后腹腔镜技术治疗肾盂旁囊肿的体会

目的:总结经腹膜后腹腔镜囊肿去顶术治疗肾盂旁囊肿的经验,讨论手术适应证和手术要点。方法:采用经腹膜后腹腔镜囊肿去顶术治疗肾盂旁囊肿7例。结果:7例手术均获成功。术后无并发症。手术时间30~120m in,平均65m in;术中出血30~80m l,平均55m l;术后住院5~8d,平均6.5d。结论:后腹腔镜手术治疗肾盂旁囊肿可望成为治疗肾盂旁囊肿的首选方法。     

后腹腔镜治疗肾盂旁囊肿

目的评价经后腹腔镜肾盂旁囊肿去顶术治疗肾盂旁囊肿的有效性和安全性。方法采用经后腹腔镜行肾盂旁囊肿去顶术17例,其中男性5例,女性12例,年龄36。72岁,平均52岁。囊肿直径5—10em。左侧肾盂旁囊肿8例,右侧9例。收集病例的临床资料进行分析总结。结果手术时间20～105min,平均45min,术中出血量5—35ml,平均14ml。术后住院时间3～12d,平均5．2d。术后一例出现肾盂尿漏,行后腹腔镜下修补后顺利出院。15例术后获随访3～32个月,无复发。结论该术式具有暴露好、创伤小、出血少、恢复快等优点,可以取代开放手术治疗肾盂旁囊肿。     

腹腔镜技术治疗肾盂旁囊肿

目的:观察应用腹腔镜手术治疗肾盂旁囊肿的可行性。方法:总结8例采用腹腔镜技术治疗肾盂旁囊肿的临床资料,其中3例经腹腔途径,5例经腹膜后途径。结果:8例手术均获成功。手术时间50~80min,平均65min。出血15~60ml,无并发症发生,术后住院4~5d,术后随访6~12个月,未复发。结论:经腹腔或腹膜后途径腹腔镜治疗肾盂旁囊肿具有创伤小,出血少,恢复快,无复发等优点。腹腔镜治疗肾盂旁囊肿安全、可行。     

经后腹膜腹腔镜下治疗肾盂旁囊肿的临床疗效评价

目的 评价经后腹膜腹腔镜下治疗肾盂旁囊肿的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2004年6月至2011年12月间共收治的30例肾盂旁囊肿,行经后腹膜腹腔镜下囊肿去顶减压术治疗,其中男19例,女11例,平均年龄45岁(18～75岁),左侧13例,右侧17例,观察术后临床恢复情况.结果 所有患者手术均顺利完成,无中转开腹,前12例平均手术时间50min,后18例平均手术时间35min,术中出血量前12例约20ml,后18例约10ml,术中未发生肾蒂、肾血管及肾盂损伤和并发出血、术后漏尿等并发症,术后平均住院时间5d,术后随访3～60个月,临床症状均消失,影像学检查均未见复发.结论 经后腹膜入路腹腔镜治疗肾盂旁囊肿具有视野清晰、创伤小、出血少、住院时间短、术后恢复快等优点,是一种临床上较为成熟的治疗肾盂旁囊肿的理想手术方法.     

后腹腔镜手术治疗肾盂旁囊肿26例分析

目的:评价后腹腔镜肾盂旁囊肿去顶术治疗肾盂旁囊肿的有效性和安全性.方法:采用经后腹腔腹腔镜行肾盂旁囊肿去顶术26例.结果:26例手术全部成功.手术时间25～80 min,平均50 min;术中出血量5～40 ml,平均12 ml;术后住院时间4～8天,平均6.2天.围术期无并发症.22例术后获随访3～46个月,无复发.结论:该术式具有暴露充分、微创、出血少、恢复快等特点,值得推广.     

后腹腔镜手术治疗16例肾盂旁囊肿

目的探讨后腹腔镜手术治疗肾盂旁囊肿的疗效。方法2005年8月～2008年12月16例肾盂旁囊肿行后腹腔镜囊肿去顶减压术。采用全身麻醉,经后腹腔途径建立后腹腔操作空间,沿输尿管寻找到肾盂旁囊肿,距正常肾实质3～5mm处行囊肿去顶。结果15例手术成功,手术时间（75±20）min,术中出血量（28±8）ml,未出现肾蒂及肾盂损伤等并发症;1例因囊肿暴露困难中转开放手术。16例术后随访6～20个月（平均13个月）,均未见复发。结论后腹腔镜治疗肾盂旁囊肿微创、安全、有效。     

腹腔镜肾囊肿去顶术治疗肾盂旁囊肿的体会

目的:总结腹腔镜肾囊肿去顶术治疗肾盂旁囊肿的临床疗效。方法:回顾分析为21例肾盂旁囊肿患者经腹腔入路行腹腔镜肾囊肿去顶术的临床资料。结果:21例手术均获成功,手术时间35～85 min,平均52 min;术中出血量5～40 ml,平均16 ml;无肾蒂、肾盂损伤等并发症发生,平均住院7 d。术后随访3年,1例于术后8个月复发,再次手术;其余患者随访至今均无复发。结论:腹腔镜肾囊肿去顶术治疗肾盂旁囊肿具有患者创伤小、出血少、疗效确切等优点,可作为肾盂旁囊肿的常规治疗方法。     

腹腔镜下经腹单纯性肾切除术4例报告

2004年12月~2005年7月,我院采用腹腔镜经腹行单纯性肾切除术4例。4例手术均获成功。无术中、术后并发症。手术时间112~186 m in,平均154.4 m in。术中出血量35~150 m l,平均90.3 m l。切除肾脏大小为9.0 cm×4.5cm×5.0 cm~22.0 cm×15.2 cm×12.4 cm。术后住院时间7~12 d,平均8.5 d。2例术后均随访6个月,肾功能检查正常,无腹腔感染及肠粘连;余2例分别随访0.5、3个月,无继发出血、切口感染、切口疝等。腹腔镜下行肾切除术可行,创伤小,出血少,术后恢复快。     

经腹腔腹腔镜下治疗肾盂旁囊肿28例

目的探讨经腹腔腹腔镜治疗肾盂旁囊肿的临床疗效。方法2004年至2011年,经腹腔腹腔镜行囊肿去顶减压术治疗肾盂旁囊肿28例,其中男15例,女13例,平均年龄45岁（34—67岁）,左侧16例,右侧12例。观察术后临床恢复及影像学改善情况。结果28例手术均顺利完成,无中转开腹。其中1例术中损伤肾实质,出血约100ml,缝合后血压平稳,无并发症发生;另1例将稍扩大的肾盂误认为囊肿,切开后一直有液体流出,遂留置DJ管。平均手术时间50min,平均术中出血量30ml,未见明显术中及术后并发症发生,术后平均住院时间5d,术后病理均为肾囊肿。术后随访6～24个月,临床症状消失,影像学检查均未见复发。结论腹腔镜下囊肿去顶减压视野清晰,损伤小,效果确切,是治疗。肾盂旁囊肿的理想方法。     

后腹腔镜下肾盂输尿管切开取石术34例

目的探讨后腹腔镜下肾盂输尿管切开取石术的临床疗效。方法对34例38侧中段(5侧)、上段(33侧)输尿管结石行腹腔镜经腹膜后径路肾盂输尿管切开取石术,结石大小(0.8 cm×1.0 cm)~(1.5 cm×3.0 cm),其中20例术前经体外冲击波碎石治疗失败。结果手术成功33例,中转开放手术1例(肾周广泛粘连,渗血较多)。手术时间45~190m in,平均85.5 m in,术中出血量10~50 m l,平均20.6 m l。术后住院3~7 d,平均4.3 d。34例随访3个月~2年,平均9.7个月,无中、远期并发症。结论后腹腔镜下肾盂输尿管切开取石术微创、简便、安全,值得临床推广应用。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.