川芎嗪与氨基胍联合治疗对新生链脲佐菌素糖尿病大鼠肝功能的影响

 目的： 研究川芎嗪与氨基胍联合治疗对新生链脲佐菌素糖尿病大鼠（n0-STZ大鼠）肝功能的影响。方法：用出生当日Wistar大鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素复制n0-STZ大鼠模型。设立正常对照组、模型组、二甲双胍治疗组及川芎嗪+氨基胍联合治疗组。第32周检测空腹血糖（FPG）、空腹血浆胰岛素(FINS)、胰岛素抵抗指数(IRI)、血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）活性、肝组织中NO浓度、诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）活性及iNOS、caspase-3、Fas和Bcl-2蛋白的表达。结果：两组治疗均可以降低FPG及IRI,也可以降低肝组织NO浓度、iNOS活性及iNOS表达水平,改善肝功能,而联合治疗作用强于二甲双胍。与二甲双胍相比,联合治疗在降低肝组织caspase-3、Fas蛋白表达方面作用较强,在增加Bcl-2蛋白表达方面作用无显著差异。结论：川芎嗪+氨基胍联合治疗和二甲双胍单独治疗都能抑制iNOS活性,降低iNOS、caspase-3及Fas蛋白表达,增加Bcl-2蛋白表达,从而改善肝脏功能,但川芎嗪与氨基胍联合治疗保护肝功能的作用优于二甲双胍。     

一氧化氮合酶抑制剂氨基胍对脑缺血大鼠脑组织氨基酸含量的影响

目的：研究选择性一氧化氮合酶抑制剂氨基胍对脑缺血大鼠脑组织中氨基酸含量的影响，探讨氨基胍对脑缺血组织的保护作用及其作用机制。方法： 采用线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉缺血模型，模型建成后腹腔注射氨基胍。相应时间断头取脑，然后测定脑梗死体积、纹状体、海马、皮层中天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)含量。结果： 氨基胍组脑梗死体积明显小于缺血组；缺血组纹状体、海马、皮层中天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、GABA含量显著高于假手术组，氨基胍组天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸的含量明显低于缺血组，甘氨酸、GABA含量明显高于缺血组。结论： 氨基胍降低脑组织中兴奋性氨基酸的含量，升高抑制性氨基酸的含量可能是保护缺血脑组织的重要机制之一。     

诱导型一氧化氮合酶对大鼠胰岛细胞凋亡的影响

目的:探讨细胞因子和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iN-OS)对体外培养的大鼠胰岛细胞凋亡和功能的影响及其机制。方法:大鼠胰岛细胞体外培养,随机分组,培养液中分别加入细胞因子IL-1β、TNF-α和/或iNOS抑制剂氨基胍,分为空白对照组、细胞因子组、氨基胍组、氨基胍+细胞因子组。检测指标包括:培养液NO水平和组织iNOS、结构型NOS活性,RT-PCR检测胰岛组织中iNOS基因和凋亡相关基因Bax、Bcl-2的表达情况,AO/EB染色检测胰岛存活,胰岛素释放实验检测胰岛功能。结果:与细胞因子IL-1β和TNF-α共同培养后,大鼠胰岛组织中iNOS的表达增强,活性显著提高(38.93±4.72)U/mL,NO水平上升(313.0±35.4)mol/L,而结构型NOS没有变化;同时胰岛促凋亡基因表达上调,抗凋亡基因表达下降,细胞的存活率下降,胰岛素分泌大大减少。加入氨基胍后,随着胰岛组织中iNOS的活性明显受到抑制,胰岛的凋亡程度减轻,存活和胰岛素分泌情况都明显改善。结论:iNOS在细胞因子诱导的胰岛细胞凋亡中起到十分关键的作用,而氨基胍通过抑制iNOS活性,减轻了细胞因子的损害,降低了胰岛凋亡水平,改善胰岛的存活与功能。     

L-精氨酸、氨基胍和胍丁胺在大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

目的: 观察L-精氨酸 (L-Arg)、氨基胍 (AG) 和胍丁胺 (AGM) 对大鼠局灶性脑缺血组织中一氧化氮 (NO) 含量的影响,探讨3种药对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠是否具有保护作用和NO在脑缺血再灌注损伤的作用及机制。方法: 线栓法建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血 (MCAO) 模型,大鼠行为学改变用Longa评分标准来评价,血清NO浓度用酶标仪检测,脑内诱导型一氧化氮合酶 (iNOS)用免疫组织化学方法测定。结果: 与假手术组相比,模型组、L-Arg组、AG组和AGM组在缺血再灌注12、24、72 h的NO含量均显著增加(P<0.05);与模型组相比,在缺血再灌注12 h,L-Arg组行为学评分显著降低(P<0.05),NO含量显著升高(P<0.05);在缺血再灌注24 h,AG组和AGM组行为学评分显著降低(P<0.05),NO含量也显著降低(P<0.05)。在缺血再灌注12、24、72 h,L-Arg组的iNOS阳性细胞数与模型组相比无显著差异(P>0.05);而AG组和AGM组则均显著低于模型组(P<0.05)和L-Arg组(P<0.05)。结论: 脑缺血再灌注损伤后血清NO和海马内iNOS的表达随时间有动态变化。L-Arg在术后12 h、AG和AGM在术后24h对局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠有保护作用。     

氨基胍对I型糖尿病胰岛β细胞损伤的修复作用

目的本研究旨在探讨诱生性一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)抑制剂氨基胍(Aminoguanidine,AG)对I型糖尿病(IDDM)大鼠胰岛β细胞损伤修复的作用。方法以链脲佐菌素腹腔注射大鼠建立IDDM模型,并用AG进行干预,采用免疫组织化学方法,分别检测正常组、糖尿病组和AG治疗组大鼠胰岛中iNOS含量和胰岛b细胞面密度。结果AG组胰岛β细胞面密度为70.58±3.26,与IDDM组(21.65±1.45)比较,具有显著差异(P<0.05),且IDDM组大鼠胰岛中β细胞面密度随iNOS增多而减少,两者呈负相关(r=-0.8175,P<0.01),iNOS阳性反应产物呈弥漫性分布,其色深于正常对照组;AG组胰岛中的iNOS反应物较IDDM组明显减弱(P<0.05),但与正常组比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论iNOS增多可能是造成IDDM胰岛β细胞损伤的因素之一,AG对IDDM胰岛β细胞的损伤具有修复作用。     

氨基胍对牙周炎抑制作用的研究

目的: 观察氨基胍(AG)对牙周炎的作用。方法: 采用丝线结扎法建立大鼠牙周炎模型; 利用分光光度仪测定大鼠牙龈组织中亚硝酸盐(NO₂^-)含量, 以间接确定一氧化氮(NO)含量; 应用Tiger细胞图象仪分析牙周附着丧失; 采用组织切片法观察牙周组织的病理学改变。结果: AG能明显降低大鼠牙周炎牙龈NO含量, 抑制牙周组织附着丧失和减轻炎症程度。结论: AG通过选择性抑制诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS), 降低牙周组织NO含量, 达到减轻牙周组织炎症程度的作用, 提示AG对临床牙周炎可能有疗效.     

氨基胍等对严重烧伤大鼠一氧化氮表达及烧伤休克的影响

目的:研究一氧化氮合酶(NOS)抑制剂与严重烧伤大鼠体内NO产量、NOS表达以及平均动脉压(MAP)变化的关系。方法:复制大鼠重症烧伤模型,检测应用非选择性NOS抑制剂L-NAME和选择性诱生型NOS(iNOS)抑制剂氨基胍(AG)后大鼠血液中NO代谢产物(NO₂^-／NO₃^-)以及肺和十二指肠组织中神经型NOS(nNOS)mRNA的表达水平,同时测定各组大鼠的MAP。结果:烧伤后大鼠血液中NO₂^-／NO₃^-含量显著增高,L-NAME和AG都能抑制NO₂^-／NO₃^-的升高,P<0.01;烧伤后nNOS的mRNA表达在肺和十二指肠中均有不同程度升高,AG和L-NAME使nNOS表达增加,L-NAME作用更为显著,P<0.01;烧伤后大鼠MAP略有上升,然后进行性下降,L-NAME组大鼠MAP显著升高,但于3h后急剧下降,AG组大鼠MAP下降速度明显低于对照组。结论:结构型NOS(cNOS)与iNOS在烧伤休克病理生理过程中的作用明显不同,iNOS活性过度增高与烧伤休克发病关系密切。     

人视网膜色素上皮细胞诱导型一氧化氮合酶和活性氧在高糖状态下的表达

背景：高血糖导致的自由基损伤是糖尿病视网膜病变发病机制的中心环节。 目的：观察高糖对体外培养的人视网膜色素上皮细胞的氧化损伤作用以及高糖对人视网膜色素上皮细胞诱导型一氧化氮合酶和活性氧表达的影响。 方法：将培养人视网膜色素上皮细胞,分为对照组、高糖组和甘露醇组,分别用含5.5 mmol/L葡萄糖,33 mmol/L葡萄糖及5.5 mmol/L葡萄糖和27.5 mmol/L甘露醇的DMEM培养液培养。采用相差倒置显微镜观察细胞生长形态,采用免疫荧光染色研究诱导型一氧化氮合酶和3-硝基酪氨酸蛋白表达的变化,用氯甲基二氯二氢荧光素二乙酯荧光染色检测视网膜色素上皮细胞中活性氧的产生量。 结果与结论：与对照组相比,应用含33 mmol/L葡萄糖的DMEM培养基处理视网膜色素上皮细胞48 h可见细胞胞体变薄,形态表现多样,不规则细胞增多;高糖培养的视网膜色素上皮细胞诱导型一氧化氮合酶和3-硝基酪氨酸蛋白表达增加,活性氧产生明显增多。说明高浓度葡萄糖培养可造成人视网膜色素上皮细胞氧化损伤,使细胞形态发生变化,并导致细胞中3-硝基酪氨酸产生增多。     

白藜芦醇通过调节iNOS抑制C57BL/6J小鼠动脉粥样硬化的机制探讨

目的:探讨白藜芦醇(resveratrol,RES)对卵巢切除小鼠血脂四项总胆固醇(CHOL)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)以及血清一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)含量、胸主动脉的过氧亚硝基阴离子(peroxynitrite anion,ONOO-)及诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)蛋白表达水平的影响。方法:雌性C57小鼠经卵巢切除建立去势模型后,分为假手术组、单纯去势组、假手术高脂组、模型高脂组和RES组。单纯去势组和假手术组给予普通饲料,其余给予高脂饲料。14周后,收集血清检测各组血清的CHOL、TG、LDL-C和HDL-C水平,硝酸还原酶法测血浆NO水平,油红O染色观察动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)情况,DAB染色测定血管ONOO-及iNOS水平,免疫印迹测定血管组织的iNOS表达。结果:模型高脂组血清CHOL、TG、LDL-C和NO较正常对照组升高(P0.05);与模型高脂组相比,RES组可降低小鼠血清的TC、TG、LDL-C和NO(P0.05);14周后,AS模型成功建立,模型高脂组有明显的AS病理改变,单纯去势组无明显AS斑块,RES组AS病变明显减轻;高脂喂养14周后,模型高脂组血管组织的iNOS及ONOO–表达也较正常对照组明显提高(P0.05);与模型高脂组相比,RES组可降低小鼠胸主动脉的iNOS表达(P0.05),与此同时,血管ONOO-含量较模型高脂组降低。结论:RES可以抑制iNOS表达,减少NO生成,防治动脉粥样硬化。     

The expression and activity of renal nitric oxide synthase and circulating nitric oxide in polycystic kidney disease rats

Nitric oxide (NO) influences tubular fluid and electrolyte transport, and hence possibly also fluid accumulation in renal cysts. The expression and activity of intrarenal constitutive NO synthase (cNOS) [neuronal NOS, nNOS and endothelial NOS, eNOS] and inducible NOS (iNOS) and plasma nitrite/nitrate (PNOx) concentration were assessed in homozygous Han:SPRD polycystic kidney disease (PKD) rats (cy/cy), heterozygous Han:SPRD PKD rats (cy/+), homozygous normal Han:SPRD littermates (+/+) and Sprague Dawley rats (sd). The results showed: 1) nNOS expression was decreased in proximal tubules and thick ascending limbs of the loop of Henle in cy/cy and cy/+ rats compared to +/+ and sd rats (p<0.05). nNOS was weakly expressed in the epithelium of small cysts and unexpressed in epithelium of large cysts. 2) iNOS expression was increased in proximal tubular epithelial cells in cy/+ rats compared to +/+ rats and sd rats (p<0.01). iNOS expression in cyst epithelium was decreased in cy/+ rats (p<0.05) and absent in cy/cy rats. 3) eNOS expression was similar in the endothelium of intrarenal arteries in all groups. 4) The activity of renal cNOS was decreased in cy/cy and cy/+ rats; the activity of iNOS was decreased only in cy/cy rats, with no significant difference among the other three groups. 5) PNOx concentration was higher in cy/cy rats than in the other three groups, and correlated positively with plasma creatinine and urea. In conclusion, NOS expression and activity decreased as cysts developed, suggesting that NO downregulation is involved in the pathogenesis of PKD.     

Lack of inducible nitric oxide synthase activity in T cell clones and T lymphocytes from naive and Leishmania major-infected mice

Nitric oxide (NO) generated by the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is implicated in a number of immunological processes including killing of intracellular parasites, suppression of T cell proliferation, production of cytokines and destruction of tissue in autoimmune diseases. Considering that cytokine-activated mouse macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells are potent producers of NO, we investigated whether T cells, as central participants in immune responses, can also be activated for the release of NO. Neither thymocytes nor type 1 or type 2 T helper cell clones generated significant amounts of nitrite (the stable end product of NO in culture supernatants) when stimulated by T cell mitogens, cytokines or antigen in the presence of irradiated antigen-presenting cells. Similarly, T cells freshly isolated from mice acutely infected with the intracellular pathogen Leishmania major did not produce NO upon restimulation in vitro. The lack of NO production was not due to the expression of enzymatically inactive iNOS, as we were unable to detect any iNOS protein in activated T helper clones or in freshly isolated T cells from infected mice by Western (protein) blot analysis. Finally, we tested whether iNOS expression in T cells might be restricted to a minor subpopulation and therefore only detectable on a single cell level. After immunofluorescence staining of lymph node or spleen cells from infected mice with antibodies against iNOS, F4/80- or Thy-1-antigen, macrophages, but no T cells, were found to express iNOS. Thus, we have no evidence that activated T helper cell clones or T cells from L. major-infected mice are high producers of NO.     

补体C5b-9复合物诱导大鼠肾系膜细胞iNOS mRNA表达的实验研究

观察人血清补体C5b 9复合物对大鼠肾小球系膜细胞 (MC)表达诱生性一氧化氮合酶 (iNOS)mRNA的影响。方法 :首先提取人血清补体C5b 9复合物 ,然后用人C5b 9复合物刺激培养的大鼠MC ,检测MC在受C5b 9复合物刺激后3、6、2 4和 48h时iNOSmRNA的表达情况。同时检测其培养上清液中一氧化氮 (NO)代谢产物———硝酸根 (NO3- )和亚硝酸根(NO2- )含量的变化。结果 :用人C5b 9复合物刺激培养大鼠的肾MC能使其表达iNOSmRNA ,培养上清液中NO3- NO2- 含量也明显升高。人C5b 9复合物对MC的刺激作用能部分被相应的抗人C5b 9复合物抗体和RNA合成抑制剂———放线菌素D所抑制。结论 :人补体C5b 9复合物具有刺激大鼠肾MC合成NO的作用。     

iNOS expression in rat aorta is increased after spinal cord transection: a possible cause of orthostatic hypotension in man

Orthostatic hypotension commonly occurs in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI), limiting rehabilitation and independence. Findings of increased production of nitric oxide (NO) by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) after exposure to simulated microgravity suggest that increased iNOS expression contributes to OH in persons with SCI. To test this possibility, male Wistar rats underwent surgical transection of the spinal cord (T10) or sham-SCI surgery followed by euthanasia 3, 7 or 14 days later. Expression in thoracic aortic of inducible (iNOS), endothelial (eNOS) and neuronal (nNOS) NOS was then determined. In SCI rats, expression of iNOS mRNA was decreased at 3 days, had returned to normal levels of expression at 7 days and was increased at 14 days post-SCI (1.8-fold). In contrast, levels of eNOS mRNA were increased at 3 days (1.4-fold), then declined over time reaching levels by day 14 that were reduced compared to sham-SCI (0.23-fold). There were no significant effects of SCI on nNOS expression. These findings suggest a possible role for increased iNOS expression in the pathogenesis of OH in persons with SCI.     

高果糖诱导的胰岛素抵抗大鼠外周血白细胞iNOS mRNA与ecNOS mRNA表达的变化

目的:探讨高果糖饮食对Wistar大鼠外周血白细胞iNOSmRNA与ecNOSmRNA表达的影响。方法:普通饲料喂养,实验组饮用12 %的果糖水造型。于实验前、实验过程中1-6个月每月断尾取血,测定外周血白细胞诱导型一氧化氮合酶mRNA(iNOSmRNA)与内皮源型一氧化氮合酶mRNA (ecNOSmRNA)表达;观察实验前、造型1、2、3及 6个月时的空腹血糖、血浆胰岛素水平变化。结果:1个月后,血糖与实验前无显著差异;血浆胰岛素明显高于对照组 (P <0.01),并持续维持在高水平上;外周血白细胞ecNOSmRNA表达增强。 2个月后血糖高于对照组 (P <0.05);外周血白细胞出现iNOSmRNA表达。 3及 6个月,血糖明显高于对照组 (P <0.01);iNOSmRNA与ecNOSmR NA持续保持高表达状态。结论:高果糖饮食两个月,可引起Wistar大鼠产生明显的高胰岛素血症和胰岛素抵抗;首先ecNOSmRNA表达增强,可能延缓胰岛素抵抗的形成。继之,iNOSmRNA表达增强,可能促进胰岛素抵抗形成.     

Fasting induces a high level of 3-nitrotyrosine in the brain of rats

Although the relationship between hyperglycemia (using diabetic animal model) and plasma nitrotyrosine level has been studied, the effect of hypoglycemia on nitrotyrosine level in the brain has not been addressed. Here, we evaluated nitration of protein, the colocalization of nitration with α-synuclein, activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nitric oxide content using fasting and diabetic animal models. The results showed that signals of α-synuclein were widely distributed in most parts of the pallium, midbrain, hippocampus and cerebellum, as indicated by immunohistochemistry. Most signals of the 3-nitrotyrosine were colocalized with those of α-synuclein in the midbrain of fasting rats. The level of proteins containing 3-nitrotyrosine was significantly increased in the brain of fasting rats in Western blotting, especially in the midbrain, compared with control rats. In addition, the 3-nitrotyrosine signals increased in hippocampus of diabetic rats. Immunoprecipitation showed that α-synuclein was nitrated in the fasting rats. The iNOS activity and nitric oxide levels were significantly increased in both fasting and diabetic animals. The enhanced 3-nitrotyrosine level in the brain of fasting rats suggests that nitration of protein including α-synuclein in the midbrain is more affected by hypoglycemia in fasting than hyperglycemia in diabetic rats.     

诱生型一氧化氮合酶的变化在高胆固醇血症大鼠肾损害中的作用

目的:探讨高胆固醇血症大鼠肾组织诱生型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的变化与脂质肾损害的关系。方法:采用生化法检测血脂、尿蛋白、尿及肾皮质中一氧化氮含量,免疫组化法及逆转录—多聚酶链法检测肾组织中iNOS的表达强度及水平。TUNEL法检测肾组织中凋亡细胞。结果:8周时高脂组大鼠血清总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、24h尿蛋白定量及尿一氧化氮量、肾皮质一氧化氮含量明显高于对照(P＜0.05)。肾皮质iNOSmRNA表达上调(P＜0.01)。肾皮质一氧化氮量与24h尿蛋白定量呈正相关(P＜0.05)。肾皮质iNOS积分光度与肾组织细胞凋亡指数呈正相关(P＜0.05)。肾组织细胞凋亡指数与24h尿蛋白含量呈正相关(P＜0.01)。结论:iNOS表达增强与脂质肾损害有关,可能通过引起细胞凋亡导致脂质肾损害。     

Nitric oxide modulates metalloproteinase-2, collagen deposition and adhesion rate after polypropylene mesh implantation in the intra-abdominal wall

Prosthetic meshes are commonly used to correct abdominal wall defects. However, the inflammatory reaction induced by these devices in the peritoneum is not completely understood. We hypothesized that nitric oxide (NO), produced by nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) may modulate the response induced by mesh implants in the abdominal wall and, consequently, affect the outcome of the surgical procedure. Polypropylene meshes were implanted in the peritoneal side of the abdominal wall in wild-type and NOS2-deficient (NOS2^−/−) mice. After 15 days tissues around the mesh implant were collected, and inflammatory markers (the cytokine interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and NO) and tissue remodeling (collagen and metalloproteinases (MMP) 2 and 9) were analyzed. The lack of NOS2-derived NO induced a higher incidence of visceral adhesions at the mesh implantation site compared with wild-type mice that underwent the same procedure (P < 0.05). Additionally, higher levels of IL-1β were present in the mesh-implanted NOS2^−/− animals compared with control and wild-type mice. Mesh implantation induced collagen I and III deposition, but in smaller amounts in NOS2^−/− mice. MMP-9 activity after the surgical procedure was similarly increased in both groups. Conversely, MMP-2 activity was unchanged in mesh-implanted wild-type mice, but was significantly increased in NOS2^−/− mice (P < 0.01), due to decreased S-nitrosylation of the enzyme in these animals. We conclude that NOS2-derived NO is crucial for an adequate response to and integration of polypropylene mesh implants in the peritoneum. NO deficiency results in a prolonged inflammatory reaction to the mesh implant, and reduced collagen deposition may contribute to an increased incidence of visceral adhesions.