注射用盐酸洛美沙星与奥硝唑氯化钠注射液配伍稳定性研究

目的研究盐酸洛美沙星与奥硝唑氯化钠注射液的配伍稳定性。方法在室温(25℃)条件下,应用紫外分光光度法考察洛美沙星与奥硝唑氯化钠注射液配伍后6 h内的含量变化,并观察配伍液外观及pH值的变化。结果洛美沙星与奥硝唑氯化钠注射液配伍后外观、pH值及含量均无明显变化。结论注射用盐酸洛美沙星与奥硝唑氯化钠注射液在6 h内可以配伍使用。     

加替沙星与奥硝唑氯化钠注射液配伍的稳定性

目的:考察注射用加替沙星在奥硝唑氯化钠注射液中配伍的稳定性。方法:在室温(20℃),观察8h内加替沙星与奥硝唑氯化钠注射液配伍液的外观、pH值及紫外光谱的变化,用紫外双波长分光光度法测定加替沙星和奥硝唑的含量。结果:两药配伍后,8h内的含量、pH值及外观均无明显变化。结论:加替沙星与奥硝唑氯化钠注射液可以配伍使用。     

欢迎订阅2007年《儿科药学杂志》

目的考察奥硝唑注射液分别与硫酸阿米卡星、利巴韦林、西咪替丁注射液配伍的稳定性。方法在室温下观察配伍液的外观、pH值及奥硝唑紫外吸收光谱的变化，用紫外分光光度法测定奥硝唑的含量。结果室温下各配伍液外观、pH值、奥硝唑紫外吸收光谱及含量均无显著变化。结论奥硝唑注射液与3种注射液可以配伍，配伍液在8h内稳定。     

奥硝唑注射液与3种药物配伍的稳定性考察

目的 考察奥硝唑注射液分别与硫酸阿米卡星、利巴韦林、西咪替丁注射液配伍的稳定性.方法 在室温下观察配伍液的外观、pH值及奥硝唑紫外吸收光谱的变化,用紫外分光光度法测定奥硝唑的含量.结果 室温下各配伍液外观、pH值、奥硝唑紫外吸收光谱及含量均无显著变化.结论 奥硝唑注射液与3种注射液可以配伍,配伍液在8 h内稳定.     

头孢匹胺钠与奥硝唑氯化钠注射液配伍稳定性研究

目的考察注射用头孢匹胺钠与奥硝唑氯化钠注射液配伍的稳定性。方法在室温（20℃）下采用紫外分光光度法测定注射用头孢匹胺钠与奥硝唑氯化钠注射液配伍后6h内不同时间点的含量，并观察配伍液的外观及pH值变化。结果两药配伍后6h内的含量、pH值及外观均无明显变化。结论注射用头孢匹胺钠与奥硝唑氯化钠注射液可在配伍后6h内使用。     

左氧氟沙星与奥硝唑氯化钠注射液配伍稳定性考察

目的:考察左氧氟沙星与奥硝唑氯化钠注射液配伍稳定性.方法:在室温(20℃)条件下采用紫外分光光度法考察左氧氟沙星与奥硝唑配伍后在6 h内含量变化,并观察配伍液的外观及pH值变化.结果:左氧氟沙星与奥硝唑氯化钠注射液配伍后外观、pH值及含量均无明显变化.结论:左氧氟沙星与奥硝唑氯化钠注射液在6 h内可以配伍使用.     

依诺沙星注射液与奥硝唑氯化钠注射液配伍稳定性考察

目的考察葡萄糖酸依诺沙星注射液与奥硝唑氯化钠注射液配伍稳定性。方法采用紫外分光光度法,在依诺沙星注射液与奥硝唑氯化钠注射液配伍后,测定溶液在25℃下6h内不同时间的吸收度,计算依诺沙星与奥硝唑配伍前、后的含量。扫描紫外吸收图谱,观察溶液的外观并测定其pH值。结果在25℃下,0～6h内配伍液外观、pH值和紫外吸收图谱无明显变化,依诺沙星和奥硝唑的含量无明显变化。结论依诺沙星注射液与奥硝唑氯化钠注射液在25℃下可配伍使用。     

奥硝唑氯化钠注射液与阿昔洛韦配伍的稳定性考察

目的 对奥硝唑氯化钠注射液与阿昔洛韦配伍的稳定性进行考察。方法 采用紫外分光光度法，考察不同时间配伍液中2种药物的含量变化，并观察配伍液外观和pH值的变化。结果 奥硝唑氯化钠和阿昔洛韦在室温（25℃）和37℃恒温下配伍后，8h内外观、pH值及含量均无明显变化。结论 奥硝唑氯化钠注射液与阿昔洛韦配伍在8h内是稳定的。     

维生素C注射液与奥硝唑氯化钠注射液配伍的稳定性

目的：考察维生素C注射液与奥硝唑氯化钠注射液配伍的稳定性。方法：采用紫外双波长分光光度法，分别测定维生素C与奥硝唑配伍后不同时间的含量变化，并观察配伍液的外观、pH的变化。结果：在室温（25℃）条件下，0～6h配伍液的颜色微微黄色，外观澄明，pH无明显变化，二药的含量变化不大。结论：在6h内两种药物配伍基本稳定。     

奥硝唑氯化钠注射液与氨甲环酸注射液的配伍稳定性

目的:考察奥硝唑氯化钠注射液与氨甲环酸注射液配伍后的稳定性。方法:采用紫外分光光度法[1]测定奥硝唑和氨甲环酸在生理盐水中配伍后的含量变化,同时观察配伍液的外观变化,并测定pH值。结果:室温条件下6h内配伍液的外观、pH值及含量均无明显变化。结论:奥硝唑氯化钠注射液与氨甲环酸注射液无理化配伍禁忌,可以配伍使用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.