高频超声引导下Mammotome旋切系统在乳腺微小钙化灶切取活检中的价值

目的探讨高频超声引导下Mammotome微创旋切系统在乳腺微小钙化灶切取活检中的临床价值。方法在高频超声引导下应用Mammotome系统对24例乳腺微小钙化灶施行微创旋切术，钙化灶切除后病理检查。结果24例病灶均被准确定位切取。24例乳腺钙化灶病理：乳腺癌3例（12．5％），其中导管原位癌2例，浸润性导管癌1例；乳腺良性病变21例（87．5％），其中囊性小叶增生9例，乳腺导管增生及扩张6例，硬化乳腺病5例，导管内乳头状瘤1例。结论高频超声引导下Mammotome微创旋切系统诊断乳腺疾病安全可靠，微创，是诊断乳腺疾病的有效方法。     

钼钯引导下导丝定位在乳腺微小钙化灶切除术中的应用价值

目的探讨钼钯引导下导丝定位在乳腺微小钙化灶切除术的临床应用价值。方法选取2012-06—2015-06间在郑州大学第三附属院经钼钯X线乳房摄片提示乳房微钙化灶的126例住院患者,彩超检查和扪诊均未发现肿块。在钼钯引导下导丝定位后,手术切除钙化灶。回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果本组钙化灶全部定位成功,均一次性完全切除。病理结果显示乳腺癌17例(导管原位癌11例、浸润性导管癌2例、导管内癌微浸润4例),良性病变(乳腺腺病、乳腺不典型增生和乳腺囊性增生)109例。结论对于彩超检查和扪诊均未发现的微小钙化灶,钼钯引导下导丝定位切除病变,定位准确性高,手术创伤小,手术时间短,有很高的临床应用价值。     

乳腺微小钙化灶的外科微创治疗

目的探讨乳腺微小钙化灶的外科微创治疗。方法采用意大利IMS生产的GITTOHI—TECH高频钼靶X线机及其配套的数字化立体定位活检系统,对30例钼靶X片上乳腺有微小钙化病灶、无任何临床体征的患者,在X线定位下穿刺活检,进行病理组织学检查。明确诊断后采取相应的手术方式治疗。结果全部病灶定位准确,病变完全切除并明确诊断。浸润性导管癌3例(10%),导管内癌6例(20%),重度不典型增生2例(6.7%),纤维腺瘤6例(20%),导管内乳头状瘤3例(10%),乳腺增生病10例(33.3%)。无金属导丝折断现象,无感染、切口延迟愈合及气胸等并发症。结论对X线片显示有恶性可能的钙化病灶、而临床未触及肿块者,行乳腺钼靶引导下导丝定位活检,切除乳腺组织少,能确定乳腺微小病变的性质,对早期乳腺癌的诊断有重要价值。     

中心乳腺活检中乳腺癌伴发非典型导管增生的现象

已知乳腺非典型导管增生（ADH）是癌前期病变，从病理上有时很难与原位乳腺导管瘤（DCIS）鉴别．Page声称后者必需至少侵及两根导管，如数量不足者则列为ADH。为此作者探讨立体定位下乳腺穿刺活检（中心活检）中发现ADH的临床意义，在1994～1996年25个月内共施行510例，其中414例在CT定位和96例在B超扫描引导下完成的。采用14号针穿刺，抽取病灶的中央以及3、6、9和12点（时钟方面）处组织．凡影象学显示微钙化灶处均予取材。在未扪及乳腺肿块的病例中，23例显示ADH（4．5％），指每例至少有5个标本显示ADH异常，其影象学检查结果…     

体表交叉结合乳腺X线立体导丝定位在切除乳腺钙化灶中的应用

目的研究体表交叉结合乳腺X线立体导丝定位在切除乳腺钙化灶中的应用价值。方法收集2018年1月至2019年12月在本院行乳腺钙化灶切除的患者共64例,分为A、B组各32例。A组用体表交叉结合乳腺X线立体导丝定位的方法;B组用乳腺X线立体导丝定位的方法,指导手术切除病灶。结果 A组患者的定位时间、手术时间和B组相比,均缩短,切除标本的重量较B组小,一次性完整切除病灶率高于B组,其差异都具有统计学意义;A组手术切口的长度较B组短,但差异无统计学意义。结论体表交叉结合乳腺X线导丝定位钙化灶安全性高,美观度好,且定位准确,是值得临床推广的定位方法。     

乳腺钼靶定位Mammotome微创活检临床应用价值

目的：评价乳腺钼靶立体定位Mammotome微创活检的临床应用。方法：对196例以钼靶发现钙化为主要临床表现的研究对象，在局麻下进行钙化灶的乳腺钼靶立体定位Mammotome微创活检，病理结果为恶性或可疑恶性的病例接受手术活检。对两者结果进行比较。并对研究对象进行随访。结果：196例经Mammotome微创活检病理结果乳腺病或纤维腺瘤145例，导管内癌（DCIS）20例，导管上皮不典型增生11例，浸润性癌9例，导管内癌伴早期浸润8例，乳腺炎症1例，脂肪坏死1例，不能诊断1例。病理符合率浸润性癌为88．9％，DCIS伴早期浸润为62．5％，DCIS为80．0％，不典型增生为81．8％。结论：乳腺钼靶立体定位Mammotome微创活检操作简便，定位准确，并发症少，是乳腺钼靶钙化尤其是可疑恶性病灶的首选方法。     

乳腺微创真空旋切系统（EnCor）对乳腺肿物的诊治价值及切口的选择

目的：探讨超声下乳腺真空旋切系统（EnCor）进行乳腺病灶切除活检的切口选择。方法采用7G旋切探针进行操作,直径5 mm。良性可能性大的病灶,应尽量考虑美容效果好的腋下皮纹线、腋中线及乳晕切口;恶性可能性大的病灶应尽可能选择病灶附近的切口。结果良性病灶均完全切除。1例选择病灶表面皮肤穿刺活检,该患者B超、钼靶、临床均高度怀疑乳腺癌,但巴德针穿刺活检阴性;1例因2处触诊不可及的可疑病灶而选择乳房表面2处切口,并且分别使用2把活检刀;3例选择乳房表面病灶附近的切口;乳晕切口32例;腋下皮纹线切口75例;其余285例均选择在腋中线切口。术后病理：乳腺纤维腺瘤299例,乳腺增生病伴纤维腺瘤样结构形成47例,乳腺导管内乳头状瘤11例,乳腺囊性增生病26例,乳腺潴留囊肿8例,重度不典型增生2例,导管内癌1例,浸润性导管癌3例。3例浸润性导管癌,其中2例肿物位于左乳肿物外上象限距离乳头1 cm,择期行乳癌根治术;1例肿物在右乳外上象限距乳头3 cm,择期行保乳术联合腋窝淋巴结清扫术。 B超术前BI-RADS分类与术后病理对比,阳性预测值75．0％（3/4）,误诊率（假阳性）0．2％（1/393）,漏诊率（假阴性）25．0％（1/4）,准确率99．5％（395/397）。393例良性病变随访6～24个月,切口隐蔽,愈合良好,乳腺外形美观。结论拟诊为良性的病灶优先考虑美容效果选腋下皮纹线、腋中线、乳晕切口;拟诊为恶性的病灶应尽可能选择病灶附近的切口。     

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目的 探讨应用乳腺摄片结合立体定位系统，对不可触及的乳腺病变进行细针定位乳腺活检术的价值。方法 回顾性总分析对４２例乳腺摄片发现不可触及的乳腺病变病人所实行的细针定位乳腺活检术。结果 ４２例病人中，发现早期乳腺癌８例（１９％），其中原位癌２全要１期４例，临床２期２例，明显高于临床发现的乳腺癌。另外乳腺纤维瘤１７例，导管内乳头瘤４例，乳腺囊肿２例，乳腺腺病１０例，不明原因钙化灶１例。其中乳腺癌、纤维     

钼靶联合超声引导双定位法在乳腺微钙化灶活检中的 临床应用研究

目的:探讨钼靶X线与超声联合定位在乳腺微钙化灶活检中的临床应用价值。方法:在钼靶下对微钙化病灶三维定位,插入双钩定位针,到达病灶后固定位置;以超声探查双钩针,找到病灶的位置后,划出皮肤标记线,再插入单钩定位针;在标记线上作3 cm切口,用特制拉钩显露并固定病灶部位的乳腺组织和单钩针,对微钙化病灶区进行旋切;切下的圆柱体标本,放在带刻度的标本台上摄片,验证钙化灶是否已被完全切除,同时确定钙化灶在标本中的三维位置供病理检查。结果:共108例乳腺微钙化病灶分类为BI-RADS 4A的患者采用以上方法。定位时病灶距双钩针距离平均为4.1 mm(小于传统方法),标本平均重量为8.5 g(小于传统方法),病灶全部被一次性精准切除。108例中阳性20例,包括不典型增生7例,导管原位癌7例,导管原位癌伴局灶浸润性癌3例,浸润性导管癌3例;阴性病例88例。微钙化灶部位及形态与乳腺癌检出无明显关系(均P0.05)。结论:钼靶X线与超声联合定位对病灶定位准确、手术方法合理、切除标本小,并能提供病灶在标本中的精确位置进行病理检查;良性者乳房外形完全没有改变。     

178例甲状腺癌诊治体会

目的 探讨甲状腺癌的诊断及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析我院1999-2003年期间收治的178例行手术治疗的甲状腺癌患者的临床资料。结果本组患者术前B超检查均发现甲状腺内实性或囊实性结节，其中结节内伴微钙化灶者50例（28．1％），B超检查对于颈部淋巴结转移的阳性预告值为78．1％。行术中冰冻切片检查162例，诊断甲状腺癌144例，阳性率为88．9％。术后病理检查证实有淋巴结转移者为34．3％（61／178），甲状腺癌局部或患侧叶切除术后行二次以上手术者30例，残癌率为43．3％（13／30）。结论声音嘶哑及B超检查提示甲状腺结节内微钙化灶对甲状腺癌的术前诊断有重要提示意义,亦可作为是否行颈淋巴结清扫的指征之一。术中冰冻切片检查是确诊甲状腺癌的最佳方法。患叶＋峡部＋对侧大部切除是甲状腺癌的主要手术方式。     

Impact of core biopsy on the management of screen-detected ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast

Background: Screen‐detected ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) usually presents as clinically impalpable microcalcification. Although core biopsy is well established as a diagnostic modality for invasive breast cancers, few reports address its impact on the management of screen‐detected DCIS. We examined the sensitivity of core biopsy in diagnosing screen‐detected DCIS, as well as its role in facilitating one‐step surgery in the community, especially a breast‐conserving approach. Methods: Through the Monash BreastScreen database, we reviewed the management of 148 patients diagnosed with pure DCIS over a 4‐year period. Particular attention was paid to the sensitivity and surgical margin status of 63 patients who underwent initial assessment with core biopsy, compared to patients who underwent excisional biopsy or fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Results: Core specimens in 63 patients yielded positive histology in 57 (90%), allowing for breast‐conserving surgery in 45 and mastectomy in 12. Negative margins were obtained in 73% of those treated by breast‐conserving surgery, compared to 51% negative margins among those who underwent excisional biopsy initially. Overall, 45 of 57 patients with a positive core biopsy histology (79%) underwent one‐step surgery. Those assessed by FNAC had a 48% incidence of non‐diagnostic/benign cytology. Conclusions: Core biopsy facilitates one‐step surgery for screen‐detected DCIS, and potentially reduces the number of surgical procedures. Stereotactic core biopsy for suspicious microcalcifications should replace hookwire‐guided excisional biopsy and FNAC as the diagnostic modality of choice.     

The impact of image guided needle biopsy on the outcome of mammographically detected indeterminate microcalcification

A study was carried out to examine the impact of development in image guided needle biopsy on the outcome of mammographically detected indeterminate microcalcification. Between 01.04.1991 and 31.03.2001, the South East London Breast Screening Programme detected 392 cases of indeterminate microcalcificaton. Histological diagnosis was obtained using open biopsy, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), 18/14 G wide bore needle core biopsy (WBNCB) and 11 G vacuum assisted core biopsy (VACB). The study period group was divided into two. Group A (between 01.04.1991 and 31.03.1996) and group B (between 01.04.1996 and 31.03.2001). There was a significant reduction in the benign open biopsy rate in group B compared to group A (25% vs. 51%) (P=0.0001). Of the malignant cases, there is a higher percentage of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in group B compared to group A (77% vs. 62%). In conclusion, the implementation of more effective methods of image guided biopsy has led to a 50% reduction in benign open biopsies for indeterminate microcalcification and to an increase in the detection of DCIS.     

Diagnostic Utility of ABBI(R) (Advanced Breast Biopsy Instrumentation) for Nonpalpable Breast Lesions in Korea

Abstract: Introduction of mammography along with particular attention for the diagnosis and treatment of nonpalpable breast lesions has led to the development of nonresectional biopsies such as mammography-guided core needle biopsy, ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology, and localization and excisional biopsy. The Advanced Breast Biopsy Instrumentation (ABBI®) system, a recently developed device, has made it possible to remove a lesion completely under local anesthesia, thus providing a more reliable and rapid evaluation on an outpatient basis. We studied 159 patients with nonpalpable breast lesions from December 1996 to August 1998. Fifty-nine patients received core needle biopsies and 100 patients received excision with the ABBI system. The ABBI system patients had postexcisional mammography and specimen radiographs to confirm complete excision of the lesions. Pathologists examined permanent section specimens. In cases of malignancy, total mastectomy or reexcision was performed to secure a tumor-free margin. We collected malignant lesions in 23 of 159 patients, of whom 17 had ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Postoperative histopathologic reports showed DCIS in 11 and infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) in 2 among the 13 malignancies proven by stereotactic core biopsy. Among 10 malignancies proven by the ABBI system, there were 6 DCIS, 1 lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), and 3 IDC. In seven patients in whom mammography suggested malignancy but core biopsy showed benign lesion, localization and excisional biopsy confirmed DCIS in four of seven patients. The ABBI system is a more reliable and rapid method of evaluating breast lesions compared with stereotactic core biopsy. It is usually done under local anesthesia, minimizing the deformity of the breast. Therefore the ABBI system can be used as a preferred technique over conventional localization and excisional biopsy.     

CORE BIOPSY FOR MICROCALCIFICATIONS IN THE BREAST

Background : The conventional method of dealing with clustered mammographic microcalcification in the breast when it is of uncertain aetiology is to undertake either a short-term mammographic review or to surgically excise the abnormal area and submit it for histological examination. Stereotactic wide-bore needle biopsy (core biopsy) of microcalcifications is a suitable alternative to surgical biopsy and experience with this technique forms the basis of the present study. Methods : Percutaneous core biopsy has been used at the Wesley Breast Clinic as a means of assessing clustered calcification in 297 cases from November 1992 to October 1995. The procedure is done under local anaesthesia as an outpatient procedure using a Stereotactic attachment to a standard mammography unit. Results : A diagnosis of frank malignancy was made on core samples in 22 cases (7.4%), and in all of these malignancy was confirmed at open surgical biopsy. In a further six women in whom the core biopsy was reported as ‘suspicious of malignancy’, open surgical biopsy confirmed malignancy in three women, lobular in situ carcinoma was found in two women, and atypical ductal hyperplasia in one woman. In two instances the core sample was reported as showing atypical ductal hyperplasia and in those cases, this was confirmed at open surgical biopsy. In 265 cases (89%) the histology of the core revealed appearances of benign breast tissue. Open surgical biopsy has been undertaken in only six of these cases, but in all instances the histology has confirmed a benign process. In the two remaining cases, the procedure was considered to be technically unsatisfactory, and open surgical biopsy was recommended because of doubt about the appearance of the microcalcification. In both instances, malignancy was demonstrated. Conclusions : Core biopsy of clustered mammographic microcalcification of uncertain aetiology is recommended as a satisfactory and reliable alternative to open surgical biopsy. It is less expensive, can be done quickly, produces few complications, and does not produce subsequent mammographic distortion.     

Atypical ductal hyperplasia of the breast diagnosed by 11-gauge directional vacuum-assisted biopsy

BACKGROUND: Small nonpalpable mammographic abnormalities are frequently diagnosed by percutaneous stereotactically guided core needle biopsy. The reliability of the histologic diagnosis of atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) made from tissue obtained by 11-gauge directional, vacuum-assisted biopsy of these nonpalpable breast lesions is unknown. METHODS: The records of 31 patients who were found to have ADH by 11-gauge directional vacuum-assisted biopsy were reviewed. All of these patients subsequently underwent surgical excision with needle localization biopsy of the ADH and they are the subjects of this retrospective study. RESULTS: Eleven of the 31 patients with ADH on 11-gauge directional vacuum-assisted biopsy were upgraded to ductal carcinoma in situ or infiltrating carcinoma by the excisional biopsy. This was a 35% underestimation of malignancy in our patients. CONCLUSIONS: When the histologic diagnosis of ADH is made from tissue harvested by an 11-gauge directional vacuum assisted biopsy, surgical excision of the entire abnormality is recommended to avoid underdiagnosis of breast cancer.     

Diagnostic Performance of MR‐guided Vacuum‐Assisted Breast Biopsy: 8 Years of Experience

Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has demonstrated increased sensitivity over conventional imaging in identifying and characterizing in situ and invasive, multifocal, and multicentric disease. A histologic diagnosis is required for any enhancing lesion displaying suspicious features, especially in the presence of lower and often variable reported specificity values. Breast MRI findings occult on mammography and ultrasound should undergo an MR‐guided biopsy. We retrospectively evaluate our 8 years’ experience with this procedure. Our study included 259 lesions in 255 consecutive patients referred for MR‐guided breast biopsy. MRI screening of women at a high risk for developing breast cancer accounted for 84 lesions, 54 lesions were detected on MRI staging for multifocal and multicentric disease, and 115 were incidental findings or lesions that presented diagnosis related issues on conventional imaging. Six procedures were cancelled due to lack of visualization. MR‐guided breast biopsy was performed for 100 mass and 153 nonmass enhancements. Pathology results were classified into benign (113 lesions), high risk (47 lesions), and malignant (40 ductal carcinoma in situ, 38 invasive ductal carcinoma, 15 invasive lobular carcinoma). Subsequent surgery for high risk and malignant findings revealed an underestimation rate of 34% (16/47) for high risk lesions and of 7.5% for ductal carcinoma in situ (3/40). The overall positive predictive value (PPV) was calculated at 43.1% (33.3% for high‐risk women, 70.3% for cancer staging, and 37.4% for incidental/undetermined lesions). The PPV was higher for mass (57%) versus nonmass enhancements (34%). MR‐guided breast biopsy proved to be a reliable procedure for the diagnosis and management of occult breast MRI findings, or lesions that preclude biopsy under conventional guidance. The PPV displayed significant variation between patient subgroups, correlating higher values with a higher associated breast cancer prevalence.     

Gradient index ductoscopy and intraductal biopsy of intraductal breast lesions

OBJECTIVE: Breast duct endoscopy is increasingly used for evaluation of intraductal disease. We have investigated a new rigid instrument for ductoscopy and intraductal biopsy of pathologic lesions. METHODS: From 2002 to 2006, ductoscopy was performed in 111 women with breast cancer or pathologic nipple discharge. A rigid gradient index microendoscope (diameter .7 mm) was used for all examinations in combination with a specially developed needle for intraductal vacuum-assisted biopsy. Ductoscopy and intraductal biopsy were correlated with ductal cytology and histopathology of the resection specimen. RESULTS: Ductoscopy identified intraductal lesions in 41% of the patients with breast cancer presenting as red patches, microcalcifications, or ductal obstruction. Compared with patients with a normal ductoscopy, patients with pathologic ductoscopy had a significantly higher risk of extensive intraductal carcinoma (71% versus 16%, P < .05). Ductal cytology showed only a few cases with severe cytologic atypia or malignant cells in cases with ductoscopic abnormalities. Intraductal vacuum-assisted biopsy yielded diagnostic material in 89% of 36 patients with nipple discharge and papillomatous lesions. Histology of the resection specimen confirmed the diagnosis in all cases (26 papillomas, 2 in situ carcinomas, and 2 invasive ductal carcinomas). In contrast, ductal cytology showed only moderate correlation with histopathology. CONCLUSIONS: Ductoscopy is a useful supplement for the standard radiological workup of breast cancer especially in patients with extensive intraductal carcinoma. Ductoscopic vacuum-assisted biopsy is a new and effective technique for intraductal biopsy under visual control.     

Preoperative axillary staging in breast cancer-saving time and resources

Abstract:  This study was performed to assess the feasibility and accuracy of ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy for axillary staging in invasive breast cancer. Data were collected prospectively from June 2005 to June 2006. In all, 197 patients with invasive breast cancer and clinically nonsuspicious axillary lymph nodes were included. Patients with suspicious nodes on ultrasound had fine needle aspiration biopsy. Those with fine needle aspiration biopsy positive for malignancy were planned for axillary nodes clearance otherwise they had sentinel node biopsy. Patients (41) had ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy. Three cases were excluded for being nonconclusive. Postoperative histology showed 18/38 cases (47.4%) axillary lymph nodes positive and 20/38 cases (52.6%) axillary nodes negative. Ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy was positive in 8/38 cases (21.1%), negative in 30/38 cases (78.9%). The sensitivity of ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy was found to be 47.1%, specificity 100%, positive predictability 100%, negative predictability 70%, and overall accuracy 76.3%. Ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy was found to be more accurate and sensitive when two or more nodes were involved, raising the sensitivity to 80% and negative predictability to 93.3%. Preoperative axillary staging with ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration biopsy in invasive breast cancer patients is very beneficial in diagnosing nodes positive cases. These cases can be planned for axillary lymph nodes clearance straightaway therefore saving patients from undergoing further surgery as well as time and resources.