乳房再造术的临床研究

目的 回顾总结了乳癌根治术后应用单纯假体植入、Becker可扩张假体植入和带蒂腹部横形腹直肌肌皮瓣(TRAM)移植、扩大的背阔肌肌皮瓣(ELDF)移植乳房再造术的经验,探讨手术的适应征、方法和效果.方法 16例行保留皮肤的乳癌根治术一期假体植入乳房再造;13例行Becker可扩张假体植入一期乳房再造;4例行单蒂下腹部横形腹直肌肌皮瓣(TRAM)移植乳房再造手术,其中2例为一期再造,另2例为二期再造.应用Becker可扩张假体行二期乳房再造1例.扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣(ELDF)移植二期乳房再造1例.结果 手术效果满意,优良率超过90%.3例病人出现轻微并发症,其中1例皮瓣局灶坏死,一例出现保留的乳头乳晕部分坏死,1例出现血清肿.结论 单纯假体植入适用于瘦小病人,对侧乳房小且没有明显下垂.优点是不增加额外瘢痕,术后恢复快;可扩张假体植入乳房再造适用于乳房大或改良乳癌根治术的患者,此法结合了单纯假体植入法和组织扩张术乳房再造术的优点;TRAM和ELDF皮瓣移植乳房再造的优点是自体组织移植,安全、手术效果好.     

几种乳房再造术的临床应用体会

目的：探讨乳腺癌根治术后应用单纯假体植入、可扩张假体植入和带蒂腹部横形腹直肌肌皮瓣（TRAM）移植乳房再造的适应证、手术方法、手术效果。方法：本组共24例病例。14例乳腺癌患者行保留皮肤的乳腺癌根治术，Ⅰ期行假体植入乳房再造；6例采用改良乳腺癌根治可扩张假体植入Ⅰ期乳房再造；4例接受单蒂下腹部横形腹直肌肌皮瓣（TRAM）移植乳房再造手术，其中2例为Ⅰ期再造，另2例为Ⅱ期乳房再造。结果：手术效果较满意，2例出现轻微并发症，其中1例皮瓣局灶坏死，另1例出现乳头乳晕部分坏死。结论：单纯假体植入适用于乳房小，没有明显下垂的瘦小病人。优点是不增加额外瘢痕，术后恢复快；可扩张假体植入乳房再造适用于乳房大或改良乳腺癌根治术的患者，此法结合了单纯假体植入法和组织扩张的优点：TRAM皮瓣移植乳房再造的优点是自体组织移植，安全、手术效果好。     

乳腺癌术后乳房即刻再造152例报告

目的探讨乳癌根治术后即时应用单纯假体植入、可调式双囊假体植入和自体组织移植乳房再造术的适应证及疗效。方法101例在保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术基础上于胸大肌下方植入Mentor假体再造乳房，39例在胸大肌下方植入Becker可调式假体再造乳房，10例用单蒂下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣移植至乳房缺损区再造乳房。2例采用扩大的背阔肌肌皮瓣移植再造乳房。结果随访152例3—65个月，中位时间28个月，2例13个月后肿瘤局部复发，取出假体。术后乳房外观评价优良率达94％。结论单纯假体植入适用于乳房较小的患者，可调式假体植入乳房再造适用于乳房较大，或根治术时皮肤缺损较多的患者。     

乳腺癌切除术后乳房再造

目的 探讨乳腺癌切除术后乳房再造的方法及时间.方法 总结30例不符合保乳条件的乳腺癌病例,乳房切除术后假体置人乳房再造16例,下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣(TRAM瓣)乳房再造10例,背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造4例.其中即刻乳房再造27例,延期乳房再造3例.结果 16例假体置入乳房再造术后外观评价均为良,未出现术后并发症.10例TRAM瓣乳房再造术后发生皮瓣部分坏死2例,腹壁疝1例,术后外观评价7例为良.2例为较好,1例为差.4例背阔肌肌皮瓣再造术后外观评价为良.结论 乳房再造术是乳腺癌综合治疗不可忽视一部分,对于有强烈的保乳愿望,而又不符合保乳条件的患者,乳房再造术是一种较好的选择.即刻乳房再造优于延迟乳房再造.乳房再造的方法选择要因人而异.局部晚期乳腺癌患者可以选择性进行即刻乳房再造术.     

乳腺癌术后单蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造

目的：探讨下腹部单蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣（Transverse Rectus Abdomials Myocataneous，TRAM）在乳腺癌术后乳房再造中的应用。方法：2004～2007年，对13例乳腺癌患者应用对侧单蒂TRAM皮瓣进行乳房再造，其中Ⅰ期再造7例，Ⅱ期再造6例，乳腺癌根治术后1例，乳腺癌改良根治术后12例。1例Ⅱ期进行乳头乳晕再造。9例供区下腹部应用涤纶补片加强腹壁预防腹壁软弱和腹壁疝形成。结果：2例Ⅱ期再造术后TRAM皮瓣小部分坏死，1例Ⅱ期再造术后TRAM皮瓣部分皮下脂肪硬结伴部分液化，1例对侧下腹壁轻度膨隆不适，无腹壁疝。结论：乳腺癌术后应用单蒂TRAM皮瓣乳房再造术是一种较为有效、简单和安全的方法，应用涤纶补片加强腹壁可以有效预防腹壁软弱和腹壁疝形成。     

乳腺癌改良根治术与乳房即时再造

目的探讨乳腺癌改良根治术后乳房缺损的解决方法. 方法总结17例乳腺癌术后乳房自体组织移植、保留乳头和不保留乳头的人工假体填充乳房即时再造的经验,介绍病例选择、皮瓣设计和手术方法. 结果应用下腹部横形腹直肌肌皮瓣(transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous,TRAM)进行即时乳房再造4例,盐水-硅凝胶乳房假体进行即时乳房再造13例,其中4例为保留乳头的乳房再造,效果满意. 结论Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌在改良根治术的同时行乳房再造是安全可靠的,可减少皮下积液和上肢水肿的发生率.TRAM可同时进行腹部整形,假体的植入简便易行.     

乳腺癌改良根治一期乳房再造术后近期并发症的探讨

目的:探讨乳腺癌根治一期乳房再造术后近期发生的并发症及其原因.方法:收集本院2006年2月～2007年12月32例乳腺癌改良根治一期乳房再造病例.全组病例行乳房改良根治术乳房再造方法:一期行单蒂下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣(TRAM)移植术3例,背阔肌肌皮瓣移植和假体植入6例,单纯假体植入术12例,乳房扩张假体植入术11例.结果:中位随访时间14个月,1例乳房局部血肿,1例术后10个月发生腹部切口疝:边缘局部坏死7例,乳头乳晕发生部分坏死2例,其中1例皮瓣坏死范围大导致假体露出.并发症的总发生率34.4%(11/32).结论:乳腺癌行改良根治性手术一期乳房再造术后并发症发发生率较高.乳癌改良根治手术时,要注意皮瓣及乳头乳晕区切除的宽度和剥离皮瓣的厚度:移植皮瓣时要注意移植的肌肉组织血运是否完整和有无遗留的微小血管未结扎;乳房再造术仅植入扩张器者,因局部张力小,对皮瓣血运影响小,并发症发生率低.     

伴有剖腹产史的单蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术

目的 探讨伴有剖宫产史的单蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术的手术方法、临床可行性及应用技术.方法 对9例剖宫产后不同时间的乳腺癌患者,在乳腺癌仿根治术后,采用即刻转移对侧单蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣进行乳房再造手术,腹壁横梭形皮瓣的上切口位于脐上l～2 cm,下切口于下腹壁纵行切口瘢痕的中下1/3,切取以对侧腹直肌为单蒂的下腹壁皮瓣,转移至胸壁缺损部位,修整塑造乳房外形.结果 9例乳房再造术患者转移的单蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣完全成活,再造乳房形态自然,外形逼真,无皮瓣坏死发生.2例保留乳头者发生乳头缺血,部分坏死脱落后愈合.结论 单蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术,对于有剖宫产史的乳腺癌患者并非绝对禁忌证,在做好术前充分评估的基础上,可以安全选择应用.     

早期乳腺癌患者术后应用整形技术的临床观察

目的:观察并总结采用整形美容技术对早期乳腺癌患者进行手术治疗的临床经验。方法:回顾性分析2007年3月～2011年2月期间我院收治的86例术前分期为I～II期的乳腺癌患者,分别应用腹直肌肌皮瓣(TRAM)、腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣(DIEP)、TRAM与DIEP联合皮瓣、背阔肌肌皮瓣(LDF)加或不加假体、硅凝胶乳房假体、保留乳头乳晕复合体的方法对其中74例施行乳腺癌改良根治术的患者进行乳房整形手术,总结该74例患者的临床病例资料,对术后美容效果及远期预后进行评估。结果:患者均为女性,年龄分布35～68岁,平均(48.2±6.5)岁,中位年龄46岁。12例患者仅采用改良根治术治疗,74例应用乳房整形技术的患者中,采用腹直肌肌皮瓣(TRAM)进行乳房再造26例,腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣(DIEP)乳房再造术6例,TRAM与DIEP联合皮瓣行乳房再造术8例,背阔肌肌皮瓣(LDF)加或不加假体进行乳房再造20例,硅凝胶乳房假体进行乳房再造8例,保留乳头乳晕复合体进行乳房再造6例。不同整形技术对乳腺癌术后的恢复及并发症的发生率有影响,差异存在统计学意义,采用整形技术及单纯根治术治疗,乳腺癌术后恢复及并发症发生率的差异未发现统计学意义。术后随访10～16个月,未发现局部和区域肿瘤复发,无伤口、皮肤坏死和感染,未发现死亡病例,继续随访观察。结论:I、II期乳腺癌患者在行改良根治术后,应用乳房整形技术治疗是安全、有效的,腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术进行乳房美容的效果最好,乳房整形术术后并发症较传统单纯乳腺癌改良根治术发生率无明显变化,具有广阔的应用前景。     

乳癌术后不同乳房再造术式的临床应用

目的探讨适合乳癌术后各种乳房再造术式的适应证。方法对我院2003至2005年收治的44例、45只乳癌术后乳房再造的患者,根据不同情况分别采用扩张器/假体置入(5只)、背阔肌肌皮瓣 假体置入(13只)、背阔肌肌皮瓣(3只)、DIEP皮瓣(6只)、单蒂TRAM瓣(10只)及劈开的双蒂TRAM瓣(8只)等方法进行乳房再造,分析各手术方法的适应证。结果应用皮瓣乳房再造40只,皮瓣全部成活;1只应用扩张器/假体乳房再造术后,注射壶部表皮坏死;1只应用背阔肌 假体乳房再造术后半年出现假体破裂伴局部感染;1只应用DIEP乳房再造术后,出现皮瓣下积液;2只部分皮瓣坏死。术后随访3个月至半年,医生及患者对乳房形态均较满意。所有应用腹部皮瓣的患者均无腹壁疝发生。结论6种乳房再造技术基本满足了我国女性乳癌术后各个时期各种条件再造乳房的要求,整形外科技术的改进以及新材料的应用扩大了乳房再造的适应证。     

延期乳房再造中应用单蒂TRAM皮瓣移植重建自然形态的乳房

目的:探讨乳癌根治术后延期乳房再造中应用单蒂腹部横形腹直肌肌皮瓣(transverse rectus abdominis musculocu taneous,TRAM)重塑自然形态乳房的方法。方法:2004年7月～2007年10月,笔者应用单蒂TRAM皮瓣对15例患者进行延期乳房再造。于较正常侧高1～2cm的位置设计患侧新乳房下皱襞,切除范围为新乳房下皱襞与乳癌根治术后切口瘢痕之间的皮肤,TRAM皮瓣修复瘢痕切除后创面。结果:所有患者术后随访4～26个月,平均随访15.2个月,效果优10例,良3例,一般2例。2例患者出现TRAM皮瓣II区皮下脂肪坏死,经引流后愈合,1例患者乳房下皱襞较健侧低,二期修复后手术效果为优。结论:本组病例应用的技术有利于再造乳房呈现自然形态,避免明显补丁样畸形。     

Breast reconstruction and radiation therapy: A Canadian perspective

BACKGROUND:

When and how best to perform breast reconstruction in the setting of radiation therapy is a much debated topic.

OBJECTIVE:

To investigate the approaches that Canadian plastic surgeons are taking to breast reconstruction in patients who require or may require radiation therapy.

METHODS:

In April 2009, a survey invitation was sent to Canadian plastic surgeons via e-mail. Survey responses were collected over a two-month period.

RESULTS:

Of the 307 invitees, 90 surgeons responded, of whom 76 met the inclusion criteria. Most surgeons (66%) do not perform immediate reconstruction in patients who require postmastectomy radiation. Most respondents (64%) perform immediate reconstructions for patients whose need for radiation is uncertain at the time of mastectomy. Expander and implants is their preferred option, followed by free transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap. Thirty-five per cent use the delayed immediate technique in these cases. Twenty-one per cent are unfamiliar with the delayed-immediate technique. For delayed reconstruction of the irradiated patient, the pedicled TRAM is the most common choice.

CONCLUSIONS:

The reconstructive options are increasing for patients who may need postmastectomy radiation. The use of the delayed immediate technique could increase as physicians gain more knowledge of the technique.     

Effects of radiation therapy on pedicled transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap breast reconstruction

Radiotherapy is being increasingly used in the treatment of breast cancer after breast conservation as well as after total mastectomy. The effect of radiation on pedicled transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap reconstruction is examined. A retrospective review of 199 patients undergoing 232 pedicled TRAM flap reconstructions was performed to identify patients who received radiotherapy. Patients were stratified into 5 groups by the use and timing of radiation as well as the timing of the reconstruction. The overall esthetic appearances were assessed by blinded reviewers. The incidence of flap complications was 34.2% in the immediate nonirradiated group, 10.7% in the delayed nonirradiated group, 44% in the post-TRAM radiation group, 60% in the immediate pre-TRAM radiation group, and 33% in the delayed pre-TRAM radiation group (P = 0.010). Patients who had immediate TRAM flap reconstruction and did not receive radiation had a better global esthetic outcome (P < 0.001) than the other 4 groups. The esthetic outcome was similar whether radiation was administered pre- or post-TRAM flap reconstruction. Radiation therapy has a deleterious effect on the esthetic outcome of pedicled TRAM flap reconstruction whether administered before or after reconstruction. There was no difference in TRAM flap complications in any of the groups that received radiation therapy.     

保留乳房皮肤的乳腺切除与即刻乳房再造

目的　探讨保留乳房皮肤的乳腺切除与腹直肌肌皮瓣、背阔肌肌皮瓣加乳房假体 ,即刻再造乳房的方法。　方法　 1997年 6月～ 2 0 0 2年 6月 ,对 11例乳腺导管内原位癌和巨大乳腺良性肿瘤患者 ,经顺乳晕切口切取肿瘤活检 ,病理检查明确诊断。采用保留乳房皮肤的乳晕环形切口行乳腺或巨大肿瘤的乳腺皮下切除术 ;应用腹直肌肌皮瓣或背阔肌肌皮瓣加乳房假体即刻再造乳房 ,充填乳房的内容 ,仅以少量的肌皮瓣皮肤弥补切除后的乳头乳晕部位。再次手术时在移位后的皮瓣上再造乳头。　结果　经多科协作完成了 11例手术 ,随访 1个月始至 1～ 6年 ,效果良好 ,无肿瘤复发。其再造乳房与健侧乳房对称 ,保留了原有乳房皮肤的感觉 ,外观形态自然 ,瘢痕较少且隐蔽。　结论　在严格手术适应证防止乳腺癌复发的前提下 ,此法为一较完善的乳房再造方法。     

Persistent pain following postmastectomy breast reconstruction: long-term effects of type and timing of surgery

This study prospectively examined the long-term effects of type (transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous [TRAM] versus implant) and timing (immediate versus delayed) of postmastectomy reconstructive surgery on patient reports of pain at multiple body sites. Women (n = 205) seeking immediate or delayed breast reconstruction, choosing either expander implant or autologous tissue transfer surgical procedures, provided ratings for the presence of bodily, breast, abdominal, and back pain and abdominal tightness prior to surgery and at 2-year follow-up. At baseline, nonwhite women were more likely to undergo delayed reconstruction (P < 0.05), and women seeking delayed reconstruction had less breast pain (P < 0.001) and more back pain (P < 0.01). Multiple regression analyses, controlling for ethnicity and baseline pain, indicated that women receiving TRAM flap surgery reported more problems with abdominal pain and tightness. There was a trend for implant subjects to report more frequent problems with breast pain. These results suggest the need for heightened awareness of potential long-term pain morbidity for women undergoing TRAM flap or implant breast reconstruction.     

New trends in breast cancer management: is the era of immediate breast reconstruction changing?

OBJECTIVE: Review of available literature on the topic of breast reconstruction and radiation is presented. Factors influencing the decision-making process in breast reconstruction are analyzed. New trends of immediate breast reconstruction are presented. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: New indications for postmastectomy radiation have caused a dramatic increase in the number of radiated patients presenting for breast reconstruction. The major studies and their impact on breast cancer management practice are analyzed. Unsatisfactory results of conventional immediate reconstruction techniques followed by radiotherapy led to a new treatment algorithm for these patients. If the need for postoperative radiation therapy is known, a delayed reconstruction should be considered. When an immediate reconstruction is still desired despite the certainty of postoperative radiotherapy, reconstructive options should be based on tissue characteristics and blood supply. Autologous tissue reconstruction options should be given a priority in an order reflecting superiority of vascularity and resistance to radiation: latissimus dorsi flap, free TRAM or pedicled TRAM without any contralateral components of tissue, pedicled TRAM/midabdominal TRAM, and perforator flap. CONCLUSIONS: When the indications for postoperative radiotherapy are unknown, premastectomy sentinel node biopsy, delayed-immediate reconstruction, or delayed reconstruction is preferable.