的临床治疗

目的 观察非小细胞肺癌合并孤立性脑转移原发病灶切除及脑转移灶的处理的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析非小细胞肺癌合并孤立性脑转移临床治疗37例的临床资料,其中接受开颅显微手术切除脑转移瘤加肺部原发灶的根治性切除治疗21例;接受γ-刀照射脑转移瘤加肺部原发灶根治性切除治疗16例.观察治疗后的中位生存时间和1年生存率情况.结果 中位随访时间20个月(18～26个月).显微手术切除治疗和γ-刀照射治疗的中位生存时间分别为11.8个月和12.6个月,1年生存率分别为57.14%(12/21)和56.25%(9/16).结论 对于非小细胞肺癌合并孤立性脑转移灶的病例应采取手术处理;至于脑部转移灶的处理,γ-刀的使用具有创伤小、疗程短的优越性.     

非小细胞肺癌合并孤立性脑转移的临床治疗

目的 观察非小细胞肺癌合并孤立性脑转移原发病灶切除及脑转移灶的处理的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析非小细胞肺癌合并孤立性脑转移临床治疗37例的临床资料,其中接受开颅显微手术切除脑转移瘤加肺部原发灶的根治性切除治疗21例;接受γ-刀照射脑转移瘤加肺部原发灶根治性切除治疗16例.观察治疗后的中位生存时间和1年生存率情况.结果 中位随访时间20个月(18～26个月).显微手术切除治疗和γ-刀照射治疗的中位生存时间分别为11.8个月和12.6个月,1年生存率分别为57.14%(12/21)和56.25%(9/16).结论 对于非小细胞肺癌合并孤立性脑转移灶的病例应采取手术处理;至于脑部转移灶的处理,γ-刀的使用具有创伤小、疗程短的优越性.     

Stereotactic interstitial radiosurgery for cerebral metastases

OBJECT: The Photon Radiosurgery System (PRS) is a miniature x-ray generator that can stereotactically irradiate intracranial tumors by using low-energy photons. Treatment with the PRS typically occurs in conjunction with stereotactic biopsy, thereby providing diagnosis and treatment in one procedure. The authors review the treatment of patients with brain metastases with the aid of the PRS and discuss the indications, advantages, and limitations of this technique. METHODS: Clinical characteristics, treatment parameters, neuroimaging-confirmed outcome, and survival were reviewed in all patients with histologically verified brain metastases who were treated with the PRS at the Massachusetts General Hospital between December 1992 and November 2000. Local control of lesions was defined as either stabilization or diminution in the size of the treated tumor as confirmed by Gd-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Between December 1992 and November 2000, 72 intracranial metastatic lesions in 60 patients were treated with the PRS. Primary tumors included lung (33 patients), melanoma (15 patients), renal cell (five patients), breast (two patients), esophageal (two patients), colon (one patient), and Merkle cell (one patient) cancers, and malignant fibrous histiocytoma (one patient). Supratentorial metastases were distributed throughout the cerebrum, with only one cerebellar metastasis. The lesions ranged in diameter from 6 to 40 mm and were treated with a minimal peripheral dose of 16 Gy (range 10-20 Gy). At the last follow-up examination (median 6 months), local disease control had been achieved in 48 (81%) of 59 tumors. An actuarial analysis demonstrated that the survival rates at 6 and 12 months were 63 and 34%, respectively. Patients with a single brain metastasis survived a mean of 11 months. Complications included four patients with postoperative seizures, three with symptomatic cerebral edema, two with hemorrhagic events, and three with symptomatic radiation necrosis requiring surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Stereotactic interstitial radiosurgery performed using the PRS can obtain local control of cerebral metastases at rates that are comparable to those achieved through open resection and external stereotactic radiosurgery. The major advantage of using the PRS is that effective treatment can be accomplished at the time of stereotactic biopsy.     

Role of stereotactic radiosurgery as a primary treatment option in the management of newly diagnosed multiple (3-6) intracranial metastases

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the role of stereotactic radiosurgery in the management of newly diagnosed multiple intracranial metastases from known primary cancer locations. METHODS: Fifty (29 women and 21 men) patients received radiosurgery for newly diagnosed 3 or more metastatic brain tumors. Their mean age was 53 years. Lung cancer was the most common primary cancer (66%). RESULTS: Arrest in the growth of irradiated tumors was achieved in 41 (82%) patients. Eight patients (16%) required further intervention for tumors in other brain locations. Mean survival after diagnosis of brain disease was 12 months and the brain disease-controlled period was 19 months. The period of brain disease control prolonged (P=.03) with decreasing tumor volumes (<10 mL). Control of treated tumors positively affected survival after diagnosis of brain disease (P=.0001). CONCLUSION: Radiosurgery as an adjuvant improves survival in patients with cancer who have newly diagnosed multiple intracranial metastases by arresting the growth of tumors.     

Stereotactic radiosurgery for brainstem metastases.

OBJECT: Brainstem metastases portend a dismal prognosis. Surgical resection is not part of routine management and radiation therapy has offered little clinical benefit. Radiosurgery provides a safe and effective treatment for many patients with brain metastasis, but its role in the brainstem has not been evaluated. In this study the authors examine the role of radiosurgery in the treatment of brainstem metastases. METHODS: The authors reviewed the outcomes after stereotactic radiosurgery in 26 patients with 27 brainstem metastases. Tumor locations included the pons (21 tumors) and midbrain (six tumors): 14 patients had additional tumors in other locations. Twenty patients presented with brainstem signs. The median dose to the tumor margin was 16 Gy (range 12-20 Gy). Twenty-four patients received fractionated whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) and 12 underwent additional chemotherapy or immunotherapy. The median follow-up time in these patients was 9.5 months (range 1-43 months). After radiosurgery, the local control rate in brainstem tumors was 95%. In one patient in whom the tumor initially decreased in size, tumor enlargement was seen 7 months later. The median survival time was 11 months after diagnosis and 9 months after radiosurgery. Thirteen patients improved, 10 were stable, and three deteriorated. Eventually, 22 patients died, 18 of progression of their extracranial disease, three of new tumor growth (including one hemorrhage into a new brain metastasis), and one of extracranial disease plus new brain tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS: Although they have slightly lower than the expected survival rates of patients with nonbrainstem tumors, patients with brainstem metastases may achieve effective palliation after stereotactic radiosurgery and WBRT.     

伽玛刀治疗原发性三叉神经痛的临床研究

目的探讨伽玛刀(γ刀)立体定向放射外科治疗原发性三叉神经痛(trigeminal neuralgia,TN)的方法和疗效。方法对49例TN患者采用磁共振扫描、Gamma 2TPS系统定位、剂量规划后,采用OUR-XGDγ刀行三叉神经痛立体定向放射外科治疗。治疗靶点位于三叉神经根近脑干侧,其中44例采用双4 mm准直器,另外5例采用单4 mm准直器,放射中心剂量为60~80 Gy,平均(71.7±9.3)Gy。结果经3~36月随访观察,平均(26.0±7.3)月。依据Brisman三叉神经疼痛治疗的判定标准:治愈28例(57.1%),显效11例(22.4%),有效7例(14.3%),无效3例(6.1%),总有效率达93.9%,未见明显不良反应。结论γ刀治疗TN总体安全有效,适用于临床推广。     

Boost radiosurgery for treatment of brain metastases after surgical resections

BACKGROUND: We evaluated results of resection surgery followed by boost radiosurgery for the treatment of brain metastases. METHODS: We treated 21 patients (13 male, 8 female) with surgical resection (subtotal or total) followed by boost radiosurgery. The mean patient age was 61 years (range, 41-80 years); supratentorial lesions were treated in 12 patients, and posterior fossa lesions were treated in 9 patients. The most common primary cancers were lung (24%) and colon (24%). Fifty-three percent of patients had brain metastases only, whereas 47% had extracranial metastases. The radiosurgery dose plan was designed to radiate the operative cavity; the mean treatment volume (50% isodose) was 10.7 mL (range, 3.4-23.3 mL), and the mean marginal dose was 17 Gy (range, 13-20 Gy). RESULTS: Local control was achieved in 16 (76%) patients. However, new intracranial lesions developed in 10 patients, and meningeal carcinomatosis occurred in 5 patients. Local tumor recurrence occurred more often for patients treated with lower radiotherapy doses (<18 vs > or =18 Gy, P = .03), and meningeal carcinomatosis occurred more often in patients with posterior fossa lesions (P = 0.05). Gamma knife radiosurgery was performed in 13 patients, and whole-brain radiation was performed in 2 patients. No patients experienced symptomatic radiation injury, and the median survival time was 20 months. CONCLUSIONS: Although boost radiosurgery is less invasive and reduces morbidity, the radiosurgical dose must be higher than 18 Gy for the treatment to be most effective. Treatment of lesions of the posterior fossa must be considered carefully because of the higher frequency of meningeal carcinomatosis. Also, we recommend that the surgeons who operate on the metastatic tumors must try to decrease the resected cavity volume and to prevent cerebrospinal fluid dissemination at the operation for posterior fossa lesions.     

Brain tumors with cysts treated with Gamma Knife radiosurgery: is microsurgery indicated?

Cysts, which are not uncommonly associated with brain tumors, may be responsible for neurological dysfunction. Stereotactic aspiration of such lesions can lead to clinical improvement, but cyst recurrence is common and multiple aspirations may be necessary. Thirteen cases of brain tumors with cystic components were treated by radiosurgery with follow-up of 5-29 months (median 14 months). The tumor diagnoses were three cystic craniopharyngiomas, two brain stem cystic astrocytomas, two cystic cerebellar astrocytomas, one cerebellar hemangioblastoma, one ganglioglioma, one fourth ventricle tumor, one cerebellopontine angle pilocytic astrocytoma, one metastasis from lung cancer and one glioblastoma. The dose at the tumor margin ranged between 10 and 20.5 Gy (mean 15.5 Gy) and the maximum dose ranged between 18 and 45 Gy (mean 32.3 Gy). In 11 of these cases the cystic component recurred in spite of a decrease in the size of the solid tumor component. An Ommaya reservoir was inserted in six cases, stereotactic aspiration was performed in two cases, microsurgery was undertaken in two cases after 2-8 months (mean 4.8 months) and one patient refused further treatment. Multiple aspirations through the Ommaya reservoir were performed in the outpatients on the two patients who required them. It may be appropriate to be cautious in advising radiosurgery for intracranial tumors with a significant cystic component. Microsurgery if possible may be preferable in this situation.     

The role of cyberknife radiosurgery/radiotherapy for brain metastases of multiple or large-size tumors.

OBJECTIVE: Focused, highly targeted radiosurgery and fractionated radiotherapy using the Cyberknife are useful treatments for multiple or large metastases. Here we present our results of Cyberknife radiosurgery for 71 patients with 148 metastatic brain lesions. METHODS: There were 32 women and 39 men with a median age of 63 (range: 30-88) years. Radiographic follow-up was available for 60 patients with 104 lesions. The mean and median initial volumes of the tumor per lesion were 6.6 and 2.9 cm(3) (range: 0.1-53.2 cm(3)), respectively, at the time of the initial Cyberknife treatment. Forty patients (56%) had a single lesion, and 31 (44%) had multiple lesions (range: 2-7) at initial treatment. The number of fractions ranged from 1 to 3, and forty (27%) of 148 lesions were treated by a fractionated course of Cyberknife therapy. The mean marginal dose was 20.2 Gy (range 7.8-30.1 Gy, median: 20.7 Gy). RESULTS: At 44 weeks of median follow-up, there were no permanent symptoms resulting from radiation necrosis. Overall 6-month and 1-year survival rates were 74% and 47%, respectively, and the median survival time was 56 weeks. The Karnofsky performance score and extracranial metastasis were significant prognostic factors at 6 months and 1 year, respectively, in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Age or multiple metastases did not influence prognosis at 6 months and 1 year. Local control was achieved in 83% (86 lesions). After additional radiosurgical or surgical salvage, no patient died as a result of intracranial disease. Twenty-five patients developed 92 new metastases (range 1-13) outside of the treated lesions with 22.4 weeks of median follow-up. Among them, 21 patients (84 lesions) were treated by salvage Cyberknife. CONCLUSION: Despite the inclusion of an unfavorable group of patients with large tumors, our results for survival and tumor control rates are comparable to those of published series. The Cyberknife provides the advantage of allowing for fractionated treatment to multiple or large-size tumors.     

Stereotactic radiosurgery for locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Stereotactic radiosurgery has been used to treat intracranial tumors. Recently, it has also been used for the treatment of head and neck tumors involving the base of skull, including recurrent NPC. METHODS: From October 1994 to April 1999, 36 patients with recurrent NPC, were retreated by stereotactic radiosurgery. These patients received radiosurgery as a boost treatment after reirradiation for recurrence. The external RT dose ranged from 20 to 60 Gy. The tumor volume ranged from 3.58 to 24.6 cc. The target surface dose ranged from 8 to 20 Gy. The median follow-up was 22.1 months. RESULTS: The 3-year local control rate was 56%. The 5-year overall survival was 49%. Persistence after radiosurgery had a worse survival than those who had secondary recurrence. Age and gender were marginally significant. No patient had new severe complications after retreatment. Four patients (11%) had nasopharyngeal necrosis after radiosurgery, none had nasal bleeding or headache, but a foul odor was present in one patient. CONCLUSIONS: Conformal radiotherapy and stereotactic radiotherapy provide good local control and survival without severe complications for patients with recurrent NPC.     

Stereotactic interstitial radiosurgery with a miniature X-ray device in the minimally invasive treatment of selected tumors in the thalamus and the basal Ganglia

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of interstitial radiosurgery (IR) using the photon radiosurgery system (PRS) in the treatment of selected tumors within the thalamus and the basal ganglia. The PRS is a miniature X-ray generator that was developed for interstitial irradiation. This series included 14 patients (5 with glioblastomas, 4 with low-grade astrocytomas and 5 with metastases) harboring spheroidal lesions with dimensions ranging from 13 to 42 mm (mean 30 mm). After stereotactic biopsy, a radiation dose ranging from 6 to 15.4 Gy (mean 11.3 Gy) was delivered at the target volume margins. Follow-up varied from 3 to 26 months (mean 10.2 months). In the group of glioblastomas, 3 patients died (3-12 months after the procedure) because of tumor progression, while the remaining had tumor control. Two patients with metastases died from systemic disease (4-9 months after the treatment), and 3 were alive and well at the end of the study. Local control was achieved in all metastases. Patients with low-grade astrocytomas were well and imaging studies showed tumor control PRS IR is a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of selected glial or secondary brain tumors. Compared to conventional radiosurgery (brachytherapy and external radiosurgery), PRS IR presents dose delivery characteristics useful for the treatment of tumors in the thalamus and basal ganglia, without inconveniences such as handling radioisotopes, the need of expensive facilities and radiation protection measures. Although the clinical value needs further investigations, PRS IR seems to be effective in metastases while it provides less benefit in malignant gliomas. PRS IR could have a major role in the treatment of low-grade astrocytomas.