增刊投稿--个性化延续护理对创伤性脊髓损伤伴截瘫患者照顾者照顾负担和生活质量的影响

目的：分析个性化延续护理对创伤性脊髓损伤伴截瘫患者预后效果及患者照顾者照顾负担和生活质量的影响。方法：选择我院自2018年1月至2019年6月收治的180例创伤性脊髓损伤伴截瘫患者作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将其分成对照组和研究组,每组90例,对照组采用常规出院指导护理干预,研究组采用个性化延续护理干预,对比两组患者护理前后的肢体疼痛评分、功能障碍评分及照顾者护理前后对疾病相关护理知识掌握度评分、照顾负担评分、生活质量评分、对护理工作的总满意率。结果：护理前,两组患者肢体疼痛评分、功能障碍评分及照顾者护理前后对疾病相关护理知识掌握度评分、照顾负担评分、生活质量评分对比均无显著差异(P＞0.05),护理后,研究组患者肢体疼痛评分、功能障碍评分及照顾者照顾负担评分均显著低于对照组,研究组患者照顾者对疾病相关护理知识掌握度评分、生活质量评分及对护理工作的总满意率均显著高于对照组,两组对比具有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论：对创伤性脊髓损伤伴截瘫患者实施个性化延续护理干预,不仅能有效提高患者照顾者对疾病相关护理知识的掌握度,同时还能减轻其照顾负担和提高其生活质量,并提高患者预后效果,从而有助于提高其对护理工作的满意度。     

中西医结合治疗外伤性脊髓损伤并截瘫的疗效及护理

目的 探讨中西医结合治疗外伤性脊髓损伤并截瘫的疗效及护理措施.方法 对98例外伤性脊髓损伤并截瘫的患者进行椎管减压内固定术及术后使用降纤酶、中药治疗,加强体位护理、情志护理、并发症的预防及护理、系统性康复训练等干预措施,治疗前后采用Barthel指数法对患者的日常生活活动（ADL）能力进行评定.结果 治疗后98例患者的Barthel指数评分均明显高于治疗前（P＜0.05）,无并发症的发生.结论 对外伤性脊髓损伤并截瘫患者采用椎管减压内固定术及术后使用降纤酶、中药治疗的同时,给予及时、正确的护理干预措施,可提高治愈率,减少并发症的发生,提高生活质量.     

Neoplastic vs. traumatic spinal cord injury: an inpatient rehabilitation comparison

OBJECTIVE: To compare demographics, injury characteristics, and functional outcomes of patients with neoplastic spinal cord compression with those with traumatic spinal cord injuries. DESIGN: A prospective 5-yr comparison was undertaken comparing 34 patients with neoplastic spinal cord compression with 159 patients with traumatic spinal cord injury. RESULTS: Patients with neoplastic spinal cord compression were significantly older, more often female, and unemployed than patients with traumatic spinal cord injury. Neoplastic spinal cord compression presented more often with paraplegia involving the thoracic spine, and injuries were more often incomplete compared with traumatic spinal cord injury. Patients with neoplastic spinal cord compression had a significantly shorter rehabilitation length of stay compared with those with traumatic spinal cord injury. The neoplastic group had significantly lower FIM change scores. Both groups had similar FIM efficiencies and discharge to home rates. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with neoplastic spinal cord compression have different demographic and injury characteristics but can achieve comparable rates of functional gains as their traumatic spinal cord injury counterparts. Although patients with traumatic injuries achieve greater functional improvement, patients with neoplasms have a shorter rehabilitation length of stay and comparable FIM efficiencies and home discharge rates.     

Sexual activity and satisfaction in men with traumatic spinal cord lesion.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate sexual activity and sexual satisfaction in men with spinal cord lesion. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: All adult citizens in Helsinki with traumatic spinal cord lesion were identified. The final study group comprised 92 male subjects, corresponding to a participation rate of 79%. METHODS: A structured questionnaire was sent to all subjects and they were invited for a clinical visit. Clinical examination was based on the manual of the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA). Examinations were performed on all subjects by the same experienced physician and physiotherapist. RESULTS: In total, 86% of the subjects experienced sexual desire and 68% had been sexually active during the last 12 months. A total of 65% of subjects reported experiencing orgasm since the injury, but most subjects rated it as weaker than before the injury. There were no statistically significant differences between the ASIA Impairment Scale groups. Men with paraplegia reported a more satisfactory sex life (p = 0.05) than those with tetraplegia. CONCLUSION: This study confirms the earlier findings that the ability to reach orgasm is deficient in men with spinal cord lesion. The completeness of the lesion had no effect. The more severe locomotory disability might adversely affect the sex life of persons with tetraplegia compared with those with paraplegia.     

Vieillissement chez les blessés médullairesAging with spinal cord injury

OBJECTIVE: Literature review of the data on aging with spinal cord injury. METHOD: Interrogation on Medline using the following keywords: aging, spinal cord injuries, paraplegia, quadriplegia, mortality, morbidity, quality of life, survival, health status. RESULTS: The expectation of life of the spinal cord injury patients improved even though it remains even lower than that of the general population. The effects of aging add to the specific complications which are numerous and alter almost every function. Respiratory complications became the first cause of death especially for tetraplegics. Urinary and cutaneous complications remain important as well as osteo-articular pathologies (particular upper limbs) whose consequences can be serious on the functional capacities. Studies on the quality of life show that adaptation to the handicap is done in a continuous way and a long time after the initial phase of rehabilitation. They underline the importance of professional resources, psychological reactions and previous experiences of the spinal cord injury patients in appreciating the quality of life after the traumatism. CONCLUSION: The specificities of the aging of the spinal cord injury patients require to be well known and underline the importance and the necessity of an adequate and specific follow-up. On a more general plan, they imply a reflection on the strategies of initial rehabilitation, not to compromise the future of these spinal cord injury patients.     

非创伤性脊髓损伤的临床特点

目的探讨非创伤性脊髓损伤患者的人口学特征、病因学分布以及神经功能预后。方法对44 例非创伤性因素造成的脊髓损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果患者均获得3 个月以上随访,平均随访时间13.3 个月(3~23 个月)。其中男性27 例(61.3%),女性17 例(38.7%);平均年龄39.85 岁(3.5~78 岁)。病因包括脊髓炎16 例(36%),脊柱肿瘤8 例(18.1%),椎管内肿瘤7例(15.9%),脊髓血管畸形6 例(13.6%),非创伤性椎间盘突出3 例(6.8%,包括颈椎间盘突出致四肢瘫1 例,腰椎间盘突出致马尾综合征2 例),非脊柱手术造成的医源性脊髓缺血2 例(4.5%),肝性脊髓病2 例(4.5%)。入院时神经损伤情况：颈段脊髓损伤9 例(20.4%),胸段损伤30 例(68.1%),圆锥综合征2 例(4.5%),马尾综合征3 例(6.8%)。AISA 残损分级：A级14 例(31.8%),B级6 例(13.6%),C级13 例(29.5%),D级11 例(25%)。最终随访时,34%患者出现至少1 个等级的神经功能恢复。结论非创伤性脊髓损伤是造成脊髓损伤的重要原因。因具有特殊的病因学特点,此组病例在人口学特征以及临床特点上与创伤性脊髓损伤患者有较大区别。     

Dural tear following traumatic spinal cord injury. A delayed complication.

Dural tears with leakage of cerebral spinal fluid into surrounding soft tissues can occur after traumatic spinal cord injury. An unusual case presented in a patient with traumatic paraplegia where the onset was delayed and clinical features were suggestive of autonomic dysfunction. The clinical features, pathophysiology and treatment of this interesting complication following traumatic spinal cord injury are discussed.     

Clinical presentations, medical complications, and functional outcomes of individuals with gunshot wound-induced spinal cord injury

Gunshot wounds are currently the second leading cause of spinal cord injury in the United States, and coexisting injuries or complications accompanying penetrating wounds often increase patient morbidity. A review of 217 traumatic spinal cord injury rehabilitation admissions to a tertiary care hospital during a 5-yr period revealed 49 individuals (23%) with gunshot wound-induced spinal cord injury. A single bullet entry site was seen in 54%, whereas 17% had greater than 3 sites of entry. Common (>25%) sites of bullet entry included the back, abdomen, neck, and chest. Common gunshot wound-related medical complications included pain (54%), infections (40%), pneumothorax (24%), nonspinal fractures (22%), colonic perforation (17%), cerebrospinal fluid leak (10%), and retroperitoneal hematoma (10%). When compared with nonviolence-related traumatic spinal cord injury (motor vehicle accidents and falls), patients with gunshot wound-induced spinal cord injury were significantly more frequently (P < 0.01) younger, non-Caucasian, unmarried, and unemployed. Injury characteristics revealed significantly (P < 0.01) more paraplegia and complete spinal cord injury within the gunshot wound-induced spinal cord injury group. Gunshot wound-induced spinal cord injury and nonviolent traumatic spinal cord injury groups had similar lengths of stay, Functional Independence Measure scores, and discharge to home rates. This article adds to the growing body of literature examining clinical, medical, and functional outcome characteristics of individuals with spinal cord injury secondary to violence-related cause.     

Psychometric properties of Persian version of the Caregiver Burden Scale in Iranian caregivers of patients with spinal cord injury

Purpose: To investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of Caregiver Burden Scale (CBS) in caregivers of patients with spinal cord injury.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. After a forward–backward translation, the CBS was administered to 110 caregivers of patients with spinal cord injury (men?=?60, women?=?50). Factor structure was evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis. The Internal consistency and test–retest reliability of the CBS were examined using Cronbach’s α and the intraclass correlation coefficient, respectively. Construct validity was assessed by examining the relationship among CBS and the World Health Organization Quality of Life, and the Beck Depression Inventory.

Results: The results of confirmatory factor analysis provided support for a five-factor model of CBS. All subscales of CBS revealed acceptable internal consistency (0.698–0.755), except for environment subscale (0.559). The CBS showed adequate test–retest reliability for its subscales (0.745–0.900). All subscales of CBS significantly correlated with both Beck Depression Inventory and World Health Organization Quality of Life, confirming construct validity.

Conclusions: The Persian version of the CBS is a valid and reliable measure for assessing burden of care in caregivers of patients with spinal cord injury.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• Spinal cord injury leads to depression, high levels of stress and diminished quality of life due to the high physical, emotional, and social burdens in caregivers.

• Persian version of the Caregiver Burden Scale is a valid and reliable tool for assessing burden in Iranian caregivers of patients with spinal cord injury.

     

Mortality after spinal cord injury in Norway.

Objectives: To study mortality, cause of death and risk indicators for death in Norwegian patients with spinal cord injury. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study with retrospective data. SUBJECTS: All patients (n=387) with traumatic spinal cord injury admitted to Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital, Norway, during the period 1961-82. METHODS: Medical records were reviewed retrospectively. Causes of death were collected from Statistics Norway and death certificates. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated for the entire sample and for causes of death. To explore risk indicators for death, a Cox regression model was used. RESULTS: During the observation period, 1961-2002, 142 patients died. The main causes of death were pneumonia/influenza (16%), ischaemic heart diseases (13%) and urogenital diseases (13%). SMR was 1.8 for men and 4.9 for women. Cause-specific SMRs were markedly elevated for urogenital diseases, suicide, pneumonia/influenza, urogenital cancer, and diseases of the digestive system. Risk indicators for death were: higher age at injury, tetraplegia, functionally complete spinal cord injury, pre-injury cardiovascular disease, alcohol or substance abuse and psychiatric diagnosis. CONCLUSION: The SMRs show that life expectancy is reduced in chronic spinal cord injury in Norway, more for women than for men. Cause-specific SMRs and risk indicators suggest that the high mortality rates after spinal cord injury to a certain degree are related to preventable aetiologies. To maximize longevity in chronic spinal cord injury, more attention must be paid to co-morbidity.     

老年脊髓损伤患者的临床特点分析

目的 探讨老年脊髓损伤患者的临床特点.方法 收集2013年1月1日至2019年12月31日在本院住院康复治疗的386例老年(≥60岁)脊髓损伤患者的临床资料.分析患者的性别、年龄、病因、美国脊髓损伤协会残损分级(AIS)及并发症等临床特点.结果 老年脊髓损伤患者中,男性多为外伤性损伤(71.17％),女性多为非外伤性损...     

脊髓损伤伴截瘫留置导尿管患者尿路感染的相关因素分析与护理对策

目的探讨脊髓损伤伴截瘫留置导尿管患者发生尿路感染(CAUTI)的相关因素,针对不同影响因素提出护理对策。方法选取我院2018年4月至2019年4月CAUTI脊髓损伤伴截瘫患者32例,同时选择脊髓损伤伴截瘫未发生尿路感染,采用logistic回归分析造成尿路感染的危险因素。结果年龄、昏迷程度、膀胱冲洗、留置尿管时间、住院期间插尿管次数为尿路感染的独立风险因素,抗生素使用情况为影响脊髓损伤伴截瘫患者尿路感染的保护因素。结论针对我院脊髓损伤伴截瘫患者尿路感染独立风险因素,医护人员应提高防范意识,加强针对性护理干预,减少或避免其发生。     

Meaning and components of quality of life among individuals with spinal cord injury in Yogyakarta Province,Indonesia

Purpose: Knowledge on the meaning of quality of life in individuals with spinal cord injury in developing countries is limited. This study aims to explore the meaning and components of quality of life for individuals with spinal cord injury in a rural area in Indonesia.

Method: Data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with 12 individuals with paraplegia (8 males, 4 females) aged 24–67?years. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes that constitute meaning and components of quality of life.

Results: Quality of life was not an easily understood concept, while “life satisfaction” and “happiness” were. Life satisfaction was associated with a person’s feeling when achieving goals or dreams and related to fulfillment of needs. Thirteen components of life satisfaction were identified and categorized into five domains as follows: (1) participation: earning income and work, being useful to others, community participation, and having skills and knowledge, (2) social support: social support, social relationship, (3) relationship with God: injury is God’s will, praying, (4) independence: being independent, mobility and accessibility, and health, and (5) psychological resources: accepting the condition, maintaining goals and motivation.

Conclusions: Social, cultural and religious influences were prominent in the perception of life satisfaction. The measurement of quality of life for individuals with spinal cord injury in Indonesia needs to consider locally perceived meaning and components of quality of life.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• Financial, social and health needs of individuals with spinal cord injury in Indonesia must be immediately addressed.

• To increase financial independence, rehabilitation professionals should equip individuals with spinal cord injury with adequate self-employment skills.

• Sociocultural and religious aspects should be considered in the measurement of quality of life.

     

局部低温程度与大鼠脊髓缺血损伤保护的相关性

背景脊髓的局部低温保护减轻了创伤性脊髓损伤后的二次损伤,但是低温深度与保护程度是否具有相关性目前尚不清楚. 目的研究局部低温的程度与大鼠脊髓缺血损伤保护的相关性. 设计完全随机对照实验. 地点和对象实验在中国医科大学普外三科实验室完成,采用雄性 Wistar大鼠. 干预模拟制作大鼠脊髓缺血动物模型,对 L5～ L10行逆行蛛网膜下腔低温生理盐水灌注,控制脊髓核心温度在 38℃, 34℃, 30℃, 18℃ 4个水平,近端动脉压控制在 5.3～ 6.6 kPa,阻断时间分别为 12, 16 min. 主要观察指标观察动物截瘫数及截瘫指数并作组织学检查. 结果实验动物的截瘫数及截瘫指数随着温度的降低而降低. 38℃, 34℃, 30℃, 18℃各组阻断 12 min后,截瘫数分别为 6, 3, 0, 0;阻断 16 min后分别为 8, 6, 5, 0.截瘫指数 0- 4评定结果为,阻断 12 min, 38℃分别为 2, 1, 2, 3, 0; 34℃分别为 4, 1, 2, 1, 0; 30℃和 18℃ 8只截瘫指数均为 0;阻断 16 min, 38℃分别为 0, 0, 1, 4, 3只; 34℃分别为 2, 1, 3, 2, 0只; 30℃分别为 4, 2, 2, 0, 0只; 18℃ 8只截瘫指数均为 0.组织学检查显示随着温度降低,脊髓缺血损伤逐渐减轻. 结论与轻、中度低温相比,深度低温对脊髓缺血损伤的保护作用更显著,局部低温的深度与大鼠脊髓缺血损伤保护程度呈正相关.     

Duplex ultrasound screening for deep vein thrombosis in spinal cord injured patients at rehabilitation admission.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the rate of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) newly diagnosed by duplex ultrasound in patients with acute spinal cord injury (SCI) at admission for rehabilitation. DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. SETTING: Independent specialized spinal cord rehabilitation hospital. PATIENTS: Data were collected from records of 189 SCI patients admitted for rehabilitation over a 1-year period who underwent a duplex scan and were not admitted with a known diagnosis of DVT. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A DVT newly diagnosed by duplex ultrasound at rehabilitation admission. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients (11.6%) had a newly diagnosed DVT at time of admission. Chi-square analysis found no statistically significant relationship between level of injury (tetraplegia vs paraplegia), motor complete (ASIA A and B) versus incomplete status (ASIA C and D), or cause of SCI (traumatic vs nontraumatic injury) in determining a positive or negative duplex result (chi2 = 1.709, p = .191; chi2 = 1.314, p = .252; chi2 = 3.155, p = .076; respectively). Prophylaxis for DVT decreased the risk of developing a DVT: 4.1% of patients administered prophylaxis as compared to 16.4% of patients not given prophylaxis (chi2 = 6.558, p = .01). Only 38.6% of patients transferred to rehabilitation were undergoing DVT prophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of DVT in acute SCI patients at admission to rehabilitation is significant. A duplex ultrasound is an important noninvasive technique to screen patients with acute and subacute SCI for DVT on admission to the rehabilitation setting regardless of the completeness, level, or cause of the patients' injury.     

Nontraumatic spinal cord injury: incidence, epidemiology, and functional outcome.

OBJECTIVES: To identify and compare the incidence, demographics, neurologic presentation, and functional outcome of individuals with nontraumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) to individuals with traumatic SCI. DESIGN: A 5-year prospective study. SETTING: Level I trauma center of a Regional SCI Model System. PATIENTS: Two hundred twenty adult SCI admissions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographics, etiology, level and completeness of injury, Functional Independent Measure (FIM) scores. RESULTS: Of SCI admissions, 39% were nontraumatic in etiology (spinal stenosis, 54%; tumor, 26%). Compared to subjects with traumatic SCI, those individuals with nontraumatic SCI were significantly (p < .01) older and were more likely married, female, and retired. Injury characteristics revealed significantly more paraplegia and incomplete SCI within the nontraumatic SCI group (p < .01). Both nontraumatic and traumatic SCI individuals had significant FIM changes from rehabilitation admission to discharge (p < .01). Those with tetraplegia-incomplete nontraumatic SCI had significantly higher admission motor FIM scores and shorter rehabilitation length of stay than in the traumatic group (p < .05). Paraplegic-complete and paraplegic-incomplete nontraumatic SCI subjects had lower discharge motor FIM scores, FIM change, and FIM efficiency than those with traumatic SCI. Similar discharge-to-home rates were noted in both nontraumatic and traumatic SCI groups. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that individuals with nontraumatic SCI represent a significant proportion of SCI rehabilitation admissions and, although differing from those with traumatic SCI in demographic and injury patterns, can achieve similar functional outcomes.     

Predictors of dysphagia after spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the incidence of swallowing deficits (dysphagia) and to identify factors that predict risk for dysphagia in the rehabilitation setting following acute traumatic spinal cord injury. DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. SETTING: Freestanding rehabilitation hospital. PATIENTS: Data were collected on 187 patients with acute traumatic spinal cord injury admitted for rehabilitation over a 4-year period who underwent a swallowing screen, in which 42 underwent a videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: VFSS was performed on patients with suspected swallowing problems. Possible antecedents of dysphagia were recorded from the medical record including previous history of spine surgery, surgical approach and technique, tracheostomy and ventilator status, neurologic level of injury, ASIA Impairment Classification, orthosis, etiology of injury, age, and gender. RESULTS: On admission to rehabilitation 22.5% (n = 42) of spinal cord injury patients had symptoms suggesting dysphagia. In 73.8% (n = 31) of these cases, testing confirmed dysphagia (aspiration or requiring a modified diet), while VFSS ruled out dysphagia in 26.2% (n = 11) cases. Logistic regression and other analyses revealed three significant predictors of risk for dysphagia: age (p < .028), tracheostomy and mechanical ventilation (p < .001), and spinal surgery via an anterior cervical approach (p < .016). Other variables analyzed had no relation or at best a slight relation to dysphagia. Tracheostomy at admission was the strongest predictor of dysphagia. The combination of tracheostomy at rehabilitation admission and anterior surgical approach had an extremely high rate of dysphagia (48%). CONCLUSION: Swallowing abnormalities are present in a significant percentage of patients presenting to rehabilitation with acute traumatic cervical spinal cord injury. Patients with a tracheostomy appear to have a substantially increased risk of development of dysphagia, although other factors are also relevant. Risk of dysphagia should be evaluated to decrease the potential for morbidity related to swallowing abnormalities.     

心理干预对脊髓损伤截瘫抑郁患者生活质量的影响

目的:探讨脊髓损伤致截瘫患者抑郁症的发生率及心理护理干预方法,使患者重建健康的心理状态,主动参与康复训练,最大程度地康复,提高生活质量。方法:采用自评抑郁量表(SDS)对随机抽取的120例脊髓损伤截瘫患者进行问卷调查,对有抑郁症状的患者实施1个月心理护理干预后再进行SDS评分。结果:脊髓损伤截瘫患者抑郁症发生率为45.83%(55/120),实施心理护理干预1个月后,有抑郁症状的患者,病情明显改善。结论:针对脊髓损伤截瘫患者抑郁症发生率增高的现象,护士应采取有效的心理干预,预防和控制抑郁症的发生,增加患者康复的信心,提高患者生活质量。     

步行矫形器在截瘫患者康复中的应用

目的：改善截瘫患者的转移能力，促进早日回归社会。方法：先后有4例T10-L1节段脊髓损伤患者，经过转移平衡训练后，配戴步行矫形器（Walkabout），再进行步行训练。结果：4例完全性损伤患者均达到功能性步行。结论：步行矫形器能帮助T10以下完全性截瘫患者完成功能性步行，值得临床推广应用。     

Traumatic brain injury is under-diagnosed in patients with spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the occurrence and severity of traumatic brain injury in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study with prospective neurological, neuropsychological and neuroradiological examinations and retrospective medical record review. PATIENTS: Thirty-one consecutive, traumatic spinal cord injury patients on their first post-acute rehabilitation period in a national rehabilitation centre. METHODS: The American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine diagnostic criteria for mild traumatic brain injury were applied. Assessments were performed with neurological and neuropsychological examinations and magnetic resonance imaging 1.5T. RESULTS: Twenty-three of the 31 patients with spinal cord injury (74%) met the diagnostic criteria for traumatic brain injury. Nineteen patients had sustained a loss of consciousness or post-traumatic amnesia. Four patients had a focal neurological finding and 21 had neuropsychological findings apparently due to traumatic brain injury. Trauma-related magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities were detected in 10 patients. Traumatic brain injury was classified as moderate or severe in 17 patients and mild in 6 patients. CONCLUSION: The results suggest a high frequency of traumatic brain injury in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury, and stress a special diagnostic issue to be considered in this patient group.