鼻内窥镜下修补脑脊液鼻漏

目的探讨经鼻内窥镜修补脑脊液鼻漏的方法和疗效。方法于2004年5月～10月间应用鼻内窥镜处理脑脊液鼻漏3例：寻找到瘘孔后，利用肌浆填补法修补瘘孔，其中采用Messerklinger入路处理额窦、筛顶鼻漏各1例，Wigand入路处理蝶窦鼻漏1例。结果全部病例均一次手术修补成功，随访半年无复发。结论在鼻内窥镜下寻找瘘孔，利用肌肉组织和筋膜修补脑脊液鼻漏可取得较好的疗效。     

鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补及围手术期处理

目的 探讨鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补技巧及围手术期处理经验.方法 回顾性分析2005年4月～2011年1月脑脊液鼻漏26例,包括头部外伤12例,鼻息肉及筛窦囊肿手术误损伤颅底4例,鼻-颅底肿瘤切除6例,颅内手术颅底损伤3例,自发性1例.均在鼻内镜下用股外侧肌肌浆和阔筋膜修补,术后给予抗生素及降颅压等治疗.结果 随访6～24个月,平均10个月,23例一次修补成功,2例经二次修补成功,1例失败,总治愈率96％ (25/26).结论 鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏的修补手术应重视手术时机的选择以及围手术期管理和治疗,减少并发症发生,提高治愈率.     

经鼻内镜脑脊液鼻漏修补术

目的探讨鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术的手术方法和治疗效果。方法2002年6月~2007年5月,对自发性脑脊液鼻漏14例和外伤性(包括医源性)脑脊液鼻漏28例,依据缺损部位位于额隐窝、筛顶及筛板、蝶窦顶或侧壁,在鼻内镜下采用不同方式显露漏口,修补材料包括鼻腔黏膜、颞肌肌筋膜、脂肪,修补物放置方法采用多层内置、外置或"浴缸塞"法。结果1次手术成功34例,首次成功率81.0%,2次成功4例,3次成功4例。首次修补成功率漏口≥10mm者(53.8%,7/13)明显低于漏口<10mm者(93.1%,27/29)(χ2=6.606,P=0.010)。术后并发症2例,1例为颅内感染,1例为脑积水,均治愈出院。42例随访6~36个月(平均14个月),无复发。结论鼻内镜下脑脊液鼻漏修补术是一种安全、有效和微创的手术方式,但并发症的预防和控制不容忽视。漏口大小对手术效果有影响,较大漏口(≥10mm)宜结合使用自体脂肪组织进行修补。     

急性外伤性脑脊液鼻漏、耳漏合并颅内血肿的手术治疗

目的总结颅底骨折所致急性脑脊液鼻漏、耳漏合并颅内血肿的手术治疗效果. 方法对37例患者进行手术治疗,在清除颅内血肿的同时行硬脑膜修补,骨蜡、肌肉组织填塞颅底骨折缝隙、额窦、乳突气房,硬脑膜漏口及颅底骨折均用EC耳脑胶粘合以加固修补. 结果术后33例脑脊液漏一次性治愈;1例鼻漏患者术后15 d漏液,经再次修补治愈;1例颅内感染(脑膜炎),经腰穿鞘内注射噻吗灵治愈;2例直接死于颅脑损伤. 结论急性外伤性脑脊液鼻漏、耳漏合并颅内血肿有手术指征者,血肿清除后应在硬脑膜水平进行漏口修补,同时将颅底骨折缝隙、破裂的额窦、乳突、筛板严密封闭,可有效预防术后颅内感染.     

EC耳脑胶修补外伤脑脊液鼻漏临床分析

目的总结EC耳脑胶在脑脊液鼻漏中的应用效果。方法对15例外伤性脑脊液鼻漏患者采用额底硬膜外入路,EC胶自体组织粘贴术,术前行颅底CT三维成形进行漏口定位。结果本组术后14例痊愈,1例术后1月发生脑积水,行脑室腹腔分流后痊愈。均获随访,时间3月～1年,无复发。结论应用EC耳脑胶修补外伤脑脊液鼻漏具有简便、安全、成功率高的特点,值得推广使用。     

Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery: Advantages,Limitations, and Our Techniques to Overcome Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage: Technical Note

In recent years, resections of midline skull base tumors have been conducted using endoscopic endonasal skull base (EESB) approaches. Nevertheless, many surgeons reported that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage is still a major complication of these approaches. Here, we report the results of our 42 EESB surgeries and discuss the advantages and limits of this approach for resecting various types of tumors, and also report our technique to overcome CSF leakage. All 42 cases involved midline skull base tumors resected using the EESB technique. Dural incisions were closed using nasoseptal flaps and fascia patch inlay sutures. Total removal of the tumor was accomplished in seven pituitary adenomas (33.3%), five craniopharyngiomas (62.5%), five tuberculum sellae meningiomas (83.3%), three clival chordomas (100%), and one suprasellar ependymoma. Residual regions included the cavernous sinus, the outside of the intracranial part of the internal carotid artery, the lower lateral part of the posterior clivus, and the posterior pituitary stalk. Overall incidence of CSF leakage was 7.1%. Even though the versatility of the approach is limited, EESB surgery has many advantages compared to the transcranial approach for managing mid-line skull base lesions. To avoid CSF leakage, surgeons should have skills and techniques for complete closure, including use of the nasoseptal flap and fascia patch inlay techniques.     

Cisternography in Combination with Single Photon Emission Tomography for the Detection of the Leakage site in Patients with Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea: Preliminary Report

Summary  The site of leakage in a patients with rhinorrhea of various origin may be difficult to identify. The aim of our paper is to evaluate the contribution of cisternography in combination with single photon emission tomography (SPECT) to identify the fistulous track. From 1/1/1992 to 30/11/1997 we studied 20 patients with rhinorrhea posing a challanging diagnostic problem as to identification of the leakage site. Two mls of Indium DTPA (In 111) were injected into the subarachnoid space by the lumbar route. The tracer was followed by planar scintigraphy until it reached the cranial base and subsequently the SPECT acquisition started. A fistula was demonstrated in all of our cases including patients with no active leakage at the time of examination, patients with no bone defects on thin sliced CT scanning or patients with a normal MRI. At surgery the fistulous track was confirmed in all but two cases when a bilateral fistula was operatively identified only on one side. In conclusion whenever a CT scanning fails to demonstrate significant bone defects and MRI does not localize a fistulous track, SPECT cisternography via the lumbar route proved in our experience to be a reliable examination for a precise diagnosis.     

Endoscopic Endonasal Repair of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage Caused by a Rare Traumatic Clival Fracture

An 89-year-old male presented with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea associated with head trauma sustained as a pedestrian in a traffic accident. Computed tomography (CT) showed pneumocephalus and multiple cranial bone fractures, including the clivus. Although the CSF rhinorrhea was treated conservatively for a week, clinical symptoms did not improve and surgical repair was performed. Preoperative thin-sliced bone CT and steady-state magnetic resonance images revealed a bone defect at the middle clivus and a collection of CSF fluid from the clival fistula in the sphenoid sinus. Endoscopic endonasal reconstruction was performed, and the 3-mm diameter dural tear and bone defect at the middle clivus were well visualized. The fistula was repaired using a pedicled nasoseptal mucosal flap. The CSF rhinorrhea completely disappeared as a result of the endoscopic endonasal surgery. The present report describes a rare case of CSF rhinorrhea caused by a traumatic clival fracture and surgical management by endoscopic endonasal surgery.     

Sellar Reconstruction and Rates of Delayed Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak after Endoscopic Pituitary Surgery

Objectives Delayed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks are a complication in transsphenoidal surgery, potentially causing morbidity and longer hospital stays. Sella reconstruction can limit this complication, but is it necessary in all patients? Design Retrospective review. Setting Single-surgeon team (2005–2012) addresses this trend toward graded reconstruction. Participants A total of 264 consecutive patients with pituitary adenomas underwent endoscopic transsphenoidal resections. Sellar defects sizable to accommodate a fat graft were reconstructed. Main outcomes Delayed CSF leak and autograft harvesting. Results Overall, 235 (89%) had reconstruction with autograft (abdominal fat, septal bone/cartilage) and biological glue. Delayed CSF leak was 1.9%: 1.7%, and 3.4% for reconstructed and nonreconstructed sellar defects, respectively (p = 0.44). Complications included one reoperation for leak, two developed meningitis, and autograft harvesting resulted in abdominal hematoma in 0.9% and wound infection in 0.4%. Conclusion In our patients, delayed CSF leaks likely resulted from missed intraoperative CSF leaks or postoperative changes. Universal sellar reconstruction can preemptively treat missed leaks and provide a barrier for postoperative changes. When delayed CSF leaks occurred, sellar reconstruction often allowed for conservative treatment (i.e., lumbar drain) without repeat surgery. We found universal reconstruction provides a low risk of delayed CSF leak with minimal complications.     

The Endoscopic Hemi-Transseptal Approach to the Sella Turcica: Operative Technique and Case-Control Study

Background The hemi-transeptal (Hemi-T) approach was developed to facilitate a binasal two-surgeon endoscopic approach for sellar tumors, with preservation of the nasoseptal flap and selective mobilization for reconstruction. Methods A retrospective case-control study was performed comparing the Hemi-T approach with previously used methods of sellar exposure and reconstruction. Outcome measures included operative time and postoperative nasal morbidity. Results A total of 23 patients underwent the Hemi-T approach versus 42 in whom traditional exposure was performed. Operative time was significantly shorter using the Hemi-T technique (152.6 ± 56.8 versus 205.2 ± 61.3 minutes; p = 0.001), as was the length of hospital stay (3.3 ± 1.9 versus 5.4 ± 3.6 days; p = 0.004). There was no difference in the rates of intraoperative or postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak, cartilage necrosis, septal perforation, or mucosal adhesions. Conclusion The Hemi-T approach facilitates binasal two-surgeon access to the sella without compromise of the pedicle during the extended sphenoidotomies and tumor removal. Operative time and nasal morbidity is not increased, and iatrogenic injury to the nasal cavity is minimized when a flap is not required.     

Risk Factors for Postoperative Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak after Graded Multilayer Cranial Base Repair with Suturing via the Endoscopic Endonasal Approach

This study analyzed risk factors for postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak after graded multilayer cranial base repair method with dural suturing. We performed surgery via the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) from 2012.6 to 2018.4, and those consecutive clinical data were prospectively accumulated and retrospectively analyzed. We tailored the repair method according to the intraoperative CSF leak grade. Among 388 surgeries via the EEA, there were 10 (2.6%) cases of postoperative CSF leak after graded repair with suturing. Postoperative CSF leak occurred in two of the 150 cases without intraoperative CSF leak (grade 0), one of the 104 cases with small (grade 1) intraoperative CSF leak, two of the 60 cases with moderate (grade 2) leak, and five of the 74 cases with large (grade 3) leak. Univariate analysis indicated that chordoma (P = 0.023), estimated tumor volume ≥ 7400 mm³ (P = 0.003), and maximum tumor diameter ≥ 32.5 mm (P = 0.001) were significant risk factors for postoperative CSF leak. Additionally, among cases with intraoperative grade 3 CSF leak, chordoma (P = 0.021), estimated tumor volume ≥ 23000 mm³ (P = 0.003), and maximum tumor diameter ≥ 45.5 mm (P = 0.001) were significant risk factors for postoperative CSF leak. Maximum tumor diameter, estimated tumor volume, and chordoma tumor pathology are related to a higher risk of postoperative CSF leak.     

Management of a Long-Standing Organic Intracranial Foreign Body

Organic foreign bodies of the skull base are an uncommon problem with the potential for serious morbidity that present complicated treatment dilemmas best managed by a multidisciplinary approach. A 58-year-old male presented to the emergency department with fevers and mental status changes and was found to have bacterial meningitis. Computed tomography of the sinuses revealed two adjacent defects of the ethmoid roof with associated soft tissue density concerning for an encephalocele. He had a remote history of a penetrating left maxilla injury with a stick 13 years earlier. An attempted endoscopic repair of the defects revealed a pulsating splinter of wood emanating from the ethmoid roof defect. Neurosurgery and infectious disease were consulted and several wood fragments were removed endoscopically from the intracranial space. The skull base defects were closed using a septal cartilage underlay and free mucosal overlay graft. The patient has done well in follow-up with no evidence of cerebrospinal fluid leak. Organic foreign bodies from skull base trauma can have a delayed presentation and require a multidisciplinary team approach. In the appropriate setting endoscopic removal is a minimally morbid option.     

A Novel Graft Material for Preventing Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage in Skull Base Reconstruction: Technical Note of Perifascial Areolar Tissue

Objectives Perifascial areolar tissue (PAT), a layer of loose connective tissue on the deep fascias with a rich vascular plexus, serves as a vital cover over defects with scarce vascularity. We report the usefulness of PAT as a nonvascularized alternative to flaps for reconstruction of dural defects in skull base surgery and transsphenoidal surgery while evaluating its effect on control of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage. Design A retrospective chart analysis was performed on patients who had undergone repair of a dural defect with PAT during skull base surgery or transsphenoidal surgery between December 2004 and October 2011. Results Twenty-one patients were included: 11 patients had received surgical treatment and/or irradiation. Fourteen of the 21 patients had pre- and/or intraoperative CSF leakage. Only one patient (4.8%) had postoperative CSF leakage requiring additional surgical repair. Ten patients underwent postoperative irradiation from 1 to 15 months after transplant of the PAT. None of the patients had postoperative CSF leakage after irradiation. Conclusion We successfully repaired dural defects using PAT in skull base surgery and transsphenoidal surgery, even in patients with a history of multiple operations and radiotherapy. PAT may serve as a valuable tool for skull base reconstruction.     

The Efficacy of Computer Assisted Surgery in the Endoscopic Management of Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea

OBJECTIVE: To determine the outcome of endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea with and without computer assisted surgery. STUDY DESIGN: A review of all patients undergoing endoscopic closure of CSF rhinorrhea at a tertiary care medical center between 1994 and 2003. Charts from the 24 patients were reviewed for indications, location of leak, type of surgical closure, number of prior closure attempts, graft materials, use of computer assisted surgery, complications, and need for revision surgery. Analysis was performed to determine a possible correlation between success of CSF leak repair and use of computer assisted surgery. RESULTS: The etiology of the leak was previous sinus surgery in 10 patients (41.7%), trauma in 5 patients (20.8%), spontaneous leak in 5 patients (20.8%), and skull base surgery in 4 patients (16.7%). The most common sites of leak were the fovea ethmoidalis in 10 patients (41.7%), cribriform plate in 8 patients (33.3%), and sphenoid sinus in 6 patients (25%). Image guidance was employed in 66.7% (16 patients) of our first attempted repairs. Six patients underwent a total of 9 revision procedures. At last follow-up, 96% of patients had no evidence of CSF rhinorrhea. A comparison of patients in the 2 groups failed to reveal a statistically significant difference in the rate of CSF leak closure. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic closure of CSF rhinorrhea represents a minimally invasive and highly successful procedure. The use of computer assistance may improve the confidence of the surgeon and is a valuable adjunct in this procedure. Our study, however, did not demonstrate an improvement in the rates of successful closure with the use of computer assistance.     

Does Meningitis Stop CSF Rhinorrhea following Lateral Skull Base Surgery?

In cases of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea following lateral skull base surgery, fibrosis and fibrin formation resulting from meningitis has been postulated as a mechanism of spontaneously resolving the CSF leak. This study was undertaken to explore any possible relationship between the cessation of CSF leak and meningitis. A retrospective study at a tertiary referral center of 232 consecutive patients was performed. Out of a total of 232 procedures, 29 patients developed CSF rhinorrhea, of whom 7 subsequently developed meningitis. Bacteria were isolated in CSF obtained at lumbar puncture in 5 cases, with the CSF analysis in the remaining 2 cases suggesting aseptic meningitis. Conservative treatment failed to stop the CSF rhinorrhea in 6 of 7 cases. In this study, the development of meningitis did not appear to aid in the resolution of the CSF rhinorrhea. We conclude that surgical intervention should not be delayed in the expectation that meningitis and conservative interventions may promote CSF leak resolution.