后纵韧带骨化致颈椎管狭窄患者创伤性无骨折脱位型脊髓不全伤的外科处理

该文报道一例椎管后纵韧带骨化(OPLL)致颈椎管狭窄患者,62岁,伤前无症状,伤后上下肢肌力分别为Ⅰ、Ⅲ级,C_4以下触痛觉减退。MRI示C_(2.3)—C_(6.7)脊髓前方硬膜囊不通畅,C_(4.5)处信号改变,X线片示C_(3.4)C_4C_5OPLL连续型。急诊予以颅骨牵引、大量甲基强的松龙冲击治疗。伤后2周内脊髓功能逐渐好转,第3周开始不再改善。椎管后纵韧带骨化致颈椎管狭窄患者,颈部轻微外伤后常常引起颈椎不完全性损伤,对其无骨     

伴后纵韧带骨化颈椎过伸性损伤的手术治疗

目的探讨伴有后纵韧带骨化颈椎过伸性损伤的临床特点及手术方式。方法对自2007-07—2013-11行手术治疗且病历资料完整的13例伴有后纵韧带骨化(OPLL)颈椎过伸性损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。根据病历及影像资料判断后纵韧带骨化类型及范围;椎间盘韧带复合体(DLC)损伤致不稳节段;分析各患者DLC损伤不稳节段与脊髓损伤的特点及手术方式的异同。结果 13例伴有后纵韧带骨化颈椎过伸性损伤患者均有脊髓及DLC损伤。其术前脊髓功能Frankel分级:A级2例,B级3例,C级5例,D级3例;DLC损伤节段数:9例为1个,4例为2个。手术方式:前路5例,后路5例,前后联合入路3例。术后3个月Frankel分级:6例提高1级,7例无变化。结论伴后纵韧带骨化颈椎过伸性损伤患者手术方式的选择,应结合OPLL的分型、DLC损伤的位置、脊髓损伤的范围,充分减压并重建稳定。     

颈椎后纵韧带骨化与椎间盘突出合并无骨折脱位颈脊髓损伤的手术疗效比较

目的:探讨颈椎后纵韧带骨化(ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament,OPLL)或颈椎间盘突出合并无骨折脱位颈脊髓损伤患者手术治疗的效果及其差异性.方法:回顾性分析2017年1月～2019年12月我科收治的无骨折脱位颈脊髓损伤并经手术治疗患者,选取其中35例3个节段...     

高位颈椎后纵韧带骨化症的治疗1例报告

颈椎后纵韧带骨化(Ossification ofposterior longitudinal ligament,OPLL)是引起慢性颈髓损害或无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的主要原因。目前治疗OPLL的手术方法主要分为1.经颈前路OPLL切除,2.经颈后路椎板切开减压、扩大椎管。其中经颈后路椎板单开门、椎管扩大成型术较为常用,临床已取得了理想的效果。但就手术的节段(范围)应根据具体病人的不同情况,慎重选择。本文报告1例无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤合并高位OPLL患者进行常规C3-7节段单开门手术治疗后症状复发,再次手术扩大减压范围取得了理想效果的病例。试探讨颈椎高位OPLL手术治疗…     

老年人颈髓损伤的椎管扩大成形术

老年人颈椎退行性改变有发展为颈椎管狭窄的趋势。日本有较多的老年人由于颈椎后纵韧带骨化(OPLL)造成颈椎管狭窄。颈椎管狭窄的老年人,很容易因较轻微的颈部外伤造成颈髓损伤。受伤机制多数为颈部过度伸展,几乎不伴有骨折或脱位。颈髓损伤类型多属于横断性的不全损伤及中央性颈髓损伤。 一般情况下,对于无骨折脱位的不完全损伤型,多数采取保守疗法即可得到较好的效果,对于存在颈椎管狭窄的病例,我们采用棘突纵切颈椎管扩大术,以便使麻痹得到改善。1临床资料 1985年以来,施行棘突纵切颈椎椎管扩大术13例,术后均观察至少6个月以上。男性9例…     

颈椎后纵韧带骨化症手术治疗进展

颈椎后纵韧带骨化症（eossifieation of posterior longtitudinal ligament，OPLL）是由于颈椎后纵韧带内出现异位骨，使得颈椎管有效空间减小，压迫颈髓，导致一系列临床症候群的产生。目前有关颈椎后纵韧带骨化发病机制还不十分清楚，大多数学者认为其发病与退行性改变、长期反复应力失衡、外伤、先天发育异常等因素有关。Tsukimoto于1960年首先报道了第1例OPLL灶压迫颈髓引起瘫痪的病人，此后日本有大量文献报道此种疾病，我国近年来报道也不少，发病率在逐年增加。后纵韧带骨化使得椎管空间减小，或者直接压迫脊髓，引起一系列神经症状产生。     

颈椎后纵韧带骨化症手术治疗研究进展

脊柱韧带骨化性疾病是一类临床常见的多因素迟发性疾病,进展缓慢,不可逆转,常引起脊髓和神经根病变,以多种脊柱韧带骨化为特征。颈椎后纵韧带骨化症（OPLL）为颈部后纵韧带中的异位骨化,因其压迫脊髓和神经根而导致一系列临床症状,病因复杂。由于OPLL具有不可逆性,及时治疗及选择合适的治疗方法尤为重要,手术治疗是目前较为有效的治疗方法之一。临床上广泛应用于治疗颈椎OPLL的术式包括颈前路、颈后路、前后联合入路及微创等。本文就近年来相关文献中颈椎OPLL手术治疗术式作如下综述。     

正确认识及规范椎体-后纵韧带骨化物复合体可控前移技术

<正>颈椎后纵韧带骨化症(ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament,OPLL)是指多种因素导致的后纵韧带异常骨化物形成,导致椎管、椎间孔容积减小,脊髓和/或神经根受压而产生脊髓损伤及神经根刺激症状。手术治疗颈椎OPLL的根本目的是扩大颈椎椎管容积、解除骨化物对脊髓的压迫,     

无骨折脱位型急性颈脊髓损伤患者的护理

对26例无骨折脱位型急性颈髓损伤患者在大剂量甲泼尼龙冲击治疗基础上行手术治疗.结果 26例手术顺利,平均17.5 d出院.术后随访6～50个月,除1例出院后4个月发生肺部感染及心脏骤停死亡外,其他患者神经功能均有不同程度的恢复,达到生活自理.提出严密观察生命体征、预防感染,术前做好心理护理、术前训练,术后严密观察病情变化、保持良好的体位、指导患者功能锻炼等,可使患者安全度过围术期,早日康复.     

后路减压ARCH内固定治疗颈椎病合并后纵韧带骨化症的疗效分析

前路颈椎间盘切除作为颈椎病的一种有效治疗手段而得到广泛应用,但对于颈椎病合并颈椎后纵韧带骨化症(OPLL)的患者单纯行颈椎间盘切除往往不能彻底达到对脊髓神经根的减压,术后症状并不缓解,或暂时缓解后又复出现症状,常需再次手术治疗.我院2010 年8月至2011年4月行后路手术治疗OPLL 18例,取得良好手术效果.     

应用单开门椎板成形术治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化症

目的 探讨颈椎后纵韧带骨化症的适宜手术入路及方式。方法 观察及分析应用单开门椎板成形术治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化症３０２例的近期与１－９年远期临床疗效并将手术前、后Ｘ线片、ＣＴ及ＭＲＩ等影像学资料进行对比。结果 ３０２例后纵韧带骨化症手术近期及远期神经功能评分显著提高,平均改善率分别为４６％和６８％,后Ｘ线片显示颈椎管矢以显著增加,ＣＴ示椎管截面积显著扩大,而ＭＲＩ则显示脊髓向后移行,前后方压迫均解除。     

A review of prognostic factors for surgical outcome of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of cervical spine

For patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) who have neurological-symptoms, surgery is necessary but not always effective. Various clinical factors influence the surgical outcome. The studies identifying these factors have been inconclusive and conflicting. It is essential for surgeons to understand the significance of the factors and choose the optimal therapeutic strategy for OPLL. The objective of this review is to determine the clinical factors predictive of the surgical outcome of cervical OPLL. The authors conducted a review of literature published in the English language. They examined studies in which the correlation between clinical factors and outcome were statistically evaluated. The results showed that the traverse area of the spinal cord, the spinal cord-evoked potentials (SCEPs), the increase of the range of motion in the cervical spine (ROM), diabetes, history of trauma, the onset of ossification of the ligament flavum (OLF) in the thoracic spine, snake-eye appearance (SEA) and incomplete decompression may be predictive factors. Age at surgery seems to be closely related to the outcome of posterior surgical procedure. Whether the neurological score, OPLL type, pre-operative duration of symptoms, focal intra-medullar high signal intensity in T2-weighted (IMHSI) and progression of OPLL or kyphosis and expansion of the spinal canal predict the surgical outcome remains unclear. The use of uniform neurological score and proper statistic analysis should facilitate comparison of data from different studies. It is important to analyze the effect of each factor on groups with different surgical procedures as well as patients with different compressive pathology. Research on the etiology and pathology of cervical myelopathy due to OPLL should be helpful in precisely understanding these clinical factors and predicting surgical outcome.     

Acute cervical cord injury associated with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament

OBJECTIVE: Patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) sometimes present with acute spinal cord injury caused by only minor trauma. In the present study, we reviewed our experience of acute cervical cord injury associated with OPLL to understand the pathomechanisms and to provide clinical information for management of this disorder. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients were retrospectively analyzed. There were 26 men and 2 women, aged 45 to 78 years (mean, 63.0 yr). Most patients experienced incomplete spinal cord injury (Frankel Grade A, 3; B, 1; C, 15; and D, 9). RESULTS: Radiological studies revealed continuous- or mixed-type OPLL in 14 patients and segmental-type OPLL in 14 patients. The sagittal diameter of the spinal canal was reduced to 4.1 to 10 mm at the narrowest level as a result of OPLL. Developmental size of the spinal canal was significantly smaller in the group with segmental OPLL. Magnetic resonance imaging scans revealed that spinal cord injury occurred predominantly at the caudal edge of continuous-type OPLL or at the disc levels. Surgery was performed in 24 patients either by posterior (18 patients) or anterior (6 patients) decompression at various time intervals after the trauma. Twenty patients (71%) displayed improvement in Frankel grade. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates the preexisting factors and pathomechanisms of acute spinal cord injury associated with cervical OPLL. Magnetic resonance imaging is useful to understand the level and mechanism of injury. Further investigation will be needed to elucidate the role of surgical decompression.     

强直性脊柱炎下颈椎骨折的临床回顾性分析

目的:探讨强直性脊柱炎下颈椎骨折的手术方式和疗效。方法:自2003年1月至2011年10月,对采用手术治疗(7例)和保守治疗(1例)的强直性脊柱炎下颈椎骨折患者进行回顾性分析,8例均为男性,年龄27～49岁,平均41岁。所有骨折经CT、MRI证实,其中6例骨折伴脊髓损伤症状。1例采用头颈胸支具保守治疗,其余7例手术治疗,手术方式包括单纯前路(5例)、单纯后路(1例)和联合前后路(1例);术后随访根据CT等影像学检查骨折融合情况,并根据Frankel分级的改变来评估脊髓损伤是否改善。结果:8例患者均获随访,时间4～38个月,平均18个月。7例患者获得骨性融合,无脊髓损伤患者(3例)术后随访仍无脊髓神经损伤,脊髓损伤患者(5例)术后随访各获得不同程度恢复。7例患者Frankel分级平均改善1级,1例患者骨折延迟愈合(随访中)。结论:强直性脊柱炎下颈椎骨折是一种相对特殊性的损伤,容易发生骨折移位损伤颈髓,应尽早采用手术治疗,手术方式则根据具体情况综合选择。     

Factors related to the development of myelopathy in patients with cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament

This study evaluates factors related to myelopathic symptoms in patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). A total of 87 patients with OPLL were included. Of these, 53 (Group I) had no symptoms or presented with neck pain and radiculopathy and 34 (Group II) had myelopathic symptoms. Gender, age, and history of trauma were evaluated in the two groups. The range of movement of the cervical spine was measured using plain radiographs. The number of involved segments, type of OPLL, and maximal compression ratio were analysed using CT and signal change in the spinal cord was evaluated using MRI. The patients' age was found to be significant (p = 0.001). No difference was found between gender and the range of movement in the two groups. The maximum compression of the spinal canal showed a difference (p = 0.03). The signal change of the spinal cord was different between the two groups. In patients with OPLL of the cervical spine, myelopathic symptoms are not related to the range of movement or the number of involved segments.     

扩大后壁减压术治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化

目的 介绍扩大后壁减压术(显露根袖起始部)治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化(ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament,OPLL)合并脊髓病,并探讨其疗效.方法 1998年1月至2005年12月,采用扩大后壁减压手术治疗颈椎OPLL患者82例.男47例,女35例;年龄39～84岁,平均57岁.节段型31例,连续型40例,混合型11例.手术前后用日本矫形外科学会(JOA)评分判定神经功能;用疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)评价颈肩痛程度;用Ishihara法测定颈椎曲率指数(cervical curvature index,CCI);在MRI上测量脊髓扩大和后移程度.结果 手术平均减压5.2(4～6)个节段.全部病例随访13～58个月,平均41个月.术后JOA评分平均为13.9(11～17)分,较术前[10.9(7～15)分]有显著改善(t=14.65,P＜0.01),临床效果优良率为98.7%.仅2例出现C5神经根麻痹,为一过性.术后颈肩痛VAS评分平均为1.4(1～3)分,较术前[5.3(4～6)分]明显缓解(t=15.46,P＜0.01).术后CCI平均为10.5%,较术前(18.8%)下降(t=5.03,P＜0.01),但未发生颈脊髓再次受压.MRI测量:最狭窄处硬膜囊平均横截面积由85.4 mm2增至153.8 mm2,较术前增加80.1%(t=16.33,P＜0.01);颈脊髓较术前所在位置平均向后移动6.2mm(t=15.35,P＜0.01).结论 显露根袖起始部的扩大后壁减压术能使脊髓充分后移,减压彻底,降低脊髓轴位张力,避免C5神经根麻痹,术后无颈椎脱位或半脱位,未出现颈脊髓受压复发情况.

Abstract：

Objective To introduce the surgical strategy of enlarged laminectomy (with partial facet joint dissection to expose the nerve root), and to discuss its benefit for cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament(OPLL) with myelopathy. Methods Totally 82 patients with cervical OPLL were treated by enlarged laminectomy from January 1998 to December 2005. There were 47 males and 35 females, with an average age of 57 years (ranged, 39-84 years). Among them, there were 31 cases of the solitary type, 40 cases of the continuous type, and 11 cases of the mixed type. JOA scoring system and the visual analogue scale (VAS) scoring were applied to evaluate the neurological function and neck/shoulder pain respectively.Ishihara method was employed to measure cervical curvature index(CCI). The degree of spinal cord backward expanding and displacement were calculated in MR1. Results The mean decompression length was 5.2 (4-6) segments. The mean follow-up duration was 41 months (ranged, 13-58 months). JOA score has improved from 10.9(7-15) preoperatively to 13.9(11-17) postoperatively (t=14.65, P＜0.01). The excellent and good rate was 98.7%. The palsy of C5 nerve root occurred in only 2 patients, both recovered after surgery. Zhe mean postoperative VAS score was 1.4(1-3), comparing with the preoperative score of 5.3 (4-6). The pain in neck/shoulder was alleviated obviously (t=15.46, P＜0.01 ). CCI decreased from 18.8% to 10.5%(t=5.03, P＜0.01 ),but did not follow by neuron function deterioration. MRI indicated that the cross-sectional area at the level of maximum compression of the dural sac increased from 85.4 mm2 preoperatively to 153.8 mm2 postoperatively (t=16.33, P＜0.01), and the mean spinal cord posterior shift was 6.2 mm (t=15.35, P＜0.01). Conclusion The enlarged laminectomy is proved to be effective in treating cervical OPLL, in terms of significant posterior shift of the spinal cord, relief of cervical/shoulder pain, lower rate of the palsy of C5 nerve root, with no recurrence of spinal cord compression symptom.     

ASIA脊髓损伤分类标准在颈髓损伤患者神经功能评定中的应用

目的：探讨ASIA标准在颈髓损伤患者神经功能评估中的意义。方法：应用ASIA标准对139例急性颈髓损伤患者的神经功能情况进行回顾性评估。结果：82例完全性脊髓损伤患者中5例逆转为不完全性损伤，77例无逆转者随访时ASIA感觉、运动评分有明显增加。57例不完全性颈髓损伤患者感觉、运动功能改善明显优于完全性损伤患者。结论：完全性颈髓损伤患者可能逆转为不完全性颈髓损伤，并且可有明显节段性神经功能恢复。在脊髓损伤神经功能评定中，ASIA感觉、运动评分具有重要意义。     

Cervical spinal cord injury caused by vertebral body fracture in a patient with concomitant OALL and OPLL

We encountered a case of cervical spinal cord injury associated with cervical vertebral dislocation fracture that occurred in a patient with concomitant ossification of the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments. The cervical vertebrae were injured by hyperextension in a car accident. On admission, shearing fracture was noted in the OALL region and vertebral body OPLL region over the posterior column at the fourth cervical level, but no dislocation or neurological findings were noted. Restlessness occurred and caused dislocation several hours after admission, leading to complete injury of the cervical spinal cord. The patient died of complications after 3 weeks. Vertebral body fracture complicated by both OALL and OPLL is very rare, and only four cases have been reported. Since vertebral injury causes delayed fracture/dislocation after a symptom-free interval in cases with ligament ossification, accurate clinical evaluation early after injury and early fixation are necessary.     

自发性椎管内硬膜外、硬膜下血肿的诊断和治疗

探讨比较自发性硬脊膜外、硬膜下血肿的出血原因、临床表现、影像特征及治疗预后。结合相关文献，回顾性分析7例自发性硬脊膜外血肿和1例自发性硬膜下血肿的流行病学、发病机制、部位，临床特征、神经功能状态，以及手术，保守治疗和预后。结果有6例患者手术治疗，1例痊愈，2例保守治疗，1例痊愈。自发性硬脊膜外，硬膜下血肿多急性起病,硬脊膜外较硬膜下血肿更为常见，且MRI显示椎管内占位影较CT明显。MRI检查是诊断本病最佳方法。手术减压是改善预后的主要方法。起病到治疗的时间间隔越短预后越好。     

Intramedullary lesion expansion on magnetic resonance imaging in patients with motor complete cervical spinal cord injury

Object The authors performed a study to determine if lesion expansion occurs in humans during the early hours after spinal cord injury (SCI), as has been established in rodent models of SCI, and to identify factors that might predict lesion expansion. Methods The authors studied 42 patients with acute cervical SCI and admission American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale Grades A (35 patients) and B (7 patients) in whom 2 consecutive MRI scans were obtained 3-134 hours after trauma. They recorded demographic data, clinical information, Injury Severity Score (ISS), admission MRI-documented spinal canal and cord characteristics, and management strategies. Results The characteristics of the cohort were as follows: male/female ratio 37:5; mean age, 34.6 years; and cause of injury, motor vehicle collision, falls, and sport injuries in 40 of 42 cases. The first MRI study was performed 6.8 ±2.7 hours (mean ± SD) after injury, and the second was performed 54.5 ± 32.3 hours after injury. The rostrocaudal intramedullary length of the lesion on the first MRI scan was 59.2 ± 16.1 mm, whereas its length on the second was 88.5 ± 31.9 mm. The principal factors associated with lesion length on the first MRI study were the time between injury and imaging (p = 0.05) and the time to decompression (p = 0.03). The lesion's rate of rostrocaudal intramedullary expansion in the interval between the first and second MRI was 0.9 ± 0.8 mm/hour. The principal factors associated with the rate of expansion were the maximum spinal cord compression (p = 0.03) and the mechanism of injury (p = 0.05). Conclusions Spinal cord injury in humans is characterized by lesion expansion during the hours following trauma. Lesion expansion has a positive relationship with spinal cord compression and may be mitigated by early surgical decompression. Lesion expansion may be a novel surrogate measure by which to assess therapeutic effects in surgical or drug trials.