努力提高结直肠癌外科治疗的疗效

结直肠癌是常见的恶性肿瘤,其在美国的发病率居恶性肿瘤的第4位,死亡率位居恶性肿瘤的第2位。据2005年统计,美国新发结直肠癌病例达146000例。在我国结直肠癌发病率居恶性肿瘤第3～5位。据预测,我国结直肠癌的发病率与死亡率在今后很长一段时期内还将呈上升趋势,因此提     

低位直肠癌外科治疗进展

目前,我国结直肠癌的发病率为（3.1～10.7）/10万,其中直肠癌占56%～70%,而低位直肠癌的比例高达70%～80%[1],由于我国直肠癌的主要特点是低位直肠癌多,肿瘤位于距肛缘5 cm以下,这给结直肠外科医生带来许多挑战.近20年,随着人们对直肠癌生物学特性的深入研究,先进医学仪器的应用及患者对术后生活质量要求的提高,使直肠癌外科治疗模式发生了根本性的变化,手术方式已发生了变革,从传统的单纯追求根治术挽救生命的观点转变为在根治性切除肿瘤的同时,力求保留肛门功能以提高术后生活质量.本文就低位直肠癌外科治疗相关进展进行综述.     

结直肠癌211例外科治疗体会

目的探讨结直肠癌的外科治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2005年12月期间211例结直肠癌患者的外科治疗资料。结果全部患者中术后获5年随访者有71例，Dukes分期A、B及C期患者5年生存者分别为12／12例、20／31例及11／28例；直肠癌术后随访5年者局部复发率为11．8％（4／34）。扩大根治手术行侧方淋巴结清扫及保护盆腔自主神经手术者15例，其中5例患者有不同程度的性功能障碍，经治疗后有改善；10例患者有不同程度的排尿功能障碍，均经治疗后痊愈。直肠癌保肛手术占77．2％（61／79），中低位直肠癌保肛手术占60．7％（17／28）。结论结直肠癌的治疗应将肿瘤的根治始终放在第1位，结肠癌根治应规范化；全直肠系膜切除术大大减少了直肠癌手术后的局部复发率；侧方淋巴结清扫宜选择性开展；保护盆腔自主神经的手术开展有利于减少膀胱和性功能的损伤；在不降低根治原则的前提下最大限度地提高保肛率，提高患者的生活质量。     

中国结直肠癌的规范化治疗势在必行

1中国结直肠癌的诊治现状与差距结直肠癌的规范化治疗应引起结直肠外科、胃肠外科及普通外科医生的高度重视。美国监察、流行病学和最终结果(surveillance,epidemiology andend result,SEER)数据库     

结直肠癌肝转移的外科治疗策略

肝脏是结直肠癌最常见的转移部位之一，50％-60％的结直肠癌患者最终出现肝转移，其中同时性肝转移约为15％～25％，异时性肝转移约为22％-50％[1]。未能获得治疗的结直肠癌肝转移（colorectal liver metastases，CRLM）患者中位生存时间只有5～12个月。而肝转移瘤获得根治性切除术后5年生存率可达40％～58％[2]，遗憾的是在临床上仅有不到10％的患者获得了根治性的肝切除。     

结直肠癌血道转移预测指标的研究进展

结直肠癌是我国最常见的恶性肿瘤之一，近年来其发病率正以年均4．2％。的速度增长，严重威胁着人们的生命和健康。转移是恶性肿瘤的一个重要生物学行为，也是患者死亡的主要原因。血道转移是结直肠癌转移的重要途径之一，也是根治性手术失败的主要原因，已成为当前结直肠癌基础和临床研究中亟待解决的重要课题。     

结直肠癌综合治疗的规范化实施

结直肠癌目前位居全世界常见恶性肿瘤的第3位。我国结直肠癌发病率逐年上升,每年约有40万新发病例,目前在我国消化系统恶性肿瘤中列第2位。近年来多学科综合治疗成为结直肠癌的主要治疗模式,它以循证医学为基础,强调诊疗的规范化及个体化,为病人提供最佳的诊疗效果。目前,我国肿瘤专科仍面临着一些亟待解决的问题,需要一套强有力的规范化制度。应该依据病人的具体情况、癌肿特点、病理及生物学特性,根据病人经济情况有计划、合理的应用现有治疗手段,制定出一套符合我国病人人群特点的整体规范化治疗方案,以期提高治愈率和病人的生活质量。     

急性梗阻性结直肠癌的外科处理

目的探讨急性梗阻性结直肠癌的外科处理方法。方法回顾分析1996—2004年收治的58例结直肠癌并发急性肠梗阻患者的治疗方法。全组58例，一期切除吻合26例，一期切除＋近端结肠造瘘21例，单纯结肠造瘘5例，捷径手术6例。结果住院期间死亡6例，吻合口漏1例，51例恢复顺利，康复出院。结论重视围手术期的处理，根据急性梗阻性结直肠癌患者的全身情况和局部条件合理选择手术方式。     

结直肠癌并发肠梗阻的外科治疗体会

为总结结直肠癌并发肠梗阻的外科治疗经验,回顾分析我院2002～2013年行手术治疗的96例结直肠癌并发肠梗阻的患者资料,其中DukesC、D期占84．6％;右半结肠癌42例,左半结肠癌和直肠癌54例;右半结肠癌患者中,一期切除36例（一期吻合24例,二期吻合12例）,因肿瘤广泛浸润转移行肠造口术5例,行短路手术1例;左半结肠癌和直肠癌患者中,一期切除34例（一期吻合12例,二期吻合22例）,行Hartmann术8例,因广泛肿瘤浸润转移行肠造口术12例。结果显示,术后出现并发症18例,其中切口感染5例,吻合口漏3例,切口裂开2例,肺部、腹腔、泌尿系统感染各2例,肾功能不全1例,心律失常1例;围手术期死亡1例。本组患者5年生存率为30．2％（29／96）,其中一期切除者5年生存率为34．3％（24／70）,一期切除的70例患者中一期吻合和二期吻合者的5年生存率分别为36．1％（13／36）和32．4％（11／34）,两者比较差异无统计学意义,P〉0．05。结果表明,对于结直肠癌并发肠梗阻,不但要力争手术解除肠梗阻,而且要力争一期切除肿瘤,只要做到肿瘤一期切除,吻合早晚对患者预后影响不大。具体手术方式的选择,应根据患者全身情况、术中探查情况、医院条件和医师的经验及能力综合考虑。     

Surgical treatment for colorectal cancer

The rapid in development of surgical technology has had a major effect in surgical treatment of colorectal cancer. Laparoscopic colon cancer surgery has been proven to provide better short-term clinical and oncologic outcomes. However this quickly accepted surgical approach is still performed by a minority of colorectal surgeons. The more technically challenging procedure of laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery is also on its way to demonstrating perhaps similar short-term benefits. This article reviews current evidences of both short-term and long-term outcomes of laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery, including the overall costs comparison between laparoscopic surgery and conventional open surgery. In addition, different surgical techniques for laparoscopic colon and rectal cancer are compared. Also the relevant future challenge of colorectal cancer robotic surgery is reviewed.     

80岁以上结直肠癌65例的外科治疗

目的 探讨80岁以上老年患者结直肠癌的外科治疗策略. 方法 回顾性分析北京肿瘤医院1999-2006年外科手术治疗的80岁以上结直肠癌65例的临床资料.统计方法 采用单因素分析和Cox回归分析.结果 患者术后并发症发生率53.8%,术后吻合口漏发生率4%,手术死亡率1.5%.患者术后1年,3年,5年的生存率分别为79%,28%,16%.单因素分析和Cox回归分析结果 表明:肿瘤TNM分期和术前血色素降低及白细胞升高是影响患者预后的独立因素,而年龄,性别,肿瘤分化,术前CEA水平,血清蛋白水平,肿瘤大小不是影响患者预后的独立因素.结论 虽然80岁以上结直肠癌患者的手术风险较高,但经过完善的围手术期处理,可以获得较理想的治疗效果.     

Our directions for the treatment of colorectal cancer

Authors make a review of personal experience in colorectal surgery from 1998 to 1997 (18 year) and indicate the own opinion about oncological principle of colorectal surgery. Colo-rectal cancer is the most frequent tumor in West Countries (United States 156,000 new case/year, Europe 58,300 deaths/year). A Medline analysis using terms "colon and rectal cancer" prove a progressive increasing of interest about many problems regard prevention, diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of colorectal cancer. Prognosis of colorectal cancer depend on correct and complete stadiation. The most used classifications are Dukes classification, modified from Astler-Coller, and TNM classification of UICC. In the past years oncologic al principle of colorectal surgery was modified from a new debated concept of oncological radicality. The authors analyze own experience in comparison to Literature about the "no touch isolation technique", the principle of vascular ligation at the origin of vessels, lymphectomy extension, total mesorectal excision, surgical decision about advanced loco-regional cancer, surgical decision of complicated colorectal cancer (perforation and occlusion), the role of bilateral prophylactic ovariectomy, surgical treatment of liver metastasis, correct indication of T.E.M. and finally the role of laparoscopic surgery for the treatment of colorectal cancer.     

Surgical treatment for the recurrence of colorectal cancer

We report the results of a retrospective study conducted on patients who developed recurrence following surgery for colorectal cancer, and present a practical plan to improve the survival rates. Of 974 patients who underwent surgery for colorectal cancer in our hospital during the 20 years between 1974 and 1993, 152 developed recurrence, as local recurrence in 70 (7.2%), as liver metastasis in 47 (4.8%), and as pulmonary metastasis in 35 (3.6%). The number of patients who underwent reoperation or curative resection was 54 (77.1%) and 13 (24.1%), respectively, of those with local recurrence, 16 (34.0%) and 6 (37.5%) of those with liver metastasis, and 6 (17.1%) and 6 (100.0%) of those with pulmonary metastasis. The 3- and 5-year survival rates were 13.4% and 8.9%, respectively, after reoperation for local recurrence, 14.4% and 0%, after reoperation for liver metastasis, and 53.3% and 53.3% after reoperation for pulmonary metastasis. Although evaluation was difficult owing to the small number of patients with lung metastasis, resection of a pulmonary lesion resulted in a good outcome. Furthermore, a significant difference in 3- and 5-year survival rates was observed between patients who underwent reoperation and those who underwent conservative treatment, for whom the survival rates were 0% and 0% following local recurrence, 4.6% and 0% following liver metastasis, and 0% and 0% following lung metastasis, at 3 and 5 years, respectively. These findings indicate that aggressive surgery for recurrence may result in a better outcome.     

Surgical treatment for pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer

Blalock first reported pulmonary resection for metastatic colorectal cancer in 1944. Since then, surgical resection of pulmonary metastases has been generally accepted as a standard therapeutic procedure in properly selected cases. Recently, the criteria of eligibility have been progressively expanded according to the development of radiological diagnosis using helical computed tomography (CT), widespread of minimum invasive video-assisted thoracic surgery. In this review summarized the surgical treatment of pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer based on the recent literatures. Major areas of controversy remain with respect to the following aspects: prognostic factors (i.e., number of metastases, size of tumor, disease free interval, preoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen level), procedure of operation (i.e., role of video-assisted thoracic surgery, lymphonode dissection), indication of surgical treatment on metastases both lung and liver, role of repeat thoracotomy for recurrence. For all above-mentioned points it appeared reasonable to try to the cooperative multicentric clinical prospective study.     

Adjuvant treatment of colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, with approximately 300,000 new cases and 200,000 related deaths in Europe and the USA each year. Adjuvant treatment of colorectal cancer is now widely accepted and can reduce mortality with approximately 10%. This can be considered as one of the major achievements in oncology from the past decade. Current results will be discussed and strategies for the future will be outlined, including on-going or planned large-scale trials with new drugs and approaches.     

警惕结直肠癌治疗过程中的过度治疗与治疗不足

结直肠癌诊疗过程中存在的过度治疗与治疗不足直接影响着患者的预后。结肠和直肠在解剖学上存在明显的区别．导致临床病理分期有所不同。结肠癌和直肠癌辅助治疗的适应证存在一定差异。局部进展期直肠癌应接受新辅助治疗．但目前术前治疗方案存在争议。