中国城市地区成年人二手烟暴露水平及相关知识和态度调查

目的 了解中国城市地区成年人二手烟暴露水平及其相关知识态度.方法 利用全球成人烟草调查中国调查(GATS)、国际烟草控制政策评估项目中国调查(ITC)中有关二手烟暴露、禁烟规定、二手烟相关知识态度的变量,使用SAS软件计算率及其95％CI.结果 2项调查中调查对象报告的工作场所室内全面禁烟的比例均低于40％.调查对象报告在餐厅看到吸烟现象比例在各类场所中最高(83.4％ ～ 95.6％),其次为工作场所(53.3％ ～ 84.0％),在医疗卫生机构、学校、公共交通工具看到吸烟现象的比例较低.GATS调查中60.6％的吸烟者和68.5％的非吸烟者知晓二手烟导致肺癌,但只有三分之一的调查对象知晓二手烟导致成年人心脏病.ITC调查对象对二手烟危害的知晓率高于GATS,但知晓二手烟导致成年人心脏病的比例仅有58.2％.ITC调查对象对学校、出租车、医院、政府机构全面禁烟的支持率较高(＞70％),但对工作场所全面禁烟的支持率仅有50.9％和60.9％.结论 中国城市地区室内工作场所全面禁烟的比例较低,二手烟暴露情况严重,公众对二手烟危害的认识以及对工作场所全面禁烟的支持率有待提高.     

云南三地成年人烟草认知及公共场所禁烟态度调查

目的了解成年人吸烟和二手烟暴露、烟草认知情况及公共场所禁烟的态度,为制定控烟政策及干预措施提供依据。方法对昆明市、楚雄市和弥渡县的4类公共场所的人群采用现场随机拦截的方法,共调查599人,调查其吸烟及二手烟暴露情况、烟草危害知识的认知情况和公共场所的禁烟态度。结果云南省成年男性现在吸烟率、二手烟暴露率和尝试戒烟率分别为54.67%、71.00%和55.49%,女性现在吸烟率、二手烟暴露率和尝试戒烟率分为2.68%、55.52%和50.00%;在控烟的知识和态度上,吸烟者对吸烟的认知知晓率（除医院和公交工具全面禁烟）显著低于非吸烟者,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。结论云南省成年人吸烟和二手烟暴露情况较严重,拒绝二手烟的意识仍淡漠,对公共场所全面禁烟的态度不一致,需要政府、社会、社区和家庭共同行动起来,加强对公众的宣传,加大公共场所禁烟的力度,才能减少烟草对人们的危害。     

厦门市居民的烟草危害认知和态度调查

目的了解厦门市居民对烟草危害和公共场所禁烟的态度,为无烟城市建设提供依据。方法用多阶段整群和简单随机抽样法,抽取厦门市≥15岁常住居民2 500人,用中国城市成人烟草调查问卷调查,用SPSS和SUDAAN软件统计分析。结果厦门市成人吸烟致肺癌的知晓率88.8%、导致心脏病的知晓率56.4%、导致脑卒中的知晓率41.5%、导致阳痿的知晓率仅26.6%;58.2%认为吸入二手烟会导致心脏病;81.2%认为二手烟会导致肺癌;81.6%认为二手烟会导致儿童肺部疾病;32.6%的成人认为"低焦油"卷烟比普通卷烟危害小;37.5%知道医院禁烟规定,55.1%知道中小学校禁烟;只有22.1%知道餐厅有禁烟规定、31.1%知道室内工作场所不能吸烟;公众对医院、中小学、大学和工作场所禁烟的支持率分别为96.1%、96.7%、93.8%和92.7%;获得控烟知识的途径主要是电视(50.0%)和其他媒体(54.4%)。结论厦门市居民对烟草危害的知晓率较低,应加大控烟宣传力度、丰富宣传内容,在烟盒包装上增加警示等,以促进无烟城市建设。     

武汉市城区居民烟草危害认知及室内公共场所禁烟态度

目的了解武汉市城区居民对烟草危害的认知状况,探讨影响公共场所控烟的主要因素,为开展控烟工作和控烟立法提供科学依据。方法采用分层多阶段整群抽样方法,抽取武汉市城区2 163名≥15岁成人并进行面对面调查,调查采用中国城市成人烟草调查问卷。使用武汉市2010年全国人口第6次普查资料对调查结果进行加权分析。结果居民对吸烟导致肺癌、心肌梗塞、中风、阴茎勃起障碍4种疾病的知晓率分别为93.8%,59%,53.9%和24.6%,二手烟暴露导致成人心脏病、成人肺部疾病和儿童肺部疾病的知晓率分别为62.1%、76.8%和86.2%,教育程度高者知晓率高;90%以上的被调查对象都支持在医院、中小学校、大学、出租车内完全禁烟,支持率分别为98.3%、95.8%、92.9%和90.3%;非吸烟者对公共场所禁烟的支持率均高于吸烟者。结论居民对烟草危害认知率和控烟支持率较高,但对烟草危害认知仍不够全面和对公共场所禁烟规定知晓率较低,相关部门需进一步采取有针对性的宣传教育措施。     

武汉市农村居民烟草危害认知及室内公共场所禁烟态度

目的了解农村地区居民对烟草危害的认知现状及对禁烟立法的态度,为农村地区制定行之有效的控烟干预策略提供依据。方法采用分层多阶段整群抽样方法,抽取湖北省武汉市农村2 500名≥15岁成人进行面对面调查,调查采用中国成人烟草流行调查问卷,2 148人完成了调查,应答率为85.9%。使用2010年全国人口第六次普查资料对调查结果进行加权分析。结果居民对吸烟导致肺癌、心肌梗塞、中风、阴茎勃起障碍4种疾病的知晓率分别为84.1%、38.7%、29.4%和16.9%,二手烟暴露导致成人心脏病、成人肺部疾病和儿童肺部疾病的知晓率分别为39.8%、66.5%和62.2%;80%被调查对象均支持在医院、中小学校、工作场所和出租车内完全禁烟,支持率分别为94.6%、89.9%、88.4%和87.3%;非吸烟者对公共场所禁烟的支持率高于吸烟者。结论武汉市农村居民控烟支持率较高,但对烟草危害认知率和对公共场所禁烟规定知晓率均较低,相关部门应在开展有针对性的健康教育与健康促进活动同时,积极推进公共场所控烟立法。     

天津市≥18岁非吸烟人群二手烟暴露及影响因素分析

目的分析天津市≥18岁非吸烟人群二手烟暴露情况及其影响因素。方法本研究为横断面研究。以2018年天津市成人慢性病与营养监测调查中7个监测点≥18岁非现在吸烟人群为研究对象, 以天津市2018年人口数据为标准人口对样本数据进行加权后, 对一般人口学特征、二手烟暴露水平、对烟草危害的认知、二手烟暴露的影响因素进行分析。率的组间比较采用Pearson χ2检验, 影响因素分析采用非条件logistic回归分析。结果经加权后, 天津市≥18岁非现在吸烟人群二手烟暴露率为51.5%;非现在吸烟居民中, 对吸烟导致肺癌、二手烟导致成人肺癌的知晓率最高, 分别为83.3%和80.0%。对吸烟导致卒中和二手烟导致成人心脏疾病的知晓率最低, 分别为61.4%和66.4%。非二手烟暴露者对吸烟会导致卒中的知晓率高于二手烟暴露者(62.7%比60.3%, P<0.05), 非二手烟暴露者与二手烟暴露者对吸烟导致心脏病发作、肺癌, 二手烟导致成人心脏疾病、成人肺癌、儿童肺部疾病的知晓率差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。非现在吸烟居民同时知晓吸烟导致3种疾病(卒中、心脏病发作、肺癌)的比例为57...     

天津市市区公交车数字电视控烟广告宣传效果分析

目的了解公交车数字电视控烟广告在天津市市区的宣传效果,为天津市进一步开展媒体宣传提供依据。方法在天津市市内6个区各随机抽取1个公交站点,共计6个,对过往乘客采用拦截问卷的调查方法,于天津市市内六区公交车数字电视投放控烟宣传广告片之前和之后分别进行基线调查和评估调查,对数据采用χ2检验的方法,分析前后变化。结果共调查360人,被调查乘客吸烟率为27.5%;有81.9%的乘客看到过在公交车数字电视播放的控烟公益广告;被调查乘客对吸烟导致中风和心脏病知晓率有明显的升高,分别上升为53.3%和64.2%(P0.05),这说明公交车的数字电视控烟广告宣传的有效性;乘客对吸烟及二手烟导致孕妇流产,婴儿猝死,胎儿畸形,阳痿的疾病知晓率有上升趋势;公共场所及工作场所禁止吸烟支持率、认为烟草烟雾危害如实报道的比例均有显著上升,公共场所和工作场所吸烟应受处罚的支持率有上升趋势;但是未见宣传对人们吸烟率、戒烟率乃至二手烟暴露率等行为指标的影响。结论公交车数字电视控烟广告有较好的宣传效果和针对性,而且性价比较高。     

2013年天津市城区居民对烟草危害认知及态度的调查

目的 了解天津市城区居民对烟草相关危害的认知及对公共场所禁烟态度,为今后开展有针对性的控烟工作提供依据。 方法 2013年采用多阶段整群抽样法,抽取天津市城区2 024户家庭,从每户家庭中随机抽取1名符合标准的成员进行个人问卷调查。 结果 共成功访谈1 977人。天津市居民对吸烟导致肺癌、心肌梗塞、中风、阴茎勃起障碍及所有4种疾病的知晓率分别为95.4%、74.9%、66.1%、32.1%、28.3%,高学历者知晓率高于低学历者,除对中风的认知外,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);二手烟暴露导致成人心脏病、成人肺部疾病、儿童肺部疾病及所有3种疾病的知晓率分别为74.3%、90.7%、83.0%、70.4%,不同教育程度知晓率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);28.9% 的居民认为淡味、温和及低焦油卷烟的危害同普通卷烟差不多;居民对餐馆、酒吧禁烟的支持率最低,分别为81.7%、57.4%,对调查涉及的所有公共场所禁烟的支持率非吸烟者高于吸烟者,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。 结论 2013年,天津市居民对烟草危害的认知及对控烟支持率处于较高水平,但对吸烟及二手烟危害的认识仍不全面,且部分场所禁烟支持率较低,需要继续加强宣传。     

上海市某区宾馆员工对《控烟条例》实施效果评价

目的评估《上海市公共场所控制吸烟条例》(下称《控烟条例》)在宾馆的实施效果,为进一步修订提供依据。方法采用整群抽样,在2008年6月《控烟条例》实施前和2010年12月《控烟条例》实施后9个月对于上海市某区12家宾馆的员工进行了自填式问卷调查。结果宾馆员工二手烟暴露率从2008年的49.7%下降到2010年的43.7%,吸烟员工对所在工作场所完全禁烟支持比例从2008年的42.6%上升到2010年的67.6%。但非吸烟者的每日二手烟暴露时间变化差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论上海市的《控烟条例》实施对于宾馆减少烟草烟雾的危害有一定作用,员工支持在工作场所完全禁烟的比例有所上升,应该进一步完善立法,在宾馆公共区域创造100%无烟环境。     

长春城区居民对烟草危害认知及禁烟态度调查

目的了解吉林省长春市城区居民对烟草危害的认知及对公共场所禁烟态度,为开展针对性控烟工作提供依据。方法采用多阶段整群抽样法,抽取长春市城区2 233户家庭,从每户家庭中随机抽取1名成员进行个人问卷调查,共访谈2 213人。结果长春市居民对吸烟导致肺癌、心肌梗塞、中风、阴茎勃起障碍及所有4种疾病的知晓率分别为91.4%、62.9%、48.8%、22.6%、17.1%,高学历者吸烟导致疾病知晓率高于低学历者,除中风外,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001);二手烟暴露导致成人心脏病、成人肺部疾病、儿童肺部疾病的知晓率分别为61.0%、83.8%、75.4%,不同教育程度知晓率差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);34.7%的居民认为淡味、温和及低焦油卷烟的危害同普通卷烟差不多;居民对餐馆、酒吧禁烟的支持率分别为76.2%、57.5%,对工作场所、餐馆、酒吧、出租车禁烟的支持率非吸烟者高于吸烟者,女性高于男性,差异均有统计学意义。结论长春市居民对烟草危害的认知及控烟支持率均高于2010年全国水平,但对吸烟及二手烟危害的认识仍不全面,需加强宣传,对餐馆及酒吧禁烟支持率有待提高。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.